（一）、補(bǔ)全短文專項(xiàng)練習(xí)

訓(xùn)練要求：閱讀下面的短文，文章中有5處空白，文章后面有6組文字，請(qǐng)根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容選擇5組文字，

將其分別放回文章原有位置，以恢復(fù)文章原貌。請(qǐng)將答案涂在答題卡相應(yīng)的位置上。

AllofUShavefeltpain.Wehavecutourselves.Wehavebeenburned.Orwehavehadheadaches.Some

ofussufferpainrarelypainrarely.1

Paincantakecompletecontrolofourbodyandmind,makingitimpossibletomoveandevento

think.Yetweneedpain.Withoutit,wewouldnotknow.Ifwehavehurtourselves.Itisourbody'swarning

system.2

PainisthemostcommonreasonwegotoadoctorItisthemostcommonreasonwetakemedicines.Until

recently,however,mostdoctorsknewofonlyafewdrugsthatstoppedsome

pains3Butnewknowledgeabouttheprocessofpainishelpingthemto

controlpainbetter.

Scientistshavelearnedthatthesenseofpainismadeupofbothchemicalandelectrical

signals.4Scientistsalsohavelearnedthatthenervoussystemsendstwo

differentkindsofpainmessagestothebrain：oneveryfast,theotherslow.Thefirstmessageis

thewarningsignal.Itmovesataspeedof30metersasecond.Inlessthanasecond,thebrainunderstands

thatpartofthebodyishurtandhowbadlyitisinjured.5Ittellsusnottousethe

injuredpartuntilitheals.

AAndothershavepainfulattacksallthetime.

BThesesignalstravelfromnervecellsintheinjuredarea,upthespinalcord（脊髓）tothe

brain,andbackdownagain.

CIttellsusthatWeareinjuredandshoulddosomethingaboutit

DTheyknewlittleabouttheprocessofpainitself.

ETheothermessagemovesataspeedofonly013^meterasecond.

FAndtheysendthesecond,slowermessageofpaintothebrain.

參考答案：ACDBE

ConservationorWastedEffort?

Theblackrobin（旅鶉）isoneoftheworld*srarestbirds.Itisasmall,wildbird,and

itlivesonlyontheislandofLittleMangere,offthecoastofNewZealand.In1967therewereabout

fiftyblackrobinsthere；in1977therewerefewerthanten._____1

Energeticstepsarebeingtakentopreservetheblackrobin.2Theideaistobuyanother

islandnearbyasaspecialhome,a"reserve”,forthreatenedwildlife,includingblackrobins.

TheorganizerssaythatLittleMangereshouldthenberestocked（重新準(zhǔn)備）withtherobin，sfood.

ThousandsoftherequiredplantsareatpresentbeingcultivatedinNewZealand.

Isallthisconcernawasteofhumaneffort?_3_____Arewelosingoursenseofwhatis

reasonableandwhatisunreasonable?

Intheearth，slong,longpasthundredsofkindsofcreatureshaveevolved,risentoadegree

ofsuccessanddiedout.Inthelong,longfuturetherewillbemanynewanddifferentformsoflife.

Thosecreaturesthatadaptthemselvessuccessfullytowhattheearthofferswillsurviveforalong

time.4_____Thisisnature'sprovenmethodofoperation.

Theruleofselection"thesurvivalofthefittest"istheonebywhichhumanbeingshave

themselvesarrivedonthescene.We,beingoneofthemostadaptablecreaturestheearthhasyet

produced,maylastlongerthanmost.5Youmaytakeitasanotherrulethatwhen,atlast,

humanbeingsshowsignsofdyingout,noothercreaturewillextendapaw（爪）topostponeour

departure.Onthecontrary,wewil1behurriedout.

Lifeseemstohavegrowntootoughforblackrobins.Ileaveyoutojudgewhetherweshouldtry

todoanythingaboutit.

ASomecreatures,certainsmallanimals,insectsandbirds,willalmostcertainlyoutlastman,

fortheyseemevenmoreadaptable.

BThosethatfailtomeetthechailengeswilldisappearearly.

CDetailedstudiesaregoingon,andapublicappealformoneyhasbeenmade.

DBothrepresentordersintheclassificationoflife

EIsitanybusinessofourswhethertheblackrobinsurvivesordiesout?

FThesearetheonlyblackrobinsleftintheworld

參考答案：FCEBA

LivingAloneIsJoyful

MoreandmoreAmericansarelivingalone.Somelivealonebecauseofdivorceorthedeathof

apartner.1AccordingtoarecentU.S.census（人口普查），25percentofallhouseholdsin

theU.S.aremadeupofjustoneperson.Thisisadramaticchangefromtheextendedfamiliesof

justacoupleofgenerationsago.

Thetypicalpersonlivingaloneisneitheroldnorlonely.—2—Themajorityofthesepeople

havechosento1ivealone.Theyarerespondingtodecreasingsocialpressuretogetmarriedandhave

afamily.

It'snowsociallyacceptable,evenfashionable,tolivealone.Aspeoplegetbetterjobsand

becomefinanciallyindependent,itbecomespossibleforthemtomaintainaone-personhousehold.

—3—However,peoplewhodogetmarriedaremarryingatalaterageanddivorcingmoreoften.

Thenumberonereasongivenbymostpeopleforlivingaloneisthattheysimplyenjoydoingwhat

theywantwhentheywanttodoit./zLivingaloneisaluxury,〃saysNinaHagiwara,338.“Onceyou

doit,youcan'tevergobacktolivingwithothers.z，DavidC-Debaca,46,agrees.4

Childrenthinkthatbeinggrownupmeansbeingabletodoexactlyastheyplease._5_Thechance

todiscoverwhetherthatfreedomisaswonderfulasitsoundsisachancemoreandmoreAmericans

aretaking.

AThere，smorepressuretogetmarriednowadays.

BThegrowingnumberofwomenwithgoodjobshasdonemuchtoincreasethenumberofpeople1iving

alone.

CHowever,evenmorepeoplearelivingalonebecausetheyhavechosento.

DItseemsthatmanygrown-upstodayarerealizingthatchildhooddream.

EInfacts,aquarterofthe23millionsinglepeopleintheU.S.areundertheageof35.

FHesays,〃Ilikebeingbymyself.

參考答案：CEBFD

ChestCompressions:MostImportantofCPR1

Cardiopulmonaryresuscitation,orCPR,cansavethelifeofsomeonewhosehearthasstopped.The

conditioniscalledcardiacarresta.Theheartstopspumpingblood.Thepersonstopsbreathing.Without

lifesavingmeasures,thebrainstartstodiewithinfourtosixminutes.CPRcombinesbreathinginto

thevictim'smouthandrepeatedpressesonthechest.____1___.

However,anewJapanesestudyquestionstheusefulnessofmouth-to-mouthbreathing.Thestudy

waspublishedintheBritishmedicalmagazine,TheI,ancet3.DoctorsinTokyoledtheresearch.It

examinedmorethanfourthousandpeoplewhohadsufferedcardiacarrest.Inallthecases,witnesses

sawtheeventhappen.

Morethanonethousandofthevictimsreceivedsomekindofmedicalassistancefromwitnesses.

SevenhundredandtwelvereceivedCPR.Fourhundredandthirty-ninereceivedchestpresses

only___2___TheresearcherssayanykindofCPRimprovedchancesofthepatient，ssurvival.But,they

saidthosepeopletreatedwithonlychestpressessufferedlessbraindamage.Twenty-twopercent

survivedwithgoodbrainability___3____.

TheAmericanHeartAssociation4changeditsguidelinesforCPRchestpressesin2005.

___4___GordonEwyisaheartdoctorattheUniversityofArizonaCollegeofMedicineinTucson.

Hewroteareportthatappearedwiththestudy.DoctorEwythinkstheCPRguidelinesshouldbechanged

again.Hesaidtheheartassociationshouldremoverescuebreathsfromtheguidelines.Hearguesthat

morewitnessestocardiacarrestswou1dprovidetreatmentifrescuebreathsarenotapartofCPR,

Hesaysthiswouldsavelives___5___.

Cardiacarrestkillsmorethan300,000peopleintheUnitedStateseveryyear.TheAmericanHeart

Associationsaysaboutninety-fivepercentofvictimsdiebeforetheygettoamedicalcenter.

ASofar,wehavenotknownexactlyyetwhethermouth-to-mouthbreathingisreallyuselessin

CPR.

BOnlytenpercentofthevictimstreatedwithtraditionalCPRsurvivedwithgoodbrainability.

CCPRkeepsbloodandoxygenflowingtotheheartandbrain.

DHisstudiesshowthatmanypeopledonotwanttoperformmouth-to-mouthbreathingonastranger

forfearofgettingadisease.

EItsaidpeopleshouldincreasethenumberofchestpressesfromfifteentothirtyforevery

twobreathsgiven.

FNomouth-to-mouthrescuebreathsweregiventothem.

參考答案：CFBED

CaribbeanIslands

WhatwouldyouseeifyoutookacruisetotheCaribbeanIslands?Palmtreesandcoconuts?white

beachesandclear,blueocean?Colorfulcoralsandevenmorecolorfulfishesandbirds?

Youbet.TherearethousandsofislandsintheCaribbeanSea.Theyarefamousfortheirwarm,

tropicalclimateandgreatnaturalbeauty.

TheCaribbeanIslandsformachainthatseparatestheCaribbeanSeafromtherestoftheAtlantic

Ocean.1Manyoftheislandswereformedbytheeruptionofancientvolcanoes.Othersare

low-lyingcoralislandsthatgraduallyrosefromtheocean.

TheCaribbeanIslandsareknownbyseveralnames.2TheexplorerChristopherColumbuscalled

theislandstheIndiesin1492becausehethoughthewasnearthecoastofIndia.Later,Spainand

FrancecalledtheislandstheAntilles.

TherearefourlargeislandsintheCaribbeanSea.3Thesefourislandsareoftencalled

theGreaterAntilles.Together,theyaccountforabout90percentofthelandareaoftheCaribbean

Islands.

TherestoftheCaribbeanIslandsaremuchsmaller.4______Youcanseewhypiratessuchasthe

famousBlackbeardsailedthesewaters.Therearecountlesssmallislandstoburytreasureorhide

on.

TheweatheroftheCaribbeanSeaisalmostalwayswarmandsunny.Sandybeacheslinethecoasts

ofmanyislands.5Manytouristsarriveoncruiseships.

AButlifeontheCaribbeanIslandsisnotalwaysparadise.

BTheearliestnameusedbyEuropeansistheIndies,laterchangedtotheWestIndies.

CThey're1ikealongnecklacethatstretchesbetweenNorthandSouthAmerica.

DTheyareCuba,PuertoRico,Jamaica,andHispaniola.

EThisiswhymillionsoftouristsvisittheislandseachyear

FSomeoftheseislandsarenomorethantinysliversofexposedcoral.

參考答案：CBDFE

FalseFearofBigFish

Manypeoplebelievesharks(鯊魚(yú))aredangerousandwillalwaystrytohurtoreven

killhumans.________(1)

AsharkexhibitionattheNationalAquarium(水族館)inBaltimore,US,provesthis.

Visitorscantouchyoungsharks,seetheireggsdevelopandwatchadozendifferentspecies

swimsmoothlyaroundahugetank.

Mostpeoplefailtorealizethatsharkattacksdon,thappenveryoften.Humansaremotelikely

tobekilledbylightningthanbyashark.________(2)There,kidsCalllearn,froman

earlyage,nottofearsharks.

“Peoplefearwhattheydon'tknow,“saidNancyHotchkissoanorganizeroftheexhibition.

uSharkshavebeenaroundfor400miIlionyearsandplayltilimportantroleintheocean,sfood

chain.Wewantpeopletodiscoverthatsharksareamazinganimalsthatneedourrespectand

protection.”

(3)Astudy,publishedinJanuaryintheUSmagazine,Science,foundthatalmostall

recordedsharkspecieshavefallenbyhalfinthepasteightto15years.

ThousandsofsharksarehuntedinAsiaforspecialfoods,suchassharkfin(魚(yú)翅)soup.And

manyothersgetcaughtinnets,whilefishermenarehuntingotherfish.(4)

“Somefishingmethodsareactuallycleaningouttheoceanforsharks,”saidDaveSchofield,

themanageroftheaquarium,soceanhealthprogramme._______(5)

ATheycallwatchthemdevelopinsidetheireggsandfeeltheskinoftheolderswimmers

BAshocking100millionsharksarekilledeveryyeararoundtheworldbyhumans.

CInfact,94percentoftheworld,s400speciesareharmlesstohumans

DItisaworryingsituationandsomeareashaveputmeasuresinplacetoprotectthese

specialfish.

EAndtomakethispointclear,themuseumhassetupaspecialtouchingpoolforchildren.

FMorethanhalfofthesharkscaughtaresmallerthan1meterlong.

參考答案：CEBFD

WhyWouldTheyFalselyConfess?

Whyonearthwouldaninnocentpersonfalselyconfesstocommittingacrime?Tomostpeople,

,

itjustdoesntseemlogical.Butitislogical,sayexpertsoifyouunderstandwhatcallhappen

inapoliceinterrogation(審訊)room.Undertherightconditions,people'smindsaresusceptible(易

受影響的)toinfluence,andthepressureputonsuspectsduringpolicequestioningisenormous.(1)

“Thepressureisimportanttounderstand,becauseotherwiseit'simpossibletounderstandwhysomeone

wouldsayhedidsomethinghedidn'tdo.Theansweris：toputallendtoanuncomfortablesituation

thatwillcontinueuntilhedoesconfess.

DevelopmentalpsychologistMaryRedlichrecentlyconductedalaboratorystudytodeterminehow

1ikelypeoplearetoconfesstothingstheydidn,tdo.(2)theresearchersthenintentionally

crashedthecomputersandaccusedtheparticipantsofhitting“alt"keytoseeiftheywouldsign

astatementfalselytakingresponsibility.Redlich,sfindingsclearlydemonstratehoweasyitcan

betogetpeopletofalsely59percentoftheyoungadultsintheexperimentimmediatelyconfessed.

(3)Ofthe15-to16-year-olds,72percentsignedconfessions,as13-year-olds.

“There'snoquestionthatyoungpeoplearemoreatrisk,nsaysSaulKassin,apsychologyprofessor

atWilliamsCollege,whohasdonesimilarstudieswithsimilar.(4)BothKassinandRedlich

notethattheentire'4interrogationintheirexperimentsconsistedofasimpleaccusation-not

hoursofaggressivequestioning—andstill,mostparticipantsfalselydecision.”(5)“Insome

ways,“saysKassin,“falseconfessionbecomesarational

AInherexperiment,participantswereseatedatcomputersandtoldnottohitthe"alt"key,

becausedoingSowouldcrashthesystems.

BBecauseofthestressofapoliceinterrogation,theyconclude,suspectscanbecome

convincedthatfalselyconfessingistheeasiestwayoutofabadsituation.

C"It'salittlelikesomebodyJsworkingonthemwithadental(牙齒)drill,“saysFranklin

Zimring,alawprofessorattheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley.

D“Butthebaselineisthatadultsarehighlyvulnerabletoo.”

EThecourtfoundhiminnocentandhewasreleased.

FRedlichalsofoundthattheyoungertheparticipant,themorelikelyafalseconfession.

參考答案：CAFDB

Farmersmarket

CharlotteHollinsknowsshefacesabattle.The23-year-oldBritishfarmerandher21-year-oldbrother

Benarefightingtosavethefarmfromdevelopersthattheirfatherworkedonsincehewas14.___1___.

“Youdon'toftengetadayoff.Supermarketsputalotofpressureonfarmerstokeeppricesdown.

Withfewerpeopleworkingonfarmsitcanbeisolating,“shesaid.uThereisahighrateofsuicide

andfarmingwillnevermakeyourich!”

01iverRobinson,25,grewuponafarminYorkshire._2."I'msuredadhopedI'dstay,“he

said."Iguessit'sanice,straightforwardlife,butitdoesn,tappeal.Foryoung,ambitiouspeople,

farmlifewouldbeahardworld."ForRobinson,farmingdoesn,toffermuch“intermsofmoneyor

lifestyle."Hollinsagreesthateconomicsstopspeoplefrompursuingfarmingrewards:uproviding

foravitalhumanneed,whi1eworkingoutdoorswithnature.”

FarmingisabigpoliticalissueintheUK.3.The2001footandmouthcrisisclosedthousands

offarms,stoppedmeatexports,andraisedpublicconsciousnessoftroublesinUKfarming.

JamieOliverJs2005campaigntogetchildrentoeathealthilyalsohighlightedtheissue.Thisnational

concernspells（帶來(lái)）hopeforfarmerscompetingwithpowerfulsupermarkets.___4___.

“IstartedgoingtoFarmersyMarketsindirectdefiance（蔑視）ofthebigsupermarkets.5—.It'

sterrible,“saidLondonerMichaelSamson.

A.Butheneverconsideredstayingonhisfatherandgrandfather?sland

B.Whilemostpeoplebuyfoodfromthebigsupermarkets,hundredsofindependentFarmers*Markets

arebecomingpopular.

C.Whileconfidenttheywillsucceed,shelistsfarming,smanychallenges:

D.Youngpeopleprefertoliveincities

E.Iseriouslyobjectedtothesuper-sizingofeverything-whatexactlyDOtheyputonourapples

tomakesobigandred?

F.”BuyBritish“campaignsurge（鼓勵(lì)）consumersnottobuycheaperimportedfoods.

參考答案：CAFBE

U.S.,EuropeanDrugOfficialsApproveInhaledInsulin

Aformofinsulinforpeoplewithdiabetestotakebymouthisexpectedtobesoldwithinafew

months.ThenewmedicineiscalledExuberal.TheUnitedStatesFoodandDrugAdministrationandthe

EuropeanCommissionbothrecentlyapproveditforadults.Itcouldmakelifeeasierformanydiabetics

whorequiredailyinjectionsofinsulintocontroltheirbloodsugarlevels.Butitwillnotreplace

allinsulinrejections.Anditisnotforeveryone.Peoplewhosmokeorhavestoppedsmokingforless

thansixmonthsshouldnottakeExubera.___1___.

Threedrugcompanies—Pfizer,Sanofi-AventisandNektarTherapeutics-developedtheinhaled

insulin.___2___Expertssayaboutfifteenpercentofdiabeticswhoneedinsulindonottakeit.The

treatmentcaninvolveseveralinjectionseachday.

Insulinisahormonethatthebodyusestochangefoodintoenergy.Failuretocontrolbloodsugar

levelscanleadtoseriousproblems,includingblindnessandlossofbloodflowtothefeet.Itcan

alsoleadtoheartdisease,strokeandkidneyfailure.Insulinhasbeensoldasadrugsincethenineteen

twenties.Thisisthefirstnewwaytotakeit.Exuberausesapowderbreathedintothelungsthrough

amouthpiece.Pfizerwillstudythelong-termeffects.Itsayssomepatientshavereportedamild

coughwhileusingtheinhaledinsulin.___3___

Manypeopledonotknowtheyhavediabetes.Therearetwoforms.MostdiabeticshavetheType

Twoform.Theirbodydoesnotmakeenoughinsulinorcannoteffectivelyusetheinsulinit

produces.—4___MostTypeTwodiabeticsdonottakeinsulin.Theirmedicinescanbetakenbymouth.

Diet,exerciseandweightcontrolarealsoimportant.TypeOnediabetesoftenbeginsin

childhood.___5___.

Officialssaydiabeticswitheithertypecoulduseinhaledinsulin,eitherbeforeorafterameal.

ButTypeOnediabeticsandsomewithTypeTwowouldstillneedalonger-lastinginjectionatleast

onceaday.

AWiththistypethebodyisunabletoproduceinsulin.

BPfizerrecentlyboughttherightstosellitworldwide.

CThecontroloftheirbloodsugarlevelsismostimportantforpatientswithdiabetes.

DItiscommoninpeoplewhoareoverweightandnotactive.

ESomepatientswithlungdiseaseshouldnottakeiteither.

FPeopleareadvisedtohavetheirlungsexaminedbeforeusingExubera,andatleastonceayearafter

that.

參考答案：EBFDA

（二）、閱讀判斷專項(xiàng)練習(xí)

訓(xùn)練要求：閱讀下面這篇短文，短文后列出7個(gè)句子，請(qǐng)根據(jù)短文的內(nèi)容對(duì)每個(gè)句子做出判斷。如果該句

提供的是正確信息，請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}卡上把A涂黑；如果該句提供的是錯(cuò)誤信息，請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}卡上把B涂黑；如果該句

的信息在文章中沒(méi)有提及，請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}卡上把C涂黑。

Sleeping

Peoplewhosleepformorethaneighthoursanightdonotliveaslongasthosewhosleepfor

sixhours,accordingtothebiggeststudyyetintosleeppatternsandmortality（死亡率）。

Scientistshavenoexplanationforthefindingsanddonotknowiftheymeanpeoplewho1ikea

lie.in（睡懶覺(jué)）Canextendtheirlivesbysleepingless.

Althoughitisacommonbeliefthatsleepingforatleasteighthoursanightisvitalforhealth

andwell-beingthesixyearstudyinvolvingmorethan1.1millionAmericansolderthan30foundthat

thosewhosleptforlessthaneighthourswerefarfromdoingthemselvesanylong-termharm.

^Individualswhonowaverage6.5hoursofsleepanightCanbereassuredthatthisisasafeamount

ofsleep.Fromahealthstandpoint,thereisnoreasontosleeplonger,〃saidDanielKripke,aprofessor

ofpsychiatry（精神病學(xué)）attheUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego.

Dr.Kripkesaid,〃Wedon'tknowiflongsleepperiodsleadtodeath.Additionalstudiesareneeded

todetermineifsettingyouralarmclockearlierwillactuallyimproveyourhealth.，z

ThescientistswhowerefundedbytheAmericanCancerSociety,found也atthebestsurvivalrates

wereamongthemenandwomenwhosleptforsevenhoursanight.Thosewhosleptforeighthourswere

12percentmorelikelytodieduringtilesix-yearperiodofthestudy,whenotherfactorssuch

asdietandsmokingweretakenintoaccount.

Eventhosewhospentamerefivehoursanightinbedlivedlongerthanthosewhoslepteight

ormorehours.However,anincreasingdeathratewasfoundamongthosewhosleptforlessthanfive

hours.

Dr.Kripkesaid,''Previoussleepstudieshaveindicatedthatbothshort-andlong-duration（持

續(xù)時(shí)間）sleephadhighermortalityrates.However,noneofthosestudieswerelargeenoughto

distinguishthedifferencebetweensevenandeighthoursanight,untilflow.〃

1Morethan1'1millionAmericansparticipatedinthesix-yearstudy.ARightBWrongCNot

mentioned

2AlltheparticipantswerefromthestateofCalifornia.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned

3Thestudyshowsthatthelongeryousleepeachnight,thelongeryou'11live.ARightBWrong

CNotmentioned

4Thefindingsindicatethatitisallrighttosleepfor6.5hoursanight.ARightBWrongC

Notmentioned

5Mostoftheparticipantssleptfor7hoursanightduringthestudy.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned

6Sleepingforlessthan5hourseachnightisbetterthansleepingfor5hoursARightBWrong

CNotmentioned

7Thestudywasthefirsttotellthedifferencebetween7and8hoursofsleepanightARight

BWrongCNotmentioned

參考答案：ACBACBA

Scotland：ALandofWisdom

Inthe1740s,thefamousFrenchphilosopherVoltairesaid〃WelooktoScotlandforal1ourideas

ofcivilization.〃That'snotabadadvertisementforanycountrywhenitcomestoattractingpeople

tosearchforafirst-classeducation.

AccordingtotheAmericanauthorArthurHerman,theScotsinventedthemodernworlditself.Ue

arguesthatScottishthinkersandintellectualsworkedoutmanyofthemostimportantideasonwhich

modernlifedepends-everythingfromthescientificmethodtomarketeconomics.Theirideasdidnot

justspreadamongintellectuals,buttothosepeopleinbusiness,governmentandthescienceswho

actuallyshapedtheWesternworld.

ItallstartedduringtheperiodthathistorianscalltheScottishEnlightenment（啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)），

whichisusuallyseenastakingplacebetweentheyears1740and1800.Beforethat,phi1osophywas

mainlyconcernedwithreligion.ForthethinkersoftheScottishEnlightenment,theproperstudy

ofhumanitywasmankinditself.

Theirreasoningwaspractical.ForthephilosopherDavidHume,humanitywastherightsubject

forphilosophybecausewecanexaminehumanbehaviorandsofindrealevidenceofhowpeoplethink

andfeel.Andfromthatwecanmakejudgmentsaboutthesocietiesweliveinandmakeconcrete

suggestionsabouthowtheycanbeimproved,foruniversalbenefit.

Hume'senquiryintothenatureofknowledgelaidthefoundationsforthescientificmethod-ihe

pursuitoftruththroughexperiment.HisfriendandfellowresidentofEdinburgh,AdamSmith,famously

appliedthestudyofmankindtothewaysinwhichmankinddoesbusiness.Trade,heargued,wasa

formofinformation.Inpursuingourownintereststhroughtradinginmarkets,weallcometobenefit

eachother.

Smith'sideahasdominatedmodernviewsofeconomics.Italsohaswideapplications.Hewasone

ofthephilosopherstopointoutthatnationscanbecomerich,freeandpowerfulthroughpeace,

tradeandinvention.

AlthoughtheScottishEnlightenmentendedalongtimeago,theideaswhichevolvedatthattime

stillunderpin（構(gòu)成