////試論從《論語(yǔ)》看孔子關(guān)于教師發(fā)展的若干思想中英文對(duì)照TrytotalkaboutfromtheanalectsofConfucius,Confuciusideasaboutteachers'developmentofseveralcontrastinbothChineseandEnglish一、“一日三省”：需有教學(xué)代寫論文反思心A,"adayofthreeprovinces:teachinggenerationtowriteanessayreflectingontheheart“學(xué)而不思則罔，思而不學(xué)則殆”［1］18是孔子的一句名言。長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，教育界把“學(xué)而不思則罔，思而不學(xué)則殆”看做是針對(duì)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)而言的，其實(shí)，在當(dāng)前的形勢(shì)下，對(duì)"Learningwithoutthoughtislaborlost,thoughtwithoutlearningisperilous"[1]18isafamoussayingofConfucius.Foralongtime,educators"learningwithoutthoughtislaborlost,thoughtwithoutlearningisperilous"asforthestudenttostudy,actually,inthecurrentsituation,right中小學(xué)教師更有啟發(fā)意義?，F(xiàn)在許多中小學(xué)提出培養(yǎng)“研究型教師”，提倡教師應(yīng)當(dāng)具有一定的科研能力，要求把日常教學(xué)活動(dòng)與教學(xué)科研結(jié)合起來(lái)，對(duì)教師的綜合素質(zhì)提出了更高Primaryandsecondaryschoolteachersmoreenlighteningsignificance.Nowmanyelementaryandmiddleschoolsputforwardtocultivateresearch-typedteachers",advocatestheteachershouldhaveacertainscientificresearchability,requestedthedailyteachingactivitiescombinedwithteachingandresearch,toteacher'scomprehensivequalityhigher的要求。這就要求教師一方面要努力掌握先進(jìn)的教學(xué)理論和教學(xué)方法，另一方面則應(yīng)把這些理論和自己在日常教學(xué)活動(dòng)中遇到的問(wèn)題緊密結(jié)合起來(lái)加以思考，研究，“學(xué)然后知不足Oftherequirements.Thisrequirestheteacherontheonehand,trytograsptheadvancedteachingtheoryandteachingmethod,ontheotherhand,shouldtakethesetheoriesandtheirproblemsindailyteachingactivitiescombiningthinking,research,"learnandknow，教然后知困”?？鬃拥膶W(xué)生曾子提出的“吾日三省吾身”［1］3，孔子提出的“見(jiàn)賢思齊焉，見(jiàn)不賢而自省也”［1］39，“擇其善者而從之，其不善者而改之”［1］72，“子,teachandthenstuck."studentofConfuciuszengzi"Ithreeprovinces,mybodyis"putforwardbythe[1]3,Confuciusputforwardthe"virtue,seeemulatingandintrospection,"[1]39,"itsgoodqualitiesfromit,itsshortcomingsaretobenot"[1],72,"thechild絕四：毋意，毋必，毋固，毋我”［1］87等等，都是強(qiáng)調(diào)要虛心學(xué)習(xí)，以人為鑒，不斷自省的。當(dāng)然，自省只是檢查過(guò)失，并不是目的，目的是把檢查出來(lái)的過(guò)失加以改正，他指Uniquefour:nosense,nowill,no,notme"[1],87,etc.,areemphasizedtolearnfromthem,toguide,constantwork.Ofcourse,introspectionisonlycheckthefault,andisnotthegoal,thepurposeistocheckoutthemistakestocorrect,referringto出，“過(guò)而不改，是謂過(guò)矣”［1］68，“過(guò)則勿憚改”［1］6。孔子并非不許別人有過(guò)失，而是反對(duì)隱瞞過(guò)失而不改，只要正視過(guò)失，迅速改正，才可以“不貳也”，也正如子貢,"anddon'tchange,is"yi"[1],68,"isnotfearschange"[1]6.Confuciusdoesnotforbidothershavefaults,butopposedconcealedfaultanddonotchange,aslongasthefacefault,quicklycorrect,canbe"no."also,aszigong所說(shuō)，“君子之過(guò)也，如日月之食焉；過(guò)也，人皆見(jiàn)之；更也，人皆仰之”［1］203?？鬃舆€提出，“君子有九思：視思明，聽(tīng)思聰，色思溫，貌思恭，言思忠，事思敬，疑思問(wèn)Says,"thegentlemanhasalso,asthefoodoflovehow;also,theysee;themorealso,everybodyisbackof"[1],203.Confuciusalsoproposedthat"thegentlemanhas9:SiMing,listentochung,colortemperature,andthought,speech,sincerity,amthinking,doubt,ask，忿思難，見(jiàn)得思義”［1］177，要求考慮自己的言行諸方面，也可以作為教師內(nèi)省的內(nèi)容。因此，教學(xué)反思作為教師專業(yè)發(fā)展的一種路徑或策略，主要目的并不在于獲取外在的Andthoughthard,seerighteousness"[1]177,requirements,consideringhiswordsanddeedsofalsocanbeusedasthecontentofteachers'introspection.Thus,teachingreflectionasapathorstrategiesofteacherprofessionaldevelopment,themainpurposeisnottogetoutside、技術(shù)性的知識(shí)，而在于通過(guò)這種或那種形式的“反思”，促使教師對(duì)自我和自己專業(yè)活動(dòng)直接相關(guān)的物、事有更為深入的“理解”，發(fā)現(xiàn)其中的“意義”，以追求促成“反思性實(shí),technicalknowledge,butinthisorthatformof"reflection",encourageteacherstoselfandtheirprofessionalactivitiesthatdirectlyrelatedtothecontent,morein-depth"understanding",foundthatthe"meaning",inpursuitof"reflective踐”［2］。Practice"[2].二、“學(xué)無(wú)常師”：應(yīng)在交往中教與學(xué)2,"impermanence":shouldbeincontactintheteachingandlearning孔子的教師素質(zhì)論是全面的，自然沒(méi)有忘記怎樣處理師生之間以及師師之間的關(guān)系。首先，在處理與學(xué)生之間的關(guān)系問(wèn)題上，孔子提出，“當(dāng)仁，不讓于師”［1］170?！墩揅onfucius'theoryofteachers'qualityisacomprehensive,naturalnotforgethowtodealwithbetweentheteachersandstudents,andtherelationshipbetweenthedivisiondivision.Firstofall,理智取向的教師專業(yè)發(fā)展和實(shí)踐及反思取向的教師專業(yè)發(fā)展更具有獨(dú)特的優(yōu)勢(shì)。Rationalorientationofteachers'professionaldevelopmentandthepracticeandreflectionorientationofteachers'professionaldevelopmenthasuniqueadvantages.三、“學(xué)而不厭”：要懂得“終身學(xué)習(xí)”Three,"tobeinsatiableinlearning":wanttoknow"lifelonglearning"1994年至1997年，有兩次世界性的終身學(xué)習(xí)會(huì)議召開(kāi)，會(huì)議強(qiáng)調(diào)，“終身學(xué)習(xí)是21世紀(jì)人類的生存概念”［3］。其實(shí)，終身教育思想在中華民族的傳統(tǒng)文化中早已存在。孔子From1994to1997,therearetwoworldwidelifelonglearningconference,themeetingstressedthat"theconceptoflifelonglearningisthesurvivalofmankindinthe21stcentury"[3].Infact,lifelongeducationideaalreadyexistinthetraditionalChineseculture.Confucius一生都在孜孜不倦地學(xué)習(xí)，他“吾十有五而志于學(xué)，三十而立，四十而不惑，五十而知天命，六十而耳順，七十而從心所欲不逾矩”［1］12；年近半百時(shí)，他還感嘆地說(shuō)：“加我Spenthislifediligentlystudy,his"Ihavefiveandtenvolunteersfromlearning,thirty,fortyandperplexity,fiftyandaround50,60andsixties,theseventyratherthanplacingnobounds"[1]12;Innearly60years,healsolamented:"addme數(shù)年，五十以學(xué)《易》，可以無(wú)大過(guò)矣?！保?］71《史記·孔子世家》也記載，孔子晚而喜《易》，讀《易》至韋編三絕，可見(jiàn)其好學(xué)不倦的精神。在孔子看來(lái)，作為一個(gè)教師，F(xiàn)oryears,50tolearneasily,canbenogreaterthan."[1]shi-ji71Confuciusaristocraticfamily"alsorecords,Confuciusandlaterxi"easy",read"easy"tostudydiligently,isthespiritofthefast.InConfucius'opinion,asateacher,必須博古通今，不但要了解過(guò)去，還要知曉現(xiàn)實(shí)。他稱自己無(wú)非是“學(xué)而不厭，誨人不倦”［1］66而已。他曾經(jīng)自信地說(shuō)：“十室之邑，必有忠信如丘者焉，不如丘之好學(xué)也?！盡ustbeeruditeandinformed,notonlytounderstandthepast,butalsoknowthereality.Hesaidheis"tobeinsatiableinlearning,teaching"[1],66.Heoncesaidconfidently:"theroomtencity,therewillbeafaithfulhow,suchashighashighstudiousalso."［1］53他的好學(xué)曾達(dá)到“發(fā)憤忘食，樂(lè)以忘憂，不知老之將至”［1］71的地步?？鬃又赋饽欠N“無(wú)而為有，虛而為盈”的態(tài)度，并且說(shuō)：“知之為知之，不知為不知，是知也，[1]hisstudiousreached53"FaFenWangShi,withlotus,don'tknowtoold"[1],71.Confuciusinorderthat"notohave,buttosurplus"attitude,andsaid,"knowforknow,response,andisalso,”［1］19，同時(shí)指出，“好仁不好學(xué)，其蔽也愚；好智不好學(xué)，其蔽也蕩；好信不好學(xué)，其蔽也賊；好直不好學(xué)，其蔽也絞；好勇不好學(xué)，其蔽也亂；好剛不好學(xué)，其蔽也狂”［"[1]19,atthesametime,pointsoutthat"benevolenceisbadtolearn,itscrumblingfoolalso;Thinkbadtolearn,itsallabout;Goodletternotgoodlearn,itsallthievesalso;Goodstraightnotgoodstudy,itsallheavealso;Goodyongnotgoodlearn,theirhousesalsodisorderly;Goodjustnotgoodtolearn,itsallalsocrazy"1］184。孔子的學(xué)生子貢也說(shuō)：“日知其所云，月無(wú)忘其所能，可謂好學(xué)也已矣?！保?］203教師需要具備終身學(xué)習(xí)的意愿和能力，對(duì)于專業(yè)教師來(lái)說(shuō)，只有人人終身學(xué)習(xí)，才能1)184.Confucius'studentzigongsaid:"day,isknownbyitsmonthnoforgetitcan,indeedastudioushas."[1]203teachersneedtohavethewillingnessandabilityoflifelonglearning,forprofessionalteachers,onlyeverybody,lifelonglearningability實(shí)現(xiàn)其發(fā)展的連續(xù)性。所以，廣大的教師應(yīng)該像孔子那樣有“學(xué)如不及，猶恐失之”［1］83的意識(shí)。四、“溫故知新”：教師不應(yīng)只是教書(shū)匠Achievethecontinuityofitsdevelopment.So,theteachersshouldhavelikeConfucius"oflearningsuchas,fearoflossof"theconsciousnessof83[1].Four,"theview":teachersshouldnotonlyteacher如果說(shuō)知過(guò)必改還只是行為上的自省，能者為師倡導(dǎo)的只是向別人學(xué)習(xí)，那么，在必須實(shí)施終身學(xué)習(xí)，經(jīng)常更新知識(shí)的同時(shí)，教師還需要嘗試教育科研?！白釉唬簻毓识?，IfZhiGuoBiGaiisintrospectiononbehavior,thosewhoknowmoreactasteachersadvocateistolearnfromothers,so,mustbeimplementedinlifelonglearning,constantlyupdatetheknowledgeatthesametime,teachersalsoneedtotrytheeducationscientificresearch."Confuciussaid:consider,可以為師矣?！保?7］這其中包含著三層含義：一是指不僅要了解掌握過(guò)去的知識(shí)，還要認(rèn)識(shí)當(dāng)今社會(huì)的實(shí)際；二是指從已知到未知，建立新舊知識(shí)間的聯(lián)系；三是指溫故創(chuàng)新［4Canfortheteacher."[17]whichcontainsthreemeanings:onereferstonotonlyunderstandtheknowledgeofthepast,butalsopracticalintoday'ssociety;thesecondisfromtheknowntotheunknown,therelationshipestablishedbetweentheoldandnewknowledge;three[4.Therefore,innovationreferstothetemperature］。教育活動(dòng)本身是一種極具復(fù)雜性與創(chuàng)造性的實(shí)踐活動(dòng)。教師面對(duì)的永遠(yuǎn)是不同年齡、不同水平、不同性格的學(xué)生，在教學(xué)過(guò)程中，教師也要不斷遇到新的問(wèn)題、新的情境，也就].Educationactivityitselfisakindofhighlycomplexityandcreativepractice.Teacherisalwaysfacedwithstudentsofdifferentage,differentlevel,differentpersonality,intheteachingprocess,teachersshouldalsobeconstantlynewproblems,newsituation,also是說(shuō)，教育教學(xué)過(guò)程中的諸要素變化和發(fā)展永遠(yuǎn)是復(fù)雜的、不可預(yù)知的。為此，就需要教師不斷地設(shè)計(jì)、采用新的教學(xué)方案，創(chuàng)造性地處理教學(xué)中的各種問(wèn)題。Istosay,educationteachingtheessentialelementsintheprocessofchangeanddevelopmentisalwayscomplicatedandunpredictable.Therefore,requiresteacherstoconstantlydesignandadoptanewteachingplan,dealwiththeproblemsofteachingcreatively.這個(gè)命題和他的學(xué)思結(jié)合的思想是一致的。溫故而不能知新，就是學(xué)而不思；不溫故而欲知新，就是思而不學(xué)；只有學(xué)思的結(jié)合，才能做到溫故知新。Thisthesiscombinedwiththethoughtsandhisthoughtsareconsistent.Isnotnew,learningwithoutthought;Don'ttemperaturetorealizethenewso,thoughtwithoutlearningis;Onlylearntothink,candoitthere.五、“誨人不倦”：克服教師發(fā)展之職業(yè)倦怠Five,"evangelistic":toovercomethejobburnoutofteacherdevelopment孔子一生能“學(xué)而不厭，誨人不倦”，努力于他的教育事業(yè)，一個(gè)重要的原因就是他對(duì)教育事業(yè)的熱愛(ài)和忠誠(chéng)。他說(shuō)：“愛(ài)之能勿勞乎?忠焉能勿誨乎?”［1］147孔子雖然在Confuciuslifecan"beinsatiableinlearningandteaching",andstrivetoinhiseducationcareer,animportantreasonisthatheloveeducationcareer,andloyalty.Hesaid:"lovecannotpain?Loyaltydon'thowto?"Confuciusthoughin147[1]政治上不得志，有時(shí)生活困難，工作受到挫折，但是他還能“飯疏食飲水，曲肱而枕之，樂(lè)在其中”［1］71。其“樂(lè)業(yè)”精神真是難能可貴。他的學(xué)生子貢說(shuō)：“學(xué)不厭，仁也，Politicallyfrustrated,sometimeslivingdifficulties,setbacksinwork,buthecanalso"ricesteamfeedwater,brachialandpillow,enjoy"[1],71.The"happy"spiritiscommendable.Hisstudentzigongsaid:"canlearn,benevolence,also誨不倦，圣也?！保?］“誨人不倦”的精神是他對(duì)學(xué)生忠與仁的精神的表現(xiàn)，是作為教師的負(fù)責(zé)精神的表現(xiàn)?！爸卟蝗绾弥?，好之者不如樂(lè)之者”［1］61，作為一個(gè)教師Histireless,SANalso."[5]thespiritof"teaching"ishisperformanceofstudentsinthespiritof"loyalty"and"benevolence",isasateacherisresponsibleforthespirit."Knowofaswell,goodthanofjoy"[1]of61,asateacher，首先應(yīng)該熱愛(ài)自己的事業(yè)。只有認(rèn)識(shí)到自己事業(yè)的重要性，才會(huì)積極地獻(xiàn)身于這一事業(yè)，工作起來(lái)才會(huì)主動(dòng)積極，發(fā)揮潛力，想方設(shè)法做好本職工作?！罢d人不倦"正是教師區(qū)別,firstofallshouldlovetheircareer.Onlyrealizetheimportanceoftheirownbusinesses,andactivelydedicatedtothecause,theworkwillbeinitiativeandpotential,tocompletesthelaborofduty.Teachersof"teaching"isdifference于其他行業(yè)的顯著特征，是教師對(duì)職業(yè)忠誠(chéng)的最好評(píng)判。目前，教師的職業(yè)倦怠問(wèn)題已引起人們注意。教師的職業(yè)倦怠嚴(yán)重影響著教師的身心健康，對(duì)學(xué)生的健康成長(zhǎng)、教育事業(yè)的Thesalientfeaturesinotherindustries,isthebestjudgetoloyaltytoprofessionalteachers.Atpresent,teachers'jobburnoutproblemhasarousedpeople'sattention.Theteacher'sjobburnouthasseriouslyaffectedtheteachers'physicalandmentalhealth,forthehealthygrowthofthestudents,educationcareer順利發(fā)展也將產(chǎn)生消極影響。因此，教師的信念和職業(yè)理想是教師在壓力下維持心理健康的重要保證。Thesmoothdevelopmentwillproducenegativeinfluence.Therefore,teachers'beliefsandprofessionalidealteacherisunderpressuretomaintaintheimportantguaranteeofmentalhealth.六、“不令而行”：教師發(fā)展之師德教育Six,"don'tmakeit":theethicseducationofthedevelopmentoftheteachers學(xué)校教育，育人為本。古往今來(lái)，“傳道、授業(yè)”從來(lái)就是教育的一個(gè)整體。長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，浮躁的社會(huì)心態(tài)和功利性驅(qū)使著人們把升學(xué)率作為評(píng)價(jià)學(xué)校教育成敗的唯一指標(biāo)，從而Schooleducation,educationforthis.Throughtheages,"preaching,putting"hasalwaysbeenofeducationasawhole.Long-termsince,blunderingsocialmentalityandutilitariandrivingpeopletograduationratesasevaluationindex,thesuccessorfailureoftheschooleducationonlyto淡化了德育在學(xué)校教育中的地位。而德育恰恰是教師職責(zé)的一個(gè)重要組成部分?？鬃咏逃晒Φ闹匾蛑皇撬麄€(gè)人人格的感化?！捌渖碚?，不令而行；其身不正，雖令不從”［Playeddownthestatusofmoraleducationinschooleducation.Andthemoraleducationisteachers'dutyisanimportantpartof.OneimportantreasonforthesuccessoftheConfuciuseducationwashisinfluenceofpersonality."Thebodyis,don'tmakeit,itsacrookedstick,althoughmakenotfrom"[1］136。這幾句話雖不是專對(duì)教師說(shuō)的，但也包含著做教師的應(yīng)有的規(guī)范。又說(shuō)：“不能正其身，如正人何?”［1］138孔子不僅這樣說(shuō)，事實(shí)上也是這樣做的。教師是學(xué)生的榜樣1)136.Thesewordsisnotdesignedforteachers,butalsocontainsthenormsshouldbeasateacher.Sayagain:"can'tisthebody,suchaswhatisman?"138[1]Confuciusnotonlythat,infactdoso.Teacherisanexampletothestudents，自己的一言一行都會(huì)直接影響到學(xué)生的健康成長(zhǎng)。子貢稱贊孔子教人“正身以矣”，荀子贊揚(yáng)孔子“早正以待”。孔子嚴(yán)格要求自己，做到忠恕信實(shí)，言行一致，克己教人，改過(guò),ownalineandsaywilldirectlyaffectthehealthygrowthofstudents.Zigongpra