Chapter1：

TermsEnglishDefinition中文翻譯

soleAnorganizationthatis個(gè)人獨(dú)資企

proprietorshipowned,andusually業(yè)

managed,byonepersonis

calledasole

proprietorship.

partnershipApartnershipisalegal合伙企業(yè)

relationshipbetween

personscarryingona

profit-motivatedbusiness.

generalAgeneralpartnershipisa普通合伙

partnershipbusinesswithatleastone

generalpartnerwhohas

unlimitedliabilityfor

thedebtsofthebusiness.

generalpartner主要合伙人

limitedAlimitedpartnershipis有限合伙

partnershipanarrangementwherea

personcancontributea

businesswithoutbeing

involvedintheaffairsof

thepartnership.

limitedpartner有限合伙人

investor投資者

creditor債權(quán)人

liability債務(wù)責(zé)任

corporationThecorporationisalegal（股份制）

entity（法人實(shí)體），公司

allowedbylegislation,

whichpermitsagroupof

people,asshareholdersor

members,tocreatean

organization,whichcan

thenfocusonpursuingset

objectives.

for-profit營(yíng)利性公司

company

non-profit非營(yíng)利性公

company司

limited有限責(zé)任

liability（以出資額

為限）

unlimited無(wú)線責(zé)任

liability（個(gè)人財(cái)產(chǎn)

也要用于清

算）

doubletaxationThecorporationhastopay雙重課稅

taxesonitsprofits.The

stockholdersmushalsopay

incometaxonthe

dividendstheyreceive

throughownership.

jointventureAjointventureisthe合資公司

poolingofresourcesand

expertisebytwoormore

businesses,typicallyfrom

differentareasor

countriestoachievea

particulargoal.

limitedAlimitedliability有限責(zé)任公

liabilitycompany(LLC)isatypeof司

companies(LLC)businessownership

combiningseveralfeatures

ofcorporationand

partnershipstructures.

minute會(huì)議記錄

mergerAmergeristheresultof兼并

thecombinationoftwoor

morecompaniestoforma

newcompany.

acquisitionAnacquisitionisone收購(gòu)

companybuyingthe

propertyandobligations

ofanothercompany.

horizontalAhorizontalmergerjoins橫向兼并

mergerfirmsinthesameindustry

andallowsthemto

diversityorexpandtheir

products.

verticalmergerAverticalisthejoining縱向兼并

oftwofirmsinvolvedin

differentstagesof

relatedbusinesses-a

manufacturermergingwith

asupplierofcomponent

products,ora

manufacturermergingwith

adistributorofits

products.

conglomerateAconglomeratemerger混合兼并

mergerunitesfirmsincompletely

unrelatedindustries.

franchiseAfranchiseistheright特許

touseabusinessnameand

sellproductsorservices,

usuallyinaspecific

geographicalterritory.

franchising特許經(jīng)營(yíng)

franchiserthepersonwhosellsa特許者

franchise

franchiseethepersonwhobuysa被特許者

franchise

Chapter2：

TermsEnglishDefinition中文翻譯

bandwagon從眾效應(yīng)

effect

market市場(chǎng)評(píng)估

assessment

marketniche縫隙市場(chǎng)

marketresearch市場(chǎng)調(diào)查

businessplanBusinessplanisa企業(yè)計(jì)劃書(shū)，

detailedwrittendocument企劃書(shū)

thatdefinesthegoalsof

yourbusinessand

describesthemeansyou

willusetoattainthose

goals,theadvantagesthe

businesswillhavein

relationtocompetition,

andtheresourcesand

qualificationsofthe

owners.

leaseagreementAleaseagreementisa租賃協(xié)議

contractbetweenyouand

theowneroftheproperty.

generalAgeneralbusinesslicense普通經(jīng)營(yíng)許可

businessisassessedannuallyfor證

licensetheprivilegeofoperating

abusinessinthe

jurisdiction.

speciallicenseAspeciallicenseisone特殊經(jīng)營(yíng)許可

thatisissuedtoa證

businessthatwillprovide

productsorservicesthat

requireregulation.

cashfloat現(xiàn)金流

overdraft透支

bankstatement銀行結(jié)單

Chapter3：

TermsEnglishDefinition中文翻譯

fringebenefits附加福利

corporateethicscorporateethicsarethe企業(yè)道德

evaluationofcorporate

activitiesandbehavioras

rightorwrong.

ethicaldilemma道德困境

corporatesocialCorporatesocial企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)

responsibilityresponsibilityisthe任

(CSR)awarenessthatbusiness

activitieshaveanimpact

onsociety,andthe

considerationofthat

impactbyfirmsin

decisionmaking.

corporateCorporatecultureis企業(yè)文化

culturedescribedasthe

personalityofan

organization,including

suchelementsascore

valuesandbeliefs,

corporateethics,and

rulesofbehavior.

corevalues核心價(jià)值觀

risk-taking喜歡冒險(xiǎn)的

personality個(gè)性

attention—to-注重細(xì)節(jié)的

detail個(gè)性

personalities

outcome-oriented注重結(jié)果的

personalities個(gè)性

customerservice客服

people-oriented以人為本的

personality個(gè)性

team-oriented注重團(tuán)隊(duì)合

personality作的個(gè)性

aggressive積極進(jìn)取的

personality個(gè)性

non-stable不求穩(wěn)的個(gè)

personality性

codesofethics道德規(guī)范

corporate企業(yè)氛圍

climate

Chapter4：

TermsEnglishDefinition中文翻譯

managementManagementisdefinedas管理

theapplicationof

planning,organizing,

directing,andcontrolling

functionsinthemost

efficientmannerpossible

toaccomplishmeaningful

organizationalobjectives.

planningPlanningisamanagement計(jì)戈U

functionwhichmeans

defininggoalsforfuture

organizationalperformance

anddecidingonthetasks

anduseofresources

neededtoattainthem.

strategicStrategicplanning戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃/長(zhǎng)

planning/long-determinesthemajorgoals期規(guī)劃

rangeplanningoftheorganizationas

wellasthepolicies,

procedures,andstrategies

forobtainingandusing

resourcestoachievethose

goals.

tacticalTacticalplanningisthe戰(zhàn)術(shù)規(guī)劃/短

planning/processofdeveloping期規(guī)劃

short-rangedetailed,short-term

planningstrategiesaboutwhatis

tobedone,whoistodo

it,andhowitistobe

done.

operationalOperationalplanningis運(yùn)營(yíng)規(guī)劃

planningtheprocessofsetting

workstandardsand

schedulesnecessaryto

implementthetactical

objectives.

contingencyContingencyplanningis應(yīng)急計(jì)劃

planningtheprocessofpreparing

alternativecoursesof

actionthatmaybeusedif

theprimaryplansdon't

achievethe

organization's

objectives.

organizingOrganizingisamanagement組織

functionthattypically

followsplanningand

reflectshowthe

organizationtriesto

accomplishtheplan.

structural結(jié)構(gòu)重組

reorganization

directingdirectingistheuseof領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，指揮

influencetomotivate

employeestoachieve

organizationalgoals.

autocraticAutocraticleadership,the專(zhuān)制型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)

leadershipclosestyleof

supervision,means

providingsubordinates

withdetailedjob

instructions.

democraticDemocraticleadership,the民主性領(lǐng)導(dǎo)

leadershipgeneralsupervision,isa

managementstyleinwhich

themanagerconsultswith

subordinatesaboutjob

activities,problems,and

correctiveactions.

controllingControllingisa控制

managementfunctionthat

involvesverifyingthat

actualperformancematches

theplan.

organizationalOrganizationalstructure組織結(jié)構(gòu)

structureistheformaldecision-

makingframeworkbywhich

jobtasksaredivided,

grouped,andcoordinated.

top-levelTopmanagersarethosewho高層管理者

managerstaketheresponsibilityof

settingorganizational

goals,definingstrategies

forachievingthem,

monitoringand

interpretingtheexternal

environment,andmaking

decisionsthataffectthe

entireorganization.

middle-levelMiddle-levelmanagersare中層管理者

managersthosewhoreceivethe

broadoverallstrategies,

missions,andobjectives

fromtop-levelmanagers

andtranslatetheminto

specificactionprograms.

first-levelFirst-levelmanagersare基層管理者

managersthosewhoemphasize

directingandcontrolling

theworkofemployeesin

ordertoachievetheteam

goals.

supervisor主管（基層

管理者）

managerialroles經(jīng)理人角色

figureheadroleThemanagerhandles名譽(yù)領(lǐng)袖角

ceremonialandsymbolic色

activitiesforthe

departmentor

organization.

liaisonroleThemanagerinteractswith聯(lián)絡(luò)人角色

peersandpeopleinside

andoutsidethe

organization.

leaderroleTheleaderrole領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人角色

encompassesrelationships

withsubordinates,

includingmotivation,

communication,and

influence.

monitorroleThemanagerreceivesand監(jiān)聽(tīng)者角色

collectsinformationfrom

manysources.

disseminatorThemanagertransmits傳播者角色

rolespecialinformationinto

theorganization.

spokespersonThemanagerdisseminates發(fā)言人角色

roletheorganization's

informationintoits

environment.

entrepreneurThemanagerinitiates企業(yè)家角色

rolechange.

disturbanceThemanagerresolves障礙排除者

handlerroleconflictsamong

subordinatesorbetween

his/herdepartmentand

otherdepartments.

resourceTheresourceallocator資源分配者

allocatorroleroleisaboutdecisionsof

allocatingpeople,time,

equipment,budget,and

otherresourcestoattain

desiredoutcomes.

negotiatorroleThemanagernegotiateson談判者

behalfofthe

organization.

conceptualconceptualskillisthe概念技能

skillcognitiveabilitytosee

theorganizationasa

wholeandtherelationship

amongitsparts.

humanskillHumanskillisthe人際技能

managerJsabilitytowork

withandthroughother

peopleandtowork

effectivelyasagroup

member.

technicalskillTechnicalskillisthe技術(shù)技能/業(yè)

understandingofand務(wù)技能

proficiencyinthe

performanceofspecific

tasks.

Chapter5：

TermsEnglishDefinition中文翻譯

productionProductionistheprocess生產(chǎn)

oftransforminginputs

suchasrawmaterialsinto

outputssuchasgoodsand

services.

manufacturingManufacturingisonepart制造

ofproductionwhichmeans

makinggoodsbyhandor

withmachineryasopposed

toextractingthingsfrom

theearth(miningand

fishing).

operationOperationsarethe運(yùn)作

functionsneededtokeep

thecompanyproducing,

literallyanyfunctionor

seriesoffunctions

introducedtocarryouta

strategicplan.

inputsInputstotheproduction投入品

processarethose

resourcesthatwillbe

neededtoproducethe

desiredgoodsorservices.

transformationTransformationconsistsof改造，轉(zhuǎn)換

thoseproduction

activitiesthattakethe

inputsandcombinethemin

somespecialwayto

producetheoutput.

outputsTheoutputisthefinal產(chǎn)品

resultoftheproduction

process.

plantlocationPlantlocationcanmean廠址的選定

thedifferencebetween

profitandlossfora

firm.

production生產(chǎn)工藝

process

manufacturing制造工藝

process

assemblyprocess裝配工藝

synthetic合成工藝

process

analyticprocess分解工藝

continuous連續(xù)性生產(chǎn)

process工藝

intermittent機(jī)械性生產(chǎn)

process工藝

materials物料管理

management

materialsMRPisacomputer-based物料需求計(jì)

requirementssystemthatusessales劃

planning(MRP)forecaststomakesure

thatneededpartsand

materialsareavailableat

therightplaceandthe

righttime.

manufacturingMRPIIisanadvanced制造資源計(jì)

resourceversionofMRPthatallows劃

planningplantstoincludeallthe

(MRPII)resourcesinvolvedinthe

efficientmakingofa

product.

enterpriseERPisacomputer-based企業(yè)資源計(jì)

resourceproductionandoperations劃

planning(ERP)systemthatlinksmultiple

firmsintooneintegrated

productionunit.

purchasingPurchasingisthefunction采購(gòu)

inthecompanythat

searchesforquality

materialresources.

inventoryInventoryreferstoalist庫(kù)存

ofgoodsandmaterials

heldavailableinstock.

inventory庫(kù)存控制

control

manufacturer制造商

distributor分銷(xiāo)商

wholesaler批發(fā)商

retailer零售商

Just-in-timeTheideaistohave準(zhǔn)時(shí)庫(kù)存控

(JIT)suppliersdelivertheir制

inventoryproducts“justintime”

controltogoontheassembly

line.

JITII準(zhǔn)時(shí)庫(kù)存控

制二代

jobscheduleAjobscheduleistheplan工作計(jì)劃

foraparticularjob.

schedulingSchedulingamalgamate制訂計(jì)劃

severaljobschedules.

production生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃/工

schedule/廠計(jì)劃

factory

schedule

master主生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃

production

schedule

cross-training綜合訓(xùn)練的

workers工人

program項(xiàng)目評(píng)估與

evaluationand審查技術(shù)路

review線圖

technique

(PERT)chart

criticalpath關(guān)鍵路徑

flexible柔性制造系

manufacturing統(tǒng)

systems(FMS)

computer-aided計(jì)算機(jī)輔助

design(CAD)設(shè)計(jì)

computer-aided計(jì)算機(jī)輔助

manufacturing生產(chǎn)

(CAM)

computer-aided計(jì)算機(jī)輔助

engineering工程

(CAE)

leanLeanmanufacturingisthe精益生產(chǎn)

manufacturingproductionofgoodsusing

lessofeverything

comparedtomass

production.

modular組合生產(chǎn)

construction

productivityProductivitymeansthe生產(chǎn)率

amountofproductsor

servicesproducedwiththe

resourcesused.

productivity生產(chǎn)率衡量

measurement

performance業(yè)績(jī)?cè)u(píng)估

evaluation

qualityThequalityofaproduct質(zhì)量

orserviceisa

customerJsperceptionof

thedegreetowhichthe

productorservicemeets

his/herexpectations.

qualityQualitymanagementis質(zhì)量管理

managementconcernedwithcontrolling

activitieswiththeaimof

ensuringthatproductsand

servicesarefitfor

purposeandmeetthe

specifications.

qualitycontrolQCisthemeasurementof質(zhì)量控制

(QC)productsandservices

againstsetstandards.

qualityQAisabouthowabusiness質(zhì)量保證

assurancecandesignthewaya

(QA)productorserviceis

producedordeliveredto

minimizethechancesthat

outputwillbesub-

standard.

totalqualityTQMinfusestheconceptof全面質(zhì)量管

managementqualitythroughoutevery理

(TQM)activityinacompany.

qualitycirclesAqualitycircleisa質(zhì)量管理小

(QCs)groupof6to12volunteer組

employeeswhomeet

regularlytodiscussand

solveproblemsaffecting

theircommonwork

activities.

benchmarkingbenchmarkingisthe標(biāo)桿分析法

continuousprocessof

measuringproducts,

services,andpractices

againstthetoughest

competitorsorthose

companiesrecognizedas

industryleaders.

continuousContinuousimprovementis持續(xù)改進(jìn)

improvementapreferredmethodof

innovationandproduces

effectiveresults.

Chapter10：

TermsEnglishDefinition中文翻譯

internationalTheexchangeofgoodsand國(guó)際貿(mào)易

tradeservicesacross

internationalborders

domestictradeTheexchangeofgoodsand國(guó)內(nèi)貿(mào)易

serviceswithintheborder

absoluteAcountryhasanabsolute絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)

advantageadvantageinthe

productionofaproduct

whenitismoreefficient

thananyothercountryin

producingit

comparativetheabilityofacountry相對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)

advantagetoproduceaparticular

goodatalower

opportunitycostover

anothercountry

exchangerateThepriceatwhichone匯率

currencyexchangesfor

anotheriscalledexchange

rate.

currencyAfallinthevalueofone貨幣貶值

depreciationcurrencyintermsof

anothercurrency

currencyAriseinvalueofone貨幣升值

appreciationcurrencyintermsof

anothercurrency

BOP(BalanceofAnation'sbalanceof國(guó)際收支

Payments)payments(BOP)thesumof

allthetransactionsthat

takeplacebetweenits

residentsandthe

residentsofallforeign

nations.

thecurrentItreferstothenetflow經(jīng)常賬戶(hù)

accountofcurrenttransactions,

includinggoods,services,

andinterestpayments,

betweencountries.

thecapitalItreflectsthenetchange資本賬戶(hù)

accountinnationalownershipof

assets.

theofficialThecentralbankshold官方儲(chǔ)備賬

reservesquantitiesofforeign戶(hù)

accountcurrenciescalledofficial

reserves.

sumtozeronooverallsurplusor余額歸零

deficit,thatis,thesum

ofthethreecomponentsof

theBOPmustequalzero.

surplusAcountry'sBOPissaid順差

tobeinsurplusbya

certainamountifsources

offundsexceedusesof

fundsbythatamount.

deficitAcountryJsBOPissaid逆差

tobeindeficitbya

certainamountifsources

offundsarelessthan

usesoffundsbythat

amount.

internationalWaysofpaymentsinthe國(guó)際貿(mào)易結(jié)

tradeinternationaltrade算

settlement

letterof信用證

credit(L/C)

BillofladingThebillofladingis提貨單

issuedtotheexporterby

thecommoncarrier

transportingthe

merchandise.

Draft/BillofItreferstothe匯票

exchangeinstrumentnormallyused

ininternationalcommerce

toeffectpayment.

creditcheck信用核查

tariffItisataxleviedon關(guān)稅

imports.

revenuetariff

protective保護(hù)性關(guān)稅

tariff

quotaAnimportquotaisa進(jìn)口配額

directrestrictiononthe

quantityofsomegoodthat

maybeimportedintoa

country.

voluntaryToavoidtheimpositionof自愿限制協(xié)

restraintnewtariffsontheir定

agreementsgoods,countriesoften

voluntarilyrestricttheir

exports,whichiscalled

voluntaryrestraint

agreements.

embargoItisatotalrestriction禁運(yùn)

ontheimportorexportof

agood.

regulatoryRegulatorytrade政府監(jiān)管貿(mào)

traderestrictionsareindirect易限制

restrictionsmethodsadoptedbythe

governmenttoimpose

proceduralrulesthat

limitimports.

capitalisteconomy資本主義經(jīng)濟(jì)

collectiveeconomy集體經(jīng)濟(jì)

plannedeconomy計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)

controlledeconomy管制經(jīng)濟(jì)

ruraleconomics農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)

liberaleconomy經(jīng)濟(jì)

mixedeconomy混合經(jīng)濟(jì)

politicaleconomy政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)

protectionism保護(hù)主義

autarchy閉關(guān)自守

primarysector初級(jí)成分

privatesector私營(yíng)成分私營(yíng)部門(mén)

publicsector公共部門(mén)公共成分

economicchannels經(jīng)濟(jì)渠道

economicbalance經(jīng)濟(jì)平衡

economicfluctuation經(jīng)濟(jì)波動(dòng)

economicdepression經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退economicstability經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)

定

economicpolicy經(jīng)濟(jì)政策

economicrecovery經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)原

understanding約定

holdingcompany控股公司

trust托拉斯

cartel卡特爾rateofgrowth增長(zhǎng)

economictrend經(jīng)濟(jì)趨勢(shì)

economicsituation經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)

infrastructure基本建設(shè)standardofliving生活標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

生活水平

purchasingpower,buyingpower購(gòu)買(mǎi)力scarcity短缺

stagnation停滯蕭條，不景氣underdevelopment不發(fā)達(dá)

underdeveloped不發(fā)達(dá)的developing發(fā)展中的

initialcapital創(chuàng)辦資本

frozencapital凍結(jié)資金

frozenassets凍結(jié)資產(chǎn)

fixedassets固定資產(chǎn)

realestate不