專(zhuān)題11中考新導(dǎo)引復(fù)習(xí)講義構(gòu)詞法構(gòu)詞法英語(yǔ)的主要構(gòu)詞法有三種：(1)轉(zhuǎn)化：由一個(gè)詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榱硪粋€(gè)詞類(lèi)。例如：color顏色（名）—color涂色（動(dòng)）(2)派生：通過(guò)加前綴和后綴構(gòu)成另一個(gè)詞。例如：kind—unkind(加前綴)kindness(加后綴)(3)合成：將兩個(gè)或更多的詞組合成一個(gè)詞。例如：dining+room—dining-room1轉(zhuǎn)化英語(yǔ)里詞性轉(zhuǎn)化的現(xiàn)象很常見(jiàn)，例如：(1)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞Letmehaveatry.Heistallandofmediumbuild.(2)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞IbookedthreemovieticketsontheInternetlastnight.HehandedtheglassofbeertoGrandpa.(3)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞Heslowed

downatthecrossroads.Pleasewarmupthecoldmeat.1轉(zhuǎn)化(4)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞Ienjoyedthe

quietofthecountry.Thetemperaturereachedanewhigh.(5)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為副詞Thebirdcanflyhigh.I’llstayherelong.還有一些其它的轉(zhuǎn)化情況，這里不再列舉。2派生：后綴前后綴的構(gòu)詞法在英語(yǔ)里出現(xiàn)得很多，現(xiàn)羅列初中教材中出現(xiàn)的一些構(gòu)詞法。后綴(1)構(gòu)成名詞的后綴-er

performerreportertravelerownerwriter(write)stranger(strange)manager(manage)winner(win)-oractordirectorvisitorinventor-ist

artistviolinisttouristpianist(piano)scientist(science)-ian

magicianmusicianhistorian(history)Italian(Italy)Canadian(Canada)-anEuropean(Europe)AmericanRussianAsianAfricanIndianAustralian-eseJapaneseChinese(China)2派生：后綴-manpolicemanchairmanEnglishmanfireman-mateschoolmateroommateclassmateteammate-ionactionpollutionsuggestionprotectioninventionexpressiondiscussiondecision(deicide)-ationexamination(examine)communication(communicate)celebration(celebrate)education(educate)graduation(graduate)invitation(invite)preparation(prepare)inspiration(inspire)pronunciation(pronounce)-ingfeelingreadingbuildingshoppingopeningcrossing-mentgovernmentagreementdevelopmentachievementexcitement-nesskindnessillnesssadnesspolitenessshynesshappiness(happy)-ence

difference(different)independence(independent)silence(silent)-ydifficultydiscovery2派生：后綴其它構(gòu)成名詞的后綴：free—freedomwarm—warmthsafe—safetytrue—truthweigh—weightserve

—serviceimportant—importance

popular—popularitycreate—creativity

child—childhoodneighbor—neighborhood

fiend—friendshippress—pressureplease—pleasurefail—failurehouse—houseworkschool—schoolwork2派生：后綴(2)構(gòu)成形容詞的后綴-edexcitedboredsurprisedinterested

tired

relaxedworrieddisappointedtalentedpollutedclosed-ingexcitingboringsurprisinginterestingtiringrelaxingworryingdisappointing-fulhopefulhelpfulusefulmeaningfulharmfultruthfulsuccessfulwonderfulpainfulcolorfulthankfulbeautiful(beauty)-lesshopelesshelplessuselessmeaninglessharmlesshomeless-yrainywindycloudysunny(sun)dirtysaltysleepyhealthynoisy(noise)2派生：后綴-ablecomfortablevaluable(value）usable(use)reusable(reuse)believable(believe)unbelievable-alnationalprofessionalmusicaltraditionalpersonaleducationalenvironmentalaccidentalnatural(nature)central(centre/center)-ern

easternsouthernwesternnorthern-anEuropean(Europe)AmericanRussianAsianAfricanIndianAustralian-ianItalian(Italy)Canadian(Canada)-eseJapaneseChinese(China)2派生：后綴其它構(gòu)成形容詞的后綴：gold—goldenwood—woodenmedicine—medicalscience—scientifichistory—historical

fame—famousact—activecreate—creativefriend—friendlydanger—dangerousFrance—FrenchEngland—EnglishBritain—British2派生：后綴(3)構(gòu)成輔詞的后綴構(gòu)成副詞的后綴最常見(jiàn)的形式是加-ly。例如:-lyslowlydifferentlywiselypolitelystrangelycompletelybeautifullycarefullynormallywonderfully但有些單詞要把le變?yōu)閘y,或去e再加-ly。例如:simple—simplycomfortable—comfortablypossible—possiblytrue—truly有些單詞要把y變i,再加-ly。例如:lucky—luckilyhappy—happilyangry—angrilyheavy—heavilyeasy—easily

(4)構(gòu)成數(shù)詞的后綴-teenthirteenfourteen-tythirtyforty-thfifthtwelfthsixtieth2派生：前綴(1)構(gòu)成反義詞的前綴dis-dislikedisagreedisappeardisbeliefdisorderdisadvantagedishonestdisabledim-impoliteimpossiblein-inexpensiveindirectinconvenientindependentir-irregularun-unlikeunableunsafeunluckyuncertainuncomfortableunusualunbelievableunhappyunfairunhealthyuncrowdedunimportantunluckily

unhappinessunfairness2派生：前綴(2)由re構(gòu)成的前綴由re構(gòu)成的前綴表示“重新,再次”的意思。例如：re-rewriteretellremarryrebuildreconsiderrecyclerecall(3)其它前綴sleep—asleepwake—awakecourage—encouragestairs—downstairs

stairs—upstairstime—full-timenational—internationalmeter—kilometer

summer—midsummerpaper—newspapercard—postcardground—undergroundknown—well-knownphone—telephonemarket—supermarketunderstanding—misunderstanding3合成在合成詞中，有的需要加連字號(hào)，如home-made；有的不加連字號(hào)，如dancehall;

有的甚至連寫(xiě)，如haircut。常見(jiàn)的合成詞有：(1)合成名詞合成名詞數(shù)量最多，其中大多數(shù)由“名詞+名詞”構(gòu)成,如：alarmclockbookcasebusstopday-dreamer。有些合成名詞由“形容詞+名詞”構(gòu)成,如：centralparkfastfoodhighschoolnaturalhistory。有些合成名詞由動(dòng)詞的ing形式和另一詞構(gòu)成,如：swimmingpoolwashingmachinehousewarmingdry-cleaning。還有些合成名詞由其它方式構(gòu)成,如：get-togetherdo-it-yourselfpasser-by3合成(2)合成形容詞合成形容詞很多由過(guò)去分詞或帶-ed詞尾的詞構(gòu)成,如：man-madenew-bornkind-heartedleft-handedgrey-haired。有些合成形容詞詞由動(dòng)詞的-ing形式和另一詞構(gòu)成,如：hard-working,good-looking還有些合成形容詞由其它方式構(gòu)成,如：part-timesecond-handworld-famousdrive-inout-doorface-to-faceten-minutetwo-year-old此外，還有合成動(dòng)詞(如air-dry)和合成副詞(如empty-handed)等。4截短語(yǔ)截短語(yǔ)可以截去前面的一部分,如：telephone—phonebicycle—cycle也可以截去后面的一部分,如：advertisement—admathematics—mathkilogram—kiloexamination—exam,laboratory—lab有個(gè)別的詞前后各截去一部分,如：refrigerator—fridgeinfluenza—flu有時(shí)幾個(gè)詞合成一個(gè)詞,如：situationcomedy—sitcompopularsongsinger—pop-singer5混合混合是從兩個(gè)詞中各取一部分，混在一起構(gòu)成一個(gè)新詞,如：breakfastandlunch—brunch(早午餐，早飯午飯一起吃)smokeandfog—smog(煙霧)6縮寫(xiě)縮寫(xiě)詞多數(shù)按字母讀音,如：USAWTOVIPNBACCTV也有少數(shù)像單詞一樣讀,如：NATO(北約)OPEC(石油輸出國(guó)組織)根據(jù)括號(hào)內(nèi)要求寫(xiě)出各單詞的前后綴形式。精練351.pollute_________（名詞）2.true____________（副詞）3.rain_________（形容詞）4.usual___________（反義詞）5.discover___________（名詞）6.angry___________（副詞）7.surprise____________________________（形容詞）8.polite__________（反義詞）9.piano_________（表示人的名詞）10.wonder____________（形容詞）11.strange__________（副詞）12.agree____________（反義詞）13.travel___________（表示人的名詞）14.Africa__________（形容詞）15.careful________________（副詞）pollutiontrulyrainyunusualdiscoveryangrilysurprising/surprisedimpolitepianistwonderfulstrangelydisagreetravelerAfricancarefully根據(jù)括號(hào)內(nèi)要求寫(xiě)出各單詞的前后綴形式。精練3516.expensive____________（反義詞）17.discuss_____________（名詞）18.help______________________（形容詞）19.pronounce___________________（名詞）20.education____________（形容詞）21.happy____________（名詞）22.north____________（形容詞）23.important_______________（名詞）24.simple______________（副詞）25.achieve_______________（名詞）inexpensivediscussionhelpful/helplesspronunciationeducationalhappinessnorthernimportancesimplyachievement用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。精練361.Iwanttobea___________(music)whenIgrowup.2.Whichteamdoyouthinkwillbethe___________(win)ofthecomingWorldCup?3.Thetwo___________(visit)putuptentsandmadeafiretokeepthemwarm.4.What’sthe___________(different)betweenthetwowords?5.IwillnevergiveupthoughImaymeetalotof___________(difficult).6.Your___________(kind)willmakeadifferencetothem.7.Atthe___________(begin)ofthisterm,hehadfewfriends.musicianwinnervisitorsdifferencedifficultieskindnessbeginning用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。精練368.Themanmadea___________(decide)towriteabookabouthisownlife.9.Thecomputerisaveryuseful___________(invent).10.Weinterviewedan___________(Asia)starabouthowshedealtwithher___________(shy).11.Eating___________(health)foodisreallyimportant.12.It’s___________(danger)totouchthetiger.13.Theradiosaysitwillbe___________(snow)tonight.14.I’mafraidit’s___________(possible)tofinishtheworkintime.deci