第一章緒論

ChapteroneintroductionPM2.5PM：particulatematter（顆粒物）PM2.5→可入肺顆粒物PM10→可吸入顆粒物PM100→總懸浮顆粒物化學是一個“核心、實用和創(chuàng)造性”的學科（Central,usefulandcreative）

Chemistrytouchesmanyotherscientificfield.Thestudyonchemicalprincipium,methodologyandreactions,givesstilldirectionsforotherdiscipline.材料科學（Materialscience）:metals,inorganicmaterials,bio-medicalmaterials生命科學（Lifescience）:molecularlevellifescience,molecularbiology能源科學（Energyscience）:Petrochemicalindustry,Naturalgaschemistry,Coalchemistry,Nuclearchemistry航空航太科學（Aviationandspacescience）

fuelforspacetravel,protection自然資源的開發(fā)和有效利用

ExploitandeffectivelyutilizenaturalresourcesExplorethenaturalword,andfindusefulchemicalsubstancesnotknownbefore.Examinethechemicalsfoundinplantsandanimalsonland,insea.Determinetheirstructureandexploretheirfunction.設計和開發(fā)新材料

DesignandcreatenewmaterialsNewdrugsInsteadofjustharvestingthelivingsourcesofusefuldrugsNewmaterialsespeciallynewpolymersforspecialusageinsteadofexploringinnature.化學與我們的生活有著緊密的聯(lián)繫

ChemistryisrelatedtoourwholelifeTheclothing,feedingandnutrition,residence,transportationanddailynecessitiesofhumanbeingsdependgreatlyonchemistryChemistry:facingchallenge!Humanbeings:facingchallenge!Thesociety:facingchallenge!

1.1環(huán)境問題

Typicalenvironmentalproblems

1.2資源問題

Shortageofresources1.3健康問題

Healthconcerns1.4可持續(xù)發(fā)展問題

Towardssustainabledevelopments1.1環(huán)境問題

TypicalenvironmentalproblemsOurenvironmentalisseriouslypolluted,

Why???環(huán)境問題產(chǎn)生的原因

Thecauseofenvironmentalproblemsourenvironmentalissignificantlypolluted

Whenhumanbeings

SuccessivelyexploitthenaturetoSatisfyournaturalandmentalneeds.Typicalenvironmentalproblems全球氣候變暖（Globalwarming）核冬天（Nuclearwinter）臭氧層破壞（Depletionofozonelayer）光化學煙霧和大氣污染（Photochemicalsmogandairpollution）酸雨（Acidrain）生物多樣性銳減（Rapidreductionoflivingthingsmanifoldness）森林的破壞（Disruptofforest）荒漠化（desolationandboudlessness）全球氣候變暖

GlobalwarmingTheincreaseofGreenHousegas

（溫室氣體）isthemaincauseMainGreenHousegas:CO2,NOx,CH4,halogenides（鹵代烴）Theyabsorbheatfromsun,andkeepthem,resultingintheincreaseofearthtemperature.Humanactivitiesaretheoriginoftheseeffects,

Cooking,Lighting,Warming,Transportation,Industry全球變暖帶來的後果

GlobalwarmingconsequencesInthemid-21,theaveragetemperatureonthesurfaceoftheearthwillhaveanincrementofabout1.4~1.5℃,Theiceinthesouthpoleandnorthpolewillmeltwithacceleratedspeed,Thesealevelwillhaveariseofabout0.25~0.65m.Inourcountry,theriseofsealevel,0.14~0.20cm/yearcomparingtotheaverageworldlevel0.15~0.16cm/year,Thesevariationwillaltersignificantlytheenvironmentwidelyandeternally.Itisreported(31August,2003)byCCTVnewsthatChinesescientistsexploringontheArcticpolediscoveredthatthemeltingseepoficethereinisfaster

thanbefore,andtheriseintemperatureisabout2~3Kperyear.核冬天

NuclearwinterIn1982,itisproposedthattheearthwillbecooledbythedustandsmogcausedbylimitednuclearwar.Thisassumptioniscalled“Nuclearwinter”Gassolcomposedofdustandsmogintheatmosphereworkslikealens（透鏡）.Dustandsmogmayaltertheearthmoresignificantly.核冬天的起因

NuclearwinterclueexampleIn1815,theburstingofvolcano（火山爆發(fā)）inEuropeerupted1011m3dustintheair,andthelaterfloatedinairforabout2years,thishadalreadymadeEuropehadcoolsummer.Nuclearexplosion（核爆炸）willproducemuchdustandsmog,thelaterwillexistinairandcooltheearth.Evenlimitednuclearwarwillproducesignificantdustandsmog.Itisstillunclearaboutthelifetimeofgassolandtheirinfluenceontheequilibriumofradiationinair.臭氧層破壞

DepletionofozonelayerOzonelayerreferstotheensembleofozonecollectedintheatmosphere15~50Kmabovethesurface.Itsconcentrationislessthan10ppm.Ozoneisnaturallyprotectiveforourearthfromthesunandmakesourlifepossible.Itadsorbsshortvioletrays(280~200nm)fromthesun.Theculprits(罪魁禍首）Halogenide（鹵化物）useddestroytheozonelayer.（空調和冰箱的製冷劑、泡沫滅火劑、氣霧劑和蓬鬆劑等含的氟氯烴和溴氟氯烴）氯氟烴分解（以CF2Cl2為例）CF2Cl2→CF2Cl?+?Cl自由基鏈反應

Cl?+O3—→ClO?+O2ClO?+O—→Cl?+O2

NOxcompoundsfromtheexhaustedgasofautomobilesandothersourcescatalyzethedecompositionreactionofozone.Influencesonhumanbeings免疫力下降（Reductionofimmunity）皮膚癌患者增多（Incrementofcancerpatient）白內障患者增多（Incrementofcataractpatient）InfluencesonplantDecreaseinproductionandquality光化學煙霧和大氣污染

PhotochemicalsmogandairpollutionLargeamountofgarbageexposeddirectlytoair,thelaterispollutedandendangerhumanbeings.化學本質（Chemicalessence）Photochemicalsmogformedfromaseriesofchemicalreactioncatalyzedbyvioletradiations…….氮氧化物是元兇NitrogenoxidesarethemainculpritNO2→NO·+O·O·+CxHy→CxHyO·CxHyO·+O2→CxHyO3·CxHyO3·+CmHn→RCHO+R1COR2O+O2→O3大氣污染

AirpollutionCarbonmonoxideCarbondioxideSulfuroxideHydrocarbonsNitrogenoxidesDustofsoil,pollen（花粉）,coalash,etc.directlypollutedtheairTheharmfulcontentsofthedusts:Pb,Hg,Cd,Niandotherheavymetals酸雨AcidrainAcidicgasesinairdissoluteinrainanddroptotheearthformingacidrain.Acidicgases:SOx,NOx,etcAcidrainisharmfultothelivingthingsandtheenvironment.生物多樣性銳減

RapidreductionoflivingthingsmanifoldnessLivingthingsmanifoldnessreferstotheensembleofalllivingcreaturesincludingplant,animals,micro-organismandotherthings.（植物、動物、微生物和其他生物）Onekindofplantdisappearsevery27years.Andnearly90kindsofvertebrates(脊椎動物）becomeextinct.Thespeedofthesereductionaccelerates,quiteafewkindsoflivingthingsdisappearbeforetheyarenamed.Largeamountofgenelose.Noeffectivemeasuretaken,humanbeingsriskthechallengeofbeinglivingintheusedmannerInourcountry,thelivingthingsmanifoldnessranks8intheworld,and1inthenorthearthExtinctplants:4000~5000kinds

15%~20%amongall156/640(1/4)intheinternationaltradecontractofextinctanimalsandplants.森林銳減

DisruptionofforestForestthelungoflivingthingsontheearth（森林是地球之肺）

haveimportantecologicalandeconomicvalue1hectareforestadsorbs1tofcarbondioxideeveryday,releases0.73tofoxygen,thelaterissufficientforthebreathof1000persons.10m2forestonepersonSweden:forestcoverage64%3hectare/personaveragelifespan:males:76.3female:81.4Itisobviouslythatforestcould:保護水源

Conservewaterresource保持水土

Keepwaterandsoil防風固沙

Preventandfixthesandandblownbythewind,調節(jié)氣候

Regulatetheclimate固碳並提供氧氣Fixcarbonandprovideoxigen防止污染，淨化空氣

Preventpollution,purifytheair改善環(huán)境

Improvetheenvironment保護物種

Protectspecies提供木材等Providewood,etcItismultifunctionalandbeneficialforthefuturedescendentseconomically,ecologically,environmentallyThespeedofforestdisruption:Forest:7000thousandhectare/yearTropicalrainforest（熱帶雨林）:50hectare/minute.Inourcountry,Coverageofforestisabout14%,whichisabout1/3oftheaveragevalueoftheworldcoverage/personThefloodofYangziriver,Huaiheriver,Songhuajiangriver,lunjiangriveroccurredinrecentyearsduespartiallytoextracuttdownoftheforest.荒漠化

DesolationandboundlessnessItreferstothedegenerationofplaughduetohumaneconomicactivities,variationinclimateetc.InHandynasty,theregulationoftuntianpeasantsopenupwastelandandgrownfoodgrain,InthenorthwestregionofChina,disruptedtheforesttherein,andthesefertilelandhadbecomedesert.Thecauseof

Desolationandboundlessness

過度開墾Excessiveexploitation過度放牧Overgrazing水資源的不合理利用IrrationaluseofwaterresourcesAsaresult:decreaseineligibleploughonearth.Itisthemostemergentenvironmentalchallengewhichshouldbeovercome.Chapteroneintroduction

1.1Typicalenvironmentalproblems

1.2Shortageofresources1.3Healthconcerns1.4Towardssustainabledevelopmentsreferences1.2資源短缺

shortageofresources能源短缺

ShortageofenergyresourcesEnergyresourceiscornerstoneforthedevelopmentofeconomyaswellasthedailylifeofhumanbeings.Theproductiveforces（生產(chǎn)力）ofhumansociety,andthematerialandculturalcivilization(精神和物質文明）havebeenhighlyenhancedanddevelopedbytheeffectiveuseofenergyresources.Industrialrevolutiondependedoncoalsustained60years.From1948,theconsumptionofoilincreases.Within20century,thepopulationaugmentedfor3

times,whiletheenergyconsumptionaugmentedfor10times.theconsumptionofenergyresourcesisrapid,andhugeamountofenergyresourceshasbeenusedup,thentheremainderresourcesislimited.Whatshallwedoforasustainabledevelopment????ShortageofenergyresourcesOil:exploitableforabout40yearsNaturalgas:about60yearsCoal:about220yearsWhatourdescendants（後代）willuse?Ourcountryhasbecomeapetroleum-importingcountryfrom1993.Therateofincreasingpetroleumconsumptionisabout4%~6%/year.In2000,importedpetroleum1.2*108tons2.5*1010$in2002,ourcountryhasbecomethesecond

oilconsumerjustbehindUSA.Atpresent,40%ofoilusedimported.2010,4.02*108tonsneeded,1.55*108tonsproducedinourcountry

2.47*108tonsshouldbeimportedItispredictedthatin2030,80%ofpetroleumshouldbeimported資源短缺ShortageofresourcesResourcesotherthanenergyisalsoessentialforhumanbeingstosurviveanddevelop.Ploughresources（土地資源，nonrenewable)decreaseprogressivelyandrapidly.Mineresources(礦產(chǎn)資源，nonrenewable)arenearlyusedup.(inthesummer,2002,acoalmineinshanxiprovincehasbeenclosedbecausenocoalisleftforexploit)Thoughbio-massresources（生物質資源）arerenewable,therelativevelocityofconsumptionandproductionshouldbeconsidered.Chapteroneintroduction

1.1Typicalenvironmentalproblems1.2Shortageofresources

1.3Healthconcerns1.4Towardssustainabledevelopmentsreferences1.3人類健康問題

healthyofhumanbeingsTheessentialproblemsofhumanhealthy:Illnesssenlity(longlife)NewmedicineforIncurablediseasesAnti-senilityProlonglifeAvoidresidenceIncreasecurativeeffectReducesideeffectModernmedicalScience&pharmacy醫(yī)治不治之癥抗衰老防殘留，升療效降低副作用Example1tholidomide鎮(zhèn)靜劑畸胎劑Example2ThesynthesisofL-dopaL-dopaiseffectiveforcuringparkinsonism,Whileotherisomersdonot.Chapteroneintroduction

1.1Typicalenvironmentalproblems1.2Shortageofresources1.3Healthconcerns

1.4Towardssustainabledevelopmentsreferences1.4可持續(xù)發(fā)展問題

TowardssustainabledevelopmentsInearly80,sustainabledevelopmentshasbeenproposed.In1992,“agendaof21thcentury”hasbeenformulated.Theviewpointofsustainabledevelopmentscomesoutfromthetraditionalone2004,theviewpointofscientificdevelopment,thedevelopmentofrecyclableeconomyTraditionally,theincreaseofGDPishighlyappreciated,irrespectiveorevenattheexpenseofenvironmentaleffents.Viewpointofsustainabledevelopment,emphasistheco-developmentofeconomyandenvironment.傳統(tǒng)發(fā)展觀的弊端

ThedrawbacksoftraditionalviewpointofdevelopmentAviewpointofindustrialrealization:Thesymbolofdevelopmentistheincrementofindustry.ThemarkofmodernizationisindustrializationandindustrialcivilizationThegoalanddrivenforcesfordevelopmentareGNP(GDP)Irrespectiveoftheprotectionanddevelopmentofresourcesandenvironment.Thecriteriamarkingisdevelopmentunjust可持續(xù)發(fā)展的含義

TheideaofsustainabledevelopmentDevelopmentishighlythoughtof.Theprotectionofenvironmentisconsideredasoneimportantcomponentofdevelopment.TheequalopportunitiestodevelopfordifferentgenerationsareemphasizedAppealingtochangethetraditionalmannerofproductionandconsumptionDemandingtheconstructionofnewcriteriaformoralityandvaluesWhattodo???Facingthesechallenges,Whatwillchemistrydo?whatchemistrycoulddo?whatshouldthechemistsdo?Whatwillchemistrydo?Problemsarejust

opportunitesindisguiseWinstonchurchill:theoptimistseesopportunitesineverydangerthepessimistseesdangerineveryopportunitesWhatdoyousee?ChemistryfacingcomingchallengesEnvironmentallyBenignChemistryEnvironmentallyFriendlyChemistryCleanChemistryAtomEconomyandBenignbyDesignChemistryGreenChemitry

2.1

什麼是綠色化學

TheconceptofGreenChemistry

2.2

大力發(fā)展綠色化學

PromotingthedevelopmentofGreenChemistry

2.3

化學反應的原子經(jīng)濟性

AtomEconomyofchemistryreaction

2.4

原子經(jīng)濟性和環(huán)境效益

AtomEconomyandenvironmentaleffects

2.5

綠色化學的任務

Researchareaofgreenchemistry

2.6

綠色化學的十二條原則

TwelveprinciplesofgreenchemistryGreenChemistryisinvestigatedworld-widely

綠色化學是化學研究的前沿。

Greenchemistryisanactiveintercrossing(交叉)researchareaintheworld,itdealswiththefrontierofchemicalresearch.綠色化學的目標Nopollutionshouldbeaccompaniedinchemicalprocesses,thisistosay,eliminatethepotential(潛力)ofpollutionbeforeitoccurs.Therealizationofthisgoalmeansnoenvironmentalcontrolisneeded,becausetherewillbenopollution.綠色化學的內涵GreenChemistryistheapplicationofchemicalprinciples,chemicaltechnologiesandchemicalmethodstoallchemicalsandchemicalprocessestoreduceoreliminatetheuseofhazardousstartingmaterials,hazardousprocesses,hazardoustargetproducts,hazardousauxiliarysubstances(suchassolvents,separationagents)intheproductionanduseofchemicals.By-products

areexpectedtobeavoidedasthoroughlyaspossible,andthestartingmaterialsbeutilizedascompletelyaspossible,thussatisfyingasustainablecivilization.Itisthechemistrywhichcouldreduceandeliminatepollutionfromtheverybeginningandcurepollutioneternally.GreenchemistrywayBringaboutatemporarysolutionTreattheexistedwasteTreatwasteProvideapermanentcureEliminatewastefromtheoriginNowasteproducedNotneedforwastetreatmentTraditionalwayWasteproducedthentreatFacingtheincreasingenvironmentalpollution

綠色化學是可實現(xiàn)

GreenChemistryisrealizableThegoalofgreenchemistryistoseekforperfection(byovercomingdifficulties).Oppositeopinions:

itisdifficulttoquantify

thetoxicity(毒性)andharmfulness(危害)ofasubstancetohumanbeingsandtoenvironment.Examplesalreadyrealizedgiveevidencesstronglytoillustratethatgreenchemistryisrealizable.Relationshipbetweenstructureandproperties——givesuscluetopredicttheharmfulnessofsubstances.Wecouldcompareandselectthemostfavorablesubstanceandmethodunderspecifiedconditions.進一步認識綠色化學

DeeperviewpointsonGreenChemistry

Scientificviewpoints:GreenChemistryconcernsnewresearchareaofchemistry.Itrejuvenates(更新)thecontentsofchemistry.Economicalviewpoint:GreenChemistryprovidesfundamentalprinciplesandtechniquestoutilizeeffectivelythestartingmaterials(resources)andenergy,meanwhilethecostoftheproductionisreduced,thussatisfyingtherequirementsofsustainabledevelopment.

environmentalviewpoint:GreenChemistryprovidesnewprinciplesandtechniquestocutdownpollutionoriginally(從源頭上)andeternally.

2.1

TheconceptofGreenChemistry

2.2

PromotingthedevelopmentofGreenChemistry

2.3

AtomEconomyofchemistryreaction

2.4AtomEconomyandenvironmentaleffects

2.5Researchareaofgreenchemistry

2.6Twelveprinciplesofgreenchemistry

SatisfyingthedemandforsustainabledevelopmentofhumansocietySatisfyingtherequirementofscienceandeconomy

Environment&resourceSimultaneouslygiveoutGreenChemistrySolutionRecyclableeconomySustainabledevelopmentCrisesRequirementGreenChemistrySatisfyingtherequirementforthedevelopmentofscienceandeconomy

Chemistryitselfdevelopsinaccordancewiththechangeofresourcesandofthesocialrequirement.Itshouldalsoberenewedinmethodologyandcontent.Greenchemistryappears.ScientificallyChemicalindustryplaysanimportantroleintheindustrialensemble

Britain,Germany,USAChemicalenterprisesmakegreateffectstoreducetheircost,andincreasetheircostbytreatingthepollutantstheyproduced.Greenchemistryprovidesnewwayswhichcouldsatisfyboththedemandsofchemicalproduction.Economically

2.1

TheconceptofGreenChemistry

2.2PromotingthedevelopmentofGreenChemistry

2.3AtomEconomyofchemistryreaction

2.4AtomEconomyandenvironmentaleffects

2.5Researchareaofgreenchemistry

2.6Twelveprinciplesofgreenchemistry

Atomutilization原子利用率Atomeconomyofchemicalreaction化學反應的原子經(jīng)濟性Increasetheconversionofthereactants,theselectivityoftheproducts提高反應物的轉化率和產(chǎn)物的選擇性2.3AtomEconomyofchemistryreaction原子利用率

Atomutilization

Theconceptwasusedto

quantify

thewaste(by-products)formedwhenacertainamountoftargetproductwasmanufacturedinachemicalreaction.RogerA.Sheldon1992Atomutilization==Theamountoftargetproductformed╳

100%TheamountofallproductsformedstoichiometricallyTheamountofreactantsusedTheamountoftargetproductformed╳

100%

Thetwomaincharacteristicsofchemicalreactionwith100%atomutilization:Thereactantscouldbefullyutilized,andtheresourcecouldbemostpossiblyusedeconomicallyThewastecouldbeminimizedExample1

：Thepreparationofepoxy-ethane(環(huán)氧乙烷)fromethylene

TraditionalwayDisadvantagesofthetraditionalmethod1.Theatomutilizationcouldreachonly25%,i.e.,1kgoftargetproduct/3kgofwastes.2.ThereactantCl2isharmful,iterodes(腐蝕)theequipmentandinjures(傷害)humanbeings,thusdemandingspecialequipmentandspecialprotectionmeasure.3.Separationandpurification(純化)processesarenecessarytoobtainusefulproduct.Ifeverystepcouldobtain100%selectivityand100%yield,thenNewgreenerwaySilvercatalystisusedtoconvertethylenedirectlytothetargetmoleculebyusingoxygenastheoxidant,whichgives100%atomutilization.

Highatomeconomy(100%)

Oxygenissafetohumanbeingsandtoenvironment.

Noseparationorpurificationisneeded.AdvantagesofthenewgreenermethodIftheselectivityofthereactioncouldreach100%

Example2：Thepreparationofepoxy-propane(環(huán)氧丙烷)

Traditionalway1.Theatomutilizationcouldreachonly31%,i.e.,1kgoftargetproduct/2kgofwastes.2.ThereactantCl2isharmful,iterodestheequipmentandinjureshumanbeings,thusdemandingspecialequipmentandspecialprotectionmeasure.3.Separationandpurificationprocessesarenecessarytoobtainusefulproduct.Ifeverystepcouldobtain100%selectivityand100%yield,thenDisadvantagesofthetraditionalmethodNewgreenerwayDirectoxidationcatalyzedbytitania-silica

Theatomutilizationishigh(76%)Theby-product----waterisenvironmentallybenign.

Hydrogenperoxideissaferthanchlorinetohumanbeingsandtoenvironment.Iftheselectivityofthereactioncouldreach100%Advantagesofthenewgreenermethod

Thisprocessusestheby-productsfromphenol(苯酚)industryandacrylonitrile(丙烯腈):acetoneandhydrocyanicacid.H3CCOCH3

HCNExample3：Thesynthesisofmethylacrylate(丙烯酸甲酯)

TraditionalwayTheoverallreaction1.Theatomutilizationcouldreachonly46%,i.e.,1kgoftargetproduct/1kgofwastes.2.ThereactantHCN

isharmful,iterodestheequipmentandinjureshumanbeings,thusdemandingspecialequipmentandspecialprotectionmeasure.3.Separationandpurificationprocessesarenecessarytoobtainusefulproduct.Ifeverystepcouldobtain100%selectivityand100%yield,thenDisadvantagesofthetraditionalmethodThisprocessutilizestheby-productpropyneCH3C≡CHfromthedissociation(e.g.Pyrolysis(熱解))ofnaphtha(石腦油),andcarbonmonoxide.Newgreenerway

Theatomutilizationishigh(100%)

Carbonmonoxideandmethanolaresaferthanhydrocyanicacidtohumanbeingsandtoenvironment.Nowaste

producedIftheselectivityofthereactioncouldreach100%Advantagesofthenewgreenermethod

2.1

TheconceptofGreenChemistry

2.2

PromotingthedevelopmentofGreenChemistry

2.3

AtomEconomyofchemistryreaction

2.4AtomEconomyandenvironmentaleffects

2.5Researchareaofgreenchemistry

2.6Twelveprinciplesofgreenchemistry

Definition：

TheratioofatomsappearedinthetargetmoleculestoalltheatomsofthereactantsThereactionwith100%atomutilizationisidealatomeconomicalreaction.

1991，BarryM.Trost1996,ThePresidentialGreenChemistryChallengeAwardofUSAHowtodesign

atomeconomicalreactions

如何設計原子經(jīng)濟反應?DeficiencyofthetraditionalsyntheticwaysA+BC＋DwasteTargetmoleculeForatargetmoleculeC

Ifthetraditionalwayis

A+BC+DThisprocessinevitablyproducestheby-productD,whichshouldbetreatedandcouldbeconsideredaswaste.Becausethisisthechemicalreaction,ifwewanttousethisreaction,wecouldnotavoidthisdilemma.AtomiceconomicreactionsE+FCTargetproductThusweshoulddesignnewatomeconomicalreactionsas

E+FCAdvantages:alltheatomsinthereactantsE

andFenteredinthetargetmoleculeC,makingtheatomutilizationbe100%.Noby-productformedThus,nowastefortreatmentNopollutionProblemThetypesoforganicreactions:PleaseanswerWhichkindsareatomicallyeconomical?ExampleThesynthesisofhaloalkane

鹵代烷烴Atomeconomy:100%Noby-productNopollutionTheconsumptionofresourceisminimized。3molestargetmolecules/1moleby-product,Wasteresourcesandtheby-productisakindofpollutant3ROH+PX3

3RX+H3PO3RX’+NaX

RX+NaX’R’CH=CH2+HX

RX1moletargetmolecules/1moleby-product，Wasteresourcesandtheby-productisakindofpollutant儘量提高反應物的轉化率（conversion)和

目標產(chǎn)物的選擇性(selectivity)

Atomeconomyisnecessaryforareactiontonotproducewaste,butitisnotenough.LowequilibriumconversionParallelreactions

2.1

TheconceptofGreenChemistry

2.2

PromotingthedevelopmentofGreenChemistry

2.3

AtomEconomyofchemistryreaction

2.4

AtomEconomyandenvironmentaleffects

2.5Researchareaofgreenchemistry

2.6Twelveprinciplesofgreenchemistry

Environmentalfactor(環(huán)境因數(shù))

Itisusedtoquantifytheeffectsofproductionprocesstotheenvironment

Idea:AllothercompoundsformedotherthanthetargetproductareconsideredtobeWASTE.RogerA.Sheldonin1992EnvironmentalfactorE=TheamountofwasteTheamountoftargetproductThelargerEThemorewasteformedThemoreseriousthepollutionIftheatomUtilization=100%E=0Theenvironmentalfactorofseveralindustries

Industries

Production/t

EPetrol106~108

~0.1FundamentalChemicals104~1061~5Finechemicals102~1045~50Pharmacy10~10325~100Buttheenvironmentalpollutionisstronglyassociatedwiththeharmfulperformanceofthewaste.Environmentalquotient(EQ)(環(huán)境商)TheEfactorjustgivestheratioofthewasteandthetargetproduct.EnvironmentalquotientE-----EnvironmentalfactorQ-----Theextentofhazardousness（危害程度）ofthewastetotheenvironmentobtainedfromtheperformanceofthewasteintheenvironment.EQ＝E×Q

2.1

TheconceptofGreenChemistry

2.2

PromotingthedevelopmentofGreenChemistry

2.3

AtomEconomyofchemistryreaction

2.4

AtomEconomyandenvironmentaleffects

2.5

Researchareaofgreenchemistry

2.6Twelveprinciplesofgreenchemistry

Designingsaferandeffectivetargetmolecules

SeekingforsaferstartingmaterialsSeekingforsafersyntheticprocessesSeekingfornewsaferconversionwaysSeekingforsafernewreactionconditionsGreener,SaferThedesigningofsaferchemicalsistheuseoftherelationshipbetweenmolecularstructureandproperties(structure-activityrelationship,SAR構效關係)andmolecularmanipulation(分子控制)methodtoobtainmoleculeswithmaximizeddesiredfunctionsandminimizedharmfulness.（功能最大化，毒性最小化）In1983,aseminaronthedesigningofsaferchemicalshasbeenholdinWashington.

Designingsaferandeffectivetargetmolecules

（設計安全有效的目標分子）Itinvolvestwoaspects:Thedesigningofnewsafeandeffectivemolecules.2.

Thedesigningofnewsaferandeffectivemoleculestoreplacethemolecules

which

existed

effectivebutnotbenign

Wehavemorethan18,000thousandsofcompoundsuptonow,while

600thousands

ofnewcompoundsappeareveryyear.DesigningsaferandeffectivetargetmoleculesTraditionalwaysoffindinganeffectivemolecule:PracticalneedssynthesistestsynthesistestNewmoleculardesigningways:TrialanderrorsPracticalneedsdesigningbySARsynthesisGuidedtheoreticallytestWorkingdesk+computer+ventilationcupboardDesigningsaf