通用學(xué)術(shù)英語綜合教程（讀寫）EnglishforGeneralAcademicPurposesREADING&WRITING

Chapter4Double-edgedDesignReading1Reading2LearningObjectivesTounderstandvariousinterpersonalfunctionsofreportingverbsToidentifythelinguisticfeaturesofhypotheses,researchobjectivesandresearchquestionsTohaveagoodcommandoftenseandvoiceinwritingPBSEreports

BrainsoverBrawn?HarvestingHumanOrgansfromPigsUCASReading1BrainsoverBrawnDanielLieberman

UCASReading1UCASBeforeYouReadWhileYouReadAfterYouReadLanguageFocusAcademicLiteracySkillsReading1UCASBeforeYouReadWhileYouReadAfterYouReadLanguageFocusAcademicLiteracySkillsReading1UCASBeforeYouReadWhileYouReadAfterYouReadLanguageFocusAcademicLiteracySkillsReading1UCASBeforeYouReadWhileYouReadAfterYouReadLanguageFocusAcademicLiteracySkillsReading1UCASBeforeYouReadWhileYouReadAfterYouReadLanguageFocusAcademicLiteracySkillsReading1UCASBeforeYouReadWhileYouReadAfterYouReadLanguageFocusAcademicLiteracySkillsBeforeYouRead

TheMagicofRealityWarming-upgDiscusswithyourpartnerthepossiblemeaningsofthefollowingpictures.Theory:HowtochoosetheFastestLineattheGroceryStoreUCASMenuBeforeYouRead

TheMagicofRealityWarming-upg1.Workinpairs.DiscusswhetherthefollowingstatementsareTrueorFalse,andexplainwhy.Theory:HowtochoosetheFastestLineattheGroceryStoreUCASMenuStatementsTrue/FalseInnaturalenvironment,itisalwaysthe“fittest”thatmanagestosurvive.TrueFalseNaturalselectionproducesperfection.TrueFalseTechnologicalinventionshavemadeourbodystronger.TrueFalseOurbodieshavewelladaptedtothemodernlifestyle.TrueFalseInfuture,wemaybeabletoengineerourbodybetterthannaturedoes.TrueFalse2.Workingroups.Doyouthinkchanginglifestyleshaveledtoincreasingincidentofcertain

diseasesintoday’sworld?Howareyougoingtoproveyourview?WhileYouReadTheMagicofRealityQueuingTheory:HowtochoosetheFastestLineattheGroceryStoreUCASWhatisthegenreofthereadingpassage?Whatistheauthor’smainargument?Theory:HowtochoosetheFastestLineattheGroceryStoreMenuArgumentationWemustcultivateourbodiestoadapttoculturalevolution.WhileYouReadUCASMenuDysevolutionFocus:HowchanginghabitsaremakinghumanssickProposedbyprofessorDanielLiebermanfromHarvardUni.Examples:Jawsizehasdecreasedinthepastfewcenturiesashumanseatmoresoft,processedfood(Kahnetal.,2020).Ratesofmyopiaareontheriseandthechangewastoorapidtobegenetic(Morgan,2019).References:Kahn,S.,Ehrlich,P.,Feldman,M.,Sapolsky,R.,&Wong,S.(2020).Thejawepidemic:Recognition,origins,cures,andprevention.

Bioscience,

70(9),759-771.Morgan,I.G.,&Rose,K.A.(2019).Myopia:isthenature‐nurturedebatefinallyover?.

ClinicalandExperimentalOptometry,

102(1),3-17.AfterYouReadTheMagicofRealityQueuingTheory:HowtochoosetheFastestLineattheGroceryStoreUCASMenuWhatdoes“survivalofthefitter”mean?Doesevolutionstillmatterintoday’sworld,whyorwhynot?Whydoestheauthorsay“humanevolutionneverwasatriumphofbrainsoverbrawn?”

Naturalselectioncanbedescribedas“survivalofthefitter”;itdoesn’tproduceperfection,butonlyweedsoutthoseunluckyenoughtobelessfitthanothers.Yes,itexplainswhyourbodiesarethewaytheyareincludingwhywegetsick,andthusinformsusaboutbetterwaysinwhichweshoulduseourbodiesinfuture.Cleverasweare,wecannotalterthebodiesweinheritedinmorethansuperficialways,anditisdangerouslyarroganttothinkwecanengineerfeet,livercells,brains,orotherbodypartsanybetterthannaturealreadydoes.AfterYouReadUCASMenuVocabularyAdaptationcontingentinnovationtranscendperpetuateNoneoftheseshiftswere

drastic,allofthemwerechanceevents________on

previouschanges,and,moreoftenthan

not,theyweredrivenbyclimatechange.Indoingso,

we___________aperniciousfeedbackloop—revolution—betweencultureandbiology.Ifthereisanyonemostusefullessontolearnfromourspecies’richandcomplex

evolutionaryhistory,itisthatculturedoesnotallowusto________ourbiology.Unintendedby-productsofthesecultural

__________,however,wereincreasedlevelsofinfectiousdiseasefromlarger,denser

populations,inadequatesanitation,andlessnutritiousfood.

ifthereisanyonemostinformativehuman____________

thatweevolved,itmustbeourabilitytoevolvethroughcultureratherthanjustnatural

selection.contingentperpetuatetranscendinnovationsadaptationLanguageFocusTheMagicofRealityUCASMenuVerbTenseTenseUseinAcademicWritingThreetensesaccountforthemajorityoftensesusedinacademicwriting:?Thepresentsimpletenseisthebasictense(about70%oftensedverbs).Itisused(a)todescribewhatisalready/nowknownaboutthetopic,andwhatfurtherresearchisstillneeded;(b)tociteapreviousstudyinanon-integralcitation;(c)tointroduceevidenceorsupportwith“there+be”;(d)toshowagreementwiththegeneralresultsofapreviouspaper.?Thepastsimpletenseconstitutesabout23%ofverbs.Itisused(a)tointroduceaspecificstudy,usuallycompletedbyanamedresearcher;(b)todescribethemethodsanddataofacompletedexperiment.Ifthereisapasttimemarker,suchas"atthattime”,thepastsimpletenseisrequired.?Thepresentperfecttenserepresentsabout5%ofverbs.Itisused(a)tointroduceanewtopic,oranentirereport,using“therehas/havebeen”.(b)tosummarizepreviousresearchwithgeneralsubjects,suchas“studieshavesuggested";(c)toindicateaconnectionbetweenthepastandthepresent;(d)todescribepreviousfindingswithoutreferringtotheoriginalpaper,suchas“ithasbeenshownthat”;(e)totellthehistoryofanidea,ordrawconclusions,suchas“theframeworkwehavedeveloped”.(Caplan,2012:66-72)LanguageFocusTheMagicofRealityUCASMenuTask1Fillinthespacesinthefollowingsentenceswithproperreportingverbsfromtheboxbelow.1.Somepeopleerroneouslythinkthatnaturalselectionmeans“survivalofthefittest.”(belief/assertion)2.Ourrevolutionaryhistorythus__________forhowandwhyourskeletons,hearts,intestines,andbrainsworkthewaytheydo.3.

Wemay________thatpeopleinthedevelopedworldarenowbetteroffthanhunter-gathererseverwere.4.

Evolution__________muchthatisgoodandbadaboutbeingatwenty-first-centuryhumanbeing.5.I__________it,andit’sfoolishtowaitaroundhopingthatscientistsofthefuturewillfinallyconquercancer,osteoporosis,ordiabetes.6.

Thehypothesis________________thatthewaywehavebeentreatingsomeimmunedisordersissometimesacaseofdysevolution.7.

Studiesfromallovertheglobe______thatratesofmyopiaarelessthan3percentamonghunter-gatherersandinpopulationsthatpracticesubsistenceagriculture.8.

Somescholars______thatwewouldbehealthierandhappierifweateandexercisedmorelikeourStoneAgeancestors.9.

Manyexpertshavetherefore___________thatlowerbackpainisanearlyinevitableconsequenceofevolution’sunintelligentdesignofthehumanlumbarcurve.10.

Some____________________thatonedaywewillgeneticallymodifyfoodswithcompoundsthatinhibitfatcells.contendconcludesuggestproposefindaccountthinkexplainarguedoubtargueaccounts(explanation)(belief/assertion)explains(explanation)doubt(questioning)suggests/proposes(suggestion)find(conclusion)contendconcluded(belief/assertion)suggests/proposes(suggestion)LanguageFocusTheMagicofRealityUCASMenuTask2Firstexaminetheinformationboxabouttenseuse.Thenfillinthegapsinthefollowingtwopassageswiththepropertenseoftheverbsinbrackets,andexplaintoyourpartnerthereasonsforusingsuchtense.iswerewerebroughthavemadehas(thus)broughtexplainsallowLanguageFocusTheMagicofRealityUCASMenuTask2Firstexaminetheinformationboxabouttenseuse.Thenfillinthegapsinthefollowingtwopassageswiththepropertenseoftheverbsinbrackets,andexplaintoyourpartnerthereasonsforusingsuchtense.couldbediddidturnslookappreciatearehadwerehadhavemessedupinteractAcademicLiteracySkillsTheMagicofRealityQueuingTheory:HowtochoosetheFastestLineattheGroceryStoreUCASMenuHypothesis,researchquestionsandresearchobjectivesDescriptionExampleHypothesisAspecific,clearandtestablestatementofpredictionthatdescribeswhatyouexpecttohappeninyourstudy.Notallstudieshavehypotheses.Fifth-gradestudentsparticipatinginacomputer-aidedmathematicslessonwilldemonstratehigherachievementthanstudentsusingatraditionalpaper-and-pencillesson.ResearchobjectiveA

researchobjectiveiswhatyouplantoexploreorlearnaboutinyourresearch.

Thisarticleaimstoexplorethefactorscontributingtosustainedbehaviourchangefollowingalifestyleintervention.ResearchquestionAclear,focusedandarguablequestionthatguidesyourresearch.Whatfactorsmaketeensmorelikelytohaveapoorbodyimage?AcademicLiteracySkillsTheMagicofRealityQueuingTheory:HowtochoosetheFastestLineattheGroceryStoreUCASMenuTask3Firstreadtheinformationboxbelowandthenidentifyhypotheses,researchobjectives,andresearchquestionsfromthefollowingstatementsbyfillingtheircorrespondingnumbersintotheboxbelow.Thendiscussthecommonlinguisticfeaturesofeachelement,ifany.1.

Lifestyleinterventioncanpreventordelaydiabetesamongpersonswithimpairedglucosetolerance(IGT).2.

Wewonderedwhetherencouragingchildrentochewmoregumcanhelpreducetheincidenceofdentalproblems.3.

Thepurposeofourresearchwastostudytheassociationbetweentypesofobesityand10-yearcoronaryheartdiseaseriskamongmiddle-agedChinesepopulation.4.

Howeffectivearedietandexerciseinterventionsamongoverweight/obesepersons?5.

Wedesignedthiscommunity-basedcohortstudytoinvestigateriskfactorsforcardiovasculardisease(CVD)amongadultAfricanAmericanmenandwomenlivingintheJackson,Mississippimetropolitanarea.6.

Whataretheprimarycausesoflower-backpainamongyoungAmericanadults?7.

Thispaperaimstoconducttheempiricalanalysisofreasonswhye-Healtheffectsontreatmentdaysofpatientswithlifestyle-relateddiseases.8.

Educationmayhavegreaterbenefitsforpersonsathighriskofcoronaryheartdisease(CHD)thanforthoseatlowrisk.AcademicLiteracySkillsTheMagicofRealityQueuingTheory:HowtochoosetheFastestLineattheGroceryStoreUCASMenuTask3Firstreadtheinformationboxbelowandthenidentifyhypotheses,researchobjectives,andresearchquestionsfromthefollowingstatementsbyfillingtheircorrespondingnumbersintotheboxbelow.Thendiscussthecommonlinguisticfeaturesofeachelement,ifany.oftenastatement;hedgingdevicessuchas“can”and“may”maybeused.oftenastatement;wordslike“purpose”and“aim”maybeused;mayinvolvetheinfinitive.canbephrasedeitherasastatementmakinganinquiryorasaquestion.1,83,5,72,4,6AcademicLiteracySkillsTheMagicofRealityUCASMenuTask4ReadthefollowingexcerptfromthesummaryofapaperpublishedonNaturein2010involvingtheparadoxofthemodernshoe.Followtheexampleoftheresearchobjective,andidentifytheresearchquestion,hypothesis,andconclusionintheexcerpt.Payattentiontohowthewriterusesdifferentverbtenses.Foot-strikepatternsinhabituallybarefootversusshodrunners(1)Humanshaveengagedinendurancerunningformillionsofyears,butthemodernrunningshoewasnotinventeduntilthe1970s.(2)Formostofhumanevolutionaryhistory,runnerswereeitherbarefootorworeminimalfootwearsuchassandalsormoccasinswithsmallerheelsandlittlecushioningrelativetomodernrunningshoes.(3)Wewonderedhowrunnerscopedwiththeimpactcausedbythefootcollidingwiththegroundbeforetheinventionofthemodernshoe.(4)Weassumedthatfore-foot-andmid-foot-strikegaitswereprobablymorecommonwhenhumansranbarefootorinminimalshoes,andmayprotectthefeetandlowerlimbsfromsomeoftheimpact-relatedinjuriesnowexperiencedbyahighpercentageofrunners.(5)Ourexperimentshowsthathabituallybarefootendurancerunnersoftenlandonthefore-foot(fore-footstrike)beforebringingdowntheheel,buttheysometimeslandwithaflatfoot(mid-footstrike)or,lessoften,ontheheel(rear-footstrike).(6)Incontrast,habituallyshodrunnersmostlyrear-footstrike,facilitatedbytheelevatedandcushionedheelofthemodernrunningshoe.(7)Kinematicandkineticanalysesshowthatevenonhardsurfaces,barefootrunnerswhofore-footstrikegeneratesmallercollisionforcesthanshodrear-footstrikers.(8)Thisdifferenceresultsprimarilyfromamoreplantarflexedfootatlandingandmoreanklecomplianceduringimpact,decreasingtheeffectivemassofthebodythatcollideswiththeground.AcademicLiteracySkillsTheMagicofRealityUCASMenuTask4ReadthefollowingexcerptfromthesummaryofapaperpublishedonNaturein2010involvingtheparadoxofthemodernshoe.Followtheexampleoftheresearchobjective,andidentifytheresearchquestion,hypothesis,andconclusionintheexcerpt.Payattentiontohowthewriterusesdifferentverbtenses.SentencesResearchobjectiveToinvestigatethedifferentfoot-strikepatternsinhabituallybarefootversus

shodrunnersandtheirhealthimplications.ResearchquestionHypothesisConclusion(3)

Howrunnerscopedwiththeimpactcausedbythefootcollidingwiththegroundbeforetheinventionofthemodernshoe?(4)

Weassumedthatfore-foot-andmid-foot-strikegaitswereprobablymorecommonwhenhumansranbarefootorinminimalshoes,andmayprotectthefeetandlowerlimbsfromsomeoftheimpact-relatedinjuriesnowexperiencedbyahighpercentageofrunners.(5)(6)(7)(8)EnglishforGeneralAcademicPurposesREADING&WRITING

UCAS通用學(xué)術(shù)英語綜合教程（讀寫）EnglishforGeneralAcademicPurposesREADING&WRITING

Chapter4Double-edgedDesignReading1Reading2LearningObjectivesTounderstandvariousinterpersonalfunctionsofreportingverbsToidentifythelinguisticfeaturesofhypotheses,researchobjectivesandresearchquestionsTohaveagoodcommandoftenseandvoiceinwritingPBSEreports

BrainsoverBrawn?HarvestingHumanOrgansfromPigsUCASReading2HarvestingHumanOrgansfromPigsAnayellyMedina

UCASReading2UCASBeforeYouReadWhileYouReadAfterYouReadLanguageFocusAcademicLiteracySkillsReading2UCASBeforeYouReadWhileYouReadAfterYouReadLanguageFocusAcademicLiteracySkillsReading2UCASBeforeYouReadWhileYouReadAfterYouReadLanguageFocusAcademicLiteracySkillsReading2UCASBeforeYouReadWhileYouReadAfterYouReadLanguageFocusAcademicLiteracySkillsReading2UCASBeforeYouReadWhileYouReadAfterYouReadLanguageFocusAcademicLiteracySkillsReading2UCASBeforeYouReadWhileYouReadAfterYouReadLanguageFocusAcademicLiteracySkillsBeforeYouReadTheMagicofRealityWarming-upImaginesomeoneishavinguremia(kidneyfailure)andneedsakidneytransplant,whichofthefollowingsituationsofkidneysupplydoyouthinkisthemostacceptable?why?Akidneyfromfamilymembers;Akidneydonatedbyadeceasedperson;Akidneyfromalabthatgrowshumanorgansinotherspecies;AnartificialkidneyUCASMenuBeforeYouReadTheMagicofRealityDiscussion:Watchavideoanddecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F).IntheU.S.,peopledieeverydaywaitingforakidney,liver,heartorlungtransplant.Wehaveconductedexperimenttoinjectthemodifiedembryoswithstemcellsfromhuman.Ifwegrewallkindsofhumanorgansinsideapig,theidentityofthepigisquestioned.UCASTFTMenuWhileYouReadTheMagicofRealityUCASWhatarethemainconcernsofgrowinghumanorgansinanimals?It’sdifficulttodeterminethevalueofthoseinterspeciesembryos.Towhatextendaretheyanimalsorhumanbeings?Humangenesmaymigrateintopig’sdevelopingbrain,anddevelopcognition,whichmakethepigsmorehuman.Canwesacrificethesecognitiveanimalsforthesakeofsavingotherpeople’slives?MenuAfterYouReadTheMagicofRealityUCASDrawaflowchartofhowahumanorganisgrowninapiganddescribeeachprocedureinyourownwords.MenuAfterYouReadTheMagicofRealityUCASVocabulary:CompletethecrosswordMenuAfterYouReadTheMagicofRealityUCASVocabulary:CompletethecrosswordMenuLanguageFocusTheMagicofRealityItreferstopreviouslyorforwardlyONEnoun/noungroup/phraseIfthereisnootherreferentthatinterferesthetie,thistiecangoonTipsUsepronounwithaclearreferenceUCASPronoun

MenuLanguageFocusTheMagicofRealityAccordingtotheUnitedNetworkforOrganSharing,intheUnitedStates,about22peopledieeachdaywhilewaitingforanorgantransplant.Thisshortageoforgantransplantshasplayedaroleinfuelingresearchers’interestsindevelopingalternativemethodstosolvethisproblem.Oneproposedmethod(Walsh,2016),byPabloRoss,involvescreatingahuman-pigchimeraembryo,insertingitintotheuterusofapig,allowingittodevelop,andhavinganendresultofthegrowthofahumanorganasthechimeradevelops.UCASTask1MenuLanguageFocus

TheMagicofRealityTheprocessofcreatingthechimera,inthiscaseonethatwillpotentiallydevelopahumanpancreas,firstinvolvesremovingtheDNAinapigembryothatwouldallowit

togrowapigpancreas.ThisremovalprocessisconductedthroughageneeditingtechniqueknownasCRISPR.TheCRISPRprocessinvolvesutilizingaproteinmoleculesuchasCAS9tocutoutthetargetedDNAsectionfromaDNAstrand.TheCAS9enzymeincludesaguideRNA(gRNA)thatmatchesuptothetargetDNAsectionandremovesit.UCASTask1MenuLanguageFocusUCASTask15.Theremovalofthepig’sDNAsectioncreateswhatiscalleda“niche”(void)intheDNAstrand;humaninducedpluripotentstemcells,oriPS,aretheninjectedintotheembryowhenit’sjustafewcellsinapetridish.6.ResearchersthenhopethattheseinjectedhumanstemcellswilltakeadvantageofthevoidintheDNAandresultinthedevelopmentofapigfetusgrowingahumanpancreas.ThishumanorganwouldthenbecompatiblewithahumanpatientfromwhomtheiPScellsarederived,reducingtheriskoforganrejectionbythebody.humaninducedreferstopluripotentstemcells,oriPSMenuLanguageFocusUCASTask17.Thepotentialabilitytogrowhumanorgansinsideofotheranimalsinordertosolvetheorgandonor/transplantshortageseemslikeaproposalwithoutfaults.Nevertheless,thefutureofthistechnologycouldleadtothepurposefulgrowthofahumanbraininadifferentspecies.8.Purposefullygrowingahumanbraininadifferentspecieswouldraiseamultitudeofquestionsregardingtheir

placement/personhoodonthehuman/animalscale.Furthermore,therearequestionssurroundingtheethicsofsuchaprocedurethatmustbeaddressed.MenuAcademicLiteracySkillsUCASOldinformationEstablishaconnectionwithprevious

contentNewinformation+Oldinformation1Newinformation1Oldinformation2(=newinformation1)Newinformation2Oldinformation3(=newinformation2)Newinformation3+++Sentence1=Sentence2Sentence3==Sentence4=...LineardevelopmentFormulaoflineardevelopmentHowtodevelopaparagraph?ThematicDevelopmentMenuAcademicLiteracySkillsTheMagicofRealityUCASComparethedifferencesbetweentheCRISPRprocesswrittenbelowandtheprocesswritteninPara.2Whichtypeofwritingdoyouthinkismorecoherent?First,weuseaprocesstocreatethechimeraandremovetheDNAinapigembryo.Second,weuseageneeditingtechniqueknownasCRISP.Third,weutilizeaproteinmoleculesuchasCas9tocutoutthetargetedDNAsectionfromaDNAstrand.Fourth,weuseaguideRNAtomatchuptothegargetDNAsectionandremoveit.ThematicDevelopmentMenunoconnectionsAcademicLiteracySkillsTheMagicofRealityUCASTheprocessofcreatingthechimera,inthiscaseonethatwillpotentiallydevelopahumanpancreas,firstinvolvesremovingtheDNAinapigembryo

(newinfor.1)thatwouldallowittogrowapigpancreas.Thisremovalprocess(oldinfor,2=newinfor.1)isconductedthroughageneeditingtechniqueknownasCRISPR(newinfor.2).TheCRISPRprocess(oldinfor.3=newinfor.2)involvesutilizingaproteinmoleculesuchasCas9(newinfor.3)tocutoutthetargetedDNAsectionfromaDNAstrand.TheCas9enzyme(oldinfor.4=newinfor.3)includesaguideRNA(gRNA)thatmatchesuptothetargetDNAsectionandremovesit.EchoingoldinformationCanyounoticetheconnections?ThematicDevelopmentMenuAcademicLiteracySkillsUCASThereareserioustechnicalbarriersandcomplexethicalissuesthatmustbediscussedandsolvedbeforeproducinghumanorgansinanimals.

___________AAnothercriticalpointconcernstheproductionofhumangametesbysuchchimericanimals.Themainethicalissuesaretherisksofconsciousnessandofhumanfeaturesinthechimericanimalduetoatoohighcontributionofhumancellstothebrain,inthefirstcase,orforinstancetolimbs,inthesecond?ExerciseonlineardevelopmentBMenuAcademicLiteracySkillsUCAS2)Theideaofproducinghumanorgansinanimalsoriginatesfromthediscoveryofpluripotentstemcells(PSC).__________________________Suchcellscandifferentiateintoanycelltypesoftheorganism,forinstanceskin,liver,orheartcells.Pluripotencyisakeypropertyofveryspecifichumanembryoniccellsfoundintheinnercellmass(ICM)oftheearlyembryoandthatcanbederivedinvitrointolinesofembryonicstemcells(ESC).BAnothersourceofPSCareinducedpluripotentstemcells(iPSC)thatresultfromreprogrammingdifferentiatedcellsintopluripotentcellsbytransitionallyforcingtheexpressionoffourtranscriptionfactors.?AExerciseonlineardevelopmentMenuAcademicLiteracySkillsUCASExerciseonlineardevelopment3)MorerecentattemptsusinghumaniPSCledtotheproductionofmicewithasignificantpercentageofchimerism.__________________________BASomepreliminaryexperimentshavealreadybeenperformed,suchasinjectionofhumanescintoamouseblastocyst.Thesemouseembryosweresacrificedatearlydevelopmentalstagesforethicalreasons.?MenuAcademicLiteracySkillsUCASExerciseonlineardevelopment4)Theproductionofhumanorgansinanimalsalsoraiseslegalissuesandissubjecttodifferentlegalframeworksindifferentcountries.__________________________BATheymainlystemformthefearofspecies-boundarycrossing,namelytheriskofdevelopmentofhuman-likeconsciousnessinchimericanimals,ortheriskofappearanceofhuman-likeexternalfeatures,and,finally,theriskofhumangameteproduction.Thesedifferenceswillmostlikelyaffectthespeedofdevelopmentandimplementationofthisorganproductionstrategyindifferentcountries.?MenuAcademicLiteracySkillsUCASTenseofreportingverbsWhenusingreportingverbstointroduceothers’ideas,writersoftenusethesimplepasttenseorthesimplepresenttense:a)Smith(2013)arguedthatpreventativemedicineisfarmorecosteffective,andthereforebetteradaptedtothedevelopingworld.b)AsChesterman(2004:3)pointsout,onceevidenceofsharedfeaturesoftranslatedlanguagehasbeenfound,“wecanthenlookforexplanatoryhypotheseswhichwouldplausiblyaccountforthem”.