中考英語語法重要考點歸納與靈活運用匯報人：XX2024-02-06考點一：時態(tài)與語態(tài)考點二：名詞與冠詞TestPoint3:PronounsandAdjectiveObjectPronounsTestpointfour:prepositionsandconjunctionsTestPoint5:VerbsandVerbPhrasesTestpointsix:Sentencetypesandstructurecontents目錄TestPoint7:ConversionofDirectandIndirectSpeechTestPoint8:ClozeTestTechniquesTestpoint9:Readingcomprehensionproblem-solvingstrategiesTestpointten:Improvingwrittenexpressionskillscontents目錄01考點一：時態(tài)與語態(tài)表示經(jīng)常性或習慣性的動作或存在的狀態(tài)動詞形式：第三人稱單數(shù)作主語時，謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)形式（動詞+-s/-es）常與表示頻率的時間狀語連用，如always,usually,often,sometimes,never等否定句和疑問句的形成：借助助動詞do/does一般現(xiàn)在時表示過去某個時間里發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)常與表示過去的時間狀語連用，如yesterday,lastnight,ago,in1990等動詞形式：動詞的過去式，分為規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化否定句和疑問句的形成：借助助動詞did01020304一般過去時表示將來某個時間里發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)動詞形式：will+動詞原形；或begoingto+動詞原形一般將來時常與表示將來的時間狀語連用，如tomorrow,nextweek,inthefuture等否定句和疑問句的形成：在will或be上加上not構(gòu)成否定句；將will或be提到句首構(gòu)成疑問句010204現(xiàn)在進行時表示此時此刻或現(xiàn)階段正在進行的動作常與表示現(xiàn)在的時間狀語連用，如now,atthemoment,thesedays等動詞形式：be（am/is/are）+動詞-ing形式否定句和疑問句的形成：在be上加上not構(gòu)成否定句；將be提到句首構(gòu)成疑問句0301表示過去某個時刻或某段時間正在進行的動作02常與表示過去的時間狀語連用，并常有另一動作與之對比，如when,while等引導的從句03動詞形式：was/were+動詞-ing形式04否定句和疑問句的形成：在was/were上加上not構(gòu)成否定句；將was/were提到句首構(gòu)成疑問句過去進行時語態(tài)：被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)：be（根據(jù)時態(tài)不同而變化）+過去分詞否定句和疑問句的形成：在be上加上not構(gòu)成否定句；將be提到句首構(gòu)成疑問句表示主語是動作的承受者，動作不是由主語而是由其他人或物完成的常用于科技文章或新聞報道中，以避免提及動作的執(zhí)行者或使句子更加客觀02考點二：名詞與冠詞123如一般情況下加-s，以s、x、ch、sh結(jié)尾的加-es等。規(guī)則變化如man-men，woman-women，child-children等。不規(guī)則變化通常將主要名詞變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)，如apasser-by-passers-by。復合名詞的復數(shù)形式nounplural0102Thecollocationofuncountablenounsandquantifiers一些常見的不可數(shù)名詞與量詞的搭配需要記憶，如advice，information等。不可數(shù)名詞前常用量詞表示數(shù)量，如apieceofpaper，acupoftea等。不定冠詞a/an用于泛指一類人或事物中的任何一個。定冠詞the用于特指某人或某事物，或用于世界上獨一無二的事物前。冠詞的一些特殊用法，如用于序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級前等。Usageofarticlea/an/the抽象名詞、物質(zhì)名詞和專有名詞前一般不加冠詞。進行球類運動和棋牌類活動時，不加冠詞。季節(jié)、月份、星期、節(jié)日、一日三餐前一般不加冠詞。表示職位、身份、頭銜的名詞前不加冠詞。Summaryofzeroarticlesituations名詞的所有格表示所屬關(guān)系，有's所有格、of所有格和雙重所有格三種形式。of所有格的構(gòu)成方法是用of短語表示無生命東西的所有關(guān)系，如thewindowsoftheroom等。雙重所有格是由's所有格和of短語共同構(gòu)成的，如afriendofmyfather's等。's所有格的構(gòu)成方法是在名詞后加's或僅加'，如theboy'sbook，women'srights等。Possessivecaseofnouns03TestPoint3:PronounsandAdjectiveObjectPronounsNominativecasePersonalpronounsareusedassubjectsinsentences.Forexample,"Iamastudent,""Heistall,"and"Theyarehappy."ObjectivecasePersonalpronounsareusedasobjectsinsentences.Forexample,"Marysawme,""Theteacherhelpedthem,"and"Welikeher."CorrectusageinsentencesItisimportanttousethecorrectcaseofpersonalpronounstoavoidgrammaticalerrors.Forinstance,"MeandJohnwenttothepark"isincorrect;itshouldbe"JohnandIwenttothepark."TheuseofpersonalpronounsinthenominativeandobjectivecasesAdjectivepartThisformofthepossessivepronounisusedbeforeanoun.Forexample,"mybook,""yourhouse,""hiscar,""herdress,""itstail,""ourteam,""theirschool."NounpartThisformofthepossessivepronounisusedwithoutanoun.Forexample,"Thebookismine,""Thehouseisyours,""Thecarishis,""Thedressishers,""Thetailisits,""Theteamisours,""Theschoolistheirs."CorrectusageItisessentialtousethecorrectformofpossessivepronounstoavoidconfusion.Forinstance,"Thisisher'sbook"isincorrect;itshouldbe"Thisisherbook"or"Thebookishers."DistinguishingbetweenadjectiveandnounpartsofpossessivepronounsReflexivepronounsareusedwhenthesubjectandobjectofaverbrefertothesamepersonorthing.Forexample,"Ihurtmyself,""Sheenjoyedherselfattheparty,"and"Theypridethemselvesontheirwork."Reflexivepronounscanalsobeusedforemphasis.Forexample,"Imyselfwilldothejob"or"Thepresidenthimselfwillattendthemeeting."Itisimportanttoplacereflexivepronounscorrectlyinsentences.Forinstance,"MyselfandJohnwillgo"isincorrect;itshouldbe"JohnandIwillgo"or"ImyselfwillgowithJohn."BasicusageEmphaticusageCorrectplacementTheusageofreflexivepronouns"Some"isusedinpositivesentences,while"any"isusedinnegativeandinterrogativesentences.Forexample,"Ihavesomeapples"(positive),"Doyouhaveanyapples?"(interrogative),"Idon'thaveanyapples"(negative).Therearesomeexceptionstothisrule.Forinstance,"some"canbeusedininterrogativesentencestomakeapoliterequestoroffer,asin"Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?"Both"some"and"any"canbeusedwithpluralnounsanduncountablenouns.Forexample,"Ihavesomebooks"(plural),"Ihavesomemoney"(uncountable),"Doyouhaveanyideas?"(pluraloruncountable).BasicdifferenceExceptionsUsagewithnounsDifferencesinindefinitepronounssuchassome/any04Testpointfour:prepositionsandconjunctionsPreposition"at"isoftenusedtoindicateaspecificpointintimeorspace,suchas"atnoon,""atthestore."Preposition"in"isusedtoindicateaperiodoftimeoralocationwithinalargerarea,suchas"inthemorning,""inthecity."Preposition"on"istypicallyusedtoindicateasurfaceoraspecificday,suchas"onthetable,""onMonday."Thebasicusageofprepositionssuchasat/in/on"atthemoment,""inthemeantime,""ontime"Time"athome,""intheoffice,""oncampus"Place"inahurry,""onpurpose,""byaccident"MannerPrepositivephrasesexpressingtime,place,andmannerConjunction"or"isusedtoindicateachoicebetweentwoormorepossibilities,suchas"Doyouwantcoffeeortea?"Conjunction"and"isusedtoconnectwords,phrases,orclausesthatarerelatedorsimilar,suchas"Ilikeapplesandoranges."Conjunction"but"isusedtointroduceacontrastoropposition,suchas"Iwanttogoout,butit'sraining."Basicusageofconjunctionssuchasand/but/orSubordinateconjunctionssuchas"when,""while,""if,"and"because"areusedtointroduceadverbialclausesthatprovideadditionalinformationaboutthemainclause.Forexample:"Whendidyouarrive?""Wewereeatingdinnerwhenthephonerang."Adverbialclausescanalsobeintroducedbyexpressionssuchas"assoonas,""inorderthat,"and"sothat."Subordinateconjunctionsguideadverbialclauses05TestPoint5:VerbsandVerbPhrasesTheinfinitiveoftheverbservesasthesubjectandtheobjectasthecomplementTheinfinitiveasthesubjectToseeistobelieve.(Seeingisbelieving.)TheinfinitiveastheobjectcomplementHeaskedmetohelphim.(Herequestedmyassistance.)TheinfinitiveafteradjectivesIamwillingtohelp.(Iamreadytoassist.)TheinfinitiveafternounsHisdecisiontoleavewasunexpected.(Wedidn'texpecthimtoleave.)ThegerundasthesubjectSmokingisharmfultohealth.(Theactofsmokingisdetrimentaltoone'swell-being.)Ienjoyreadingbooks.(Iderivepleasurefromtheactivityofreading.)Heisgoodatswimming.(Heexcelsinthesportofswimming.)It'snousecryingoverspiltmilk.(Thereisnopointinlamentingwhatcannotbeundone.)ThegerundastheobjectThegerundafterprepositionsThegerundinfixedphrasesAgerundservesasthesubjectandobjectParticiplesserveasadverbsandattributivesParticiplesasadverbsHavingfinishedhiswork,hewenthome.(Aftercompletinghistask,hereturnedhome.)ParticiplesasattributivesThesmilingfacegreetedme.(Thefacewithasmilewelcomedme.)ParticiplesinfixedphrasesFeelingtired,Idecidedtorest.(Sensingfatigue,Ioptedforrespite.)Thedistinctionbetw…Rememberingthepastanddreamingofthefuture.(Recallinghistoricaleventsandimaginingwhatthefuturemighthold.)Verb+adverbparticle:Helookedupthewordinthedictionary.(Heconsultedthedictionarytofindthemeaningoftheword.)Verb+preposition:Idependonyouforhelp.(Irelyonyouasmysourceofassistance.)Verb+adverb+preposition:Theytalkedabouttheproblemindetail.(Theydiscussedtheissueatlength.)Phrasalverbswithmultiplemeanings:Heturnedupthevolume.(Heincreasedtheloudness.)/Sheturnedupattheparty.(Shemadeanappearanceatthegathering.)Commonverbphrasecombinationsandtheirmeanings06Testpointsix:SentencetypesandstructureStatementsthatexpressfacts,opinions,orbeliefs.DeclarativesentencesQuestionsthataskforinformationorconfirmation.InterrogativesentencesExpressionsofstrongemotionorsurprise.ExclamationsentencesCommandsorrequeststhatgiveordersoradvice.ImperativesentencesDeclarativesentences,interrogativesentences,exclamationsentences,andimperativesentences0102Subject+Verb(SV)Thebasicsentencestructurewithasubjectandaverb.Subject+V…Asentencestructurewithasubject,verb,anddirectobject.Subject+V…Asentencestructurewithasubject,verb,andadverbialphraseorclause.Subject+V…Asentencestructurewithasubject,verb,indirectobject,anddirectobject.Subject+V…Asentencestructurewithasubject,verb,andcomplement,whichcompletesthemeaningofthesubjectorverb.030405FiveBasicSentencePatternsforSimpleSentencesSentenceswithsimilarstructureandrelatedideasthatarejoinedbycoordinatingconjunctionssuchas"and,""but,"or"or."ParallelsentencesSentencesthatcontaintwoormoreindependentclausesjoinedbysubordinatingconjunctionssuchas"because,""although,"or"while."CompoundsentencesAnalysisoftheStructureofParallelandCompoundSentencesTherebesentencestructureThe"therebe"constructionisusedtointroducetheexistenceorpresenceofsomeoneorsomething.Theverb"be"agreeswiththenearestnounornounphraseinnumber.PrincipleofsubjectverbconsistencyThesubjectandverbofasentencemustagreeinnumber.Ifthesubjectissingular,theverbmustbesingular;ifthesubjectisplural,theverbmustbeplural.Therebesentencestructureandtheprincipleofsubjectverbconsistency07TestPoint7:ConversionofDirectandIndirectSpeech01Shiftthetenseoftheverbinthedirectspeechtomatchthetenseofthereportingverb.Useappropriateconjunctionssuchas'that','whether','if'tointroducetheindirectspeech.Changetheorderofwordsandphrasestofitthegrammaticalstructureoftheindirectspeech.Changethepronounsandverbsaccordingtothesubjectofthereportingverb.020304Rulesforconvertingdirectspeechtoindirectspeech01Thepresenttenseindirectspeechbecomesthepasttenseinindirectspeech;thepasttensebecomesthepastperfecttense,andsoon.Tensechanges02Thefirstpersonindirectspeech(I/we)becomesthethirdperson(he/she/they)inindirectspeech,andviceversa.Personchanges03'This'becomes'that','these'becomes'those'inindirectspeech.Demonstrativepronouns04Certainwordsandphraseslike'here','there','come','go'alsoundergochangestofitthecontextoftheindirectspeech.OtherchangesChangesintense,person,demonstrativepronouns,etcInterrogativesentencesStarttheindirectquotationwithaquestionword(who,what,when,where,why,how)andusetheappropriateverbform.Forexample,"Wheredoyoulive?"becomes"HeaskedwhereIlived."ImperativesentencesConverttheimperativesentenceintoaninfinitivephraseandusetheappropriateverbform.Forexample,"Closethedoor"becomes"Heaskedmetoclosethedoor"or"Hetoldmetoclosethedoor."Methodofconvertinginterrogativeandimperativesentencesintoindirectquotations08TestPoint8:ClozeTestTechniquesIdentifyingthetopicandmainpointsofthepassage.Payingattentiontothelogicalrelationshipsbetweensentencesandparagraphs.Readingthepassagequicklytograspthegeneralideaandtone.Contextconnection,understandingthemainideaofthearticleVocabularyanalysisandselectingthebestanswerUnderstandingthemeaningofthewordsincontext.Consideringsynonyms,antonyms,andrelatedwords.Analyzingthewordformation,prefixes,suffixes,androots.Eliminatingimplausibleanswersbasedonvocabularyknowledge.Ensuringthatthechosenanswerfitsgrammaticallyandsemanticallyintothesentence.Verifyingadjectiveandadverbforms,comparisons,andpositions.Checkingnounplurals,articles,andpossessives.Identifyingthegrammaticalstructureofthesentenceandtherequiredpartofspeech.Analyzingverbtenses,voices,moods,andagreements.Applyinggrammarknowledgeandcheckingthecorrectnessofanswers09Testpoint9:Readingcomprehensionproblem-solvingstrategiesSkimmingthequestion01Quicklybrowsethroughthequestiontounderstandthegeneralrequirementsanddeterminethereadingobjectives.Analyzingthequestiontype02Identifythetypeofquestion(e.g.,mainidea,details,inference)toguideyourreadingstrategy.Predictingthecontent03Basedonthequestionandanygivenoptions,predictwhatthepassagemightbeaboutandwhatinformationyouneedtofocuson.Previewthequestionandclarifythereadingobjectives03IdentifyingparagraphtopicsUnderstandthemaintopicofeachparagraphtohelplocaterelevantinformationmorequickly.01ScanningforkeywordsLookforkeywordsorphrasesinthepassagethatarerelatedtothequestionoroptions.02LocatingspecificinformationReadthepassagecarefullytofindspecificinformationthatdirectlyanswersthequestion.SearchforkeyinformationandlocatetheanswerlocationInferenceandjudgment,understandingimplicitmeaningsLookforcluesandhintsinthepassagethatsuggestadeepermeaningorinterpretation.UnderstandingimplicitmeaningsU