議論文以觀點(diǎn)為中心的文章一、議論文3要素1.論點(diǎn)(opinion/conclusion)2.論據(jù)(facts/evidence)3.論證(argument)能力訓(xùn)練1能力訓(xùn)練1：區(qū)分觀點(diǎn)和事實(shí)辣條（別名辣片）是一種以小麥粉和辣椒為主要原料、輔以一定量的食品添加劑制成的零食。辣條是一種好吃的零食。地球表面大部分是海洋。掉進(jìn)海洋里很可怕。能力訓(xùn)練1：區(qū)分觀點(diǎn)和事實(shí)唐朝是中國歷史上最強(qiáng)盛最輝煌的朝代。唐朝是中國在公元618唐唐朝是618年—907年間的一個(gè)朝代。能力訓(xùn)練1：區(qū)分觀點(diǎn)和事實(shí)Latiaoisusuallymadefromflour.IlikeLatiaoverymuch.WeshouldalllikeLatiao.能力訓(xùn)練1：區(qū)分觀點(diǎn)和事實(shí)EveryoneshouldgoandvisitthePacificOcean.ThePacificOceanisthelargestoceanonearth.能力訓(xùn)練1：區(qū)分觀點(diǎn)和事實(shí)TheTangDynastywasestablishedbyagreatlord,LiYuan.LiYuanwasnotasgreatashissonLiShimin.能力訓(xùn)練1：區(qū)分觀點(diǎn)和事實(shí)區(qū)分觀點(diǎn)&事實(shí)方法提煉：(1)觀點(diǎn)的3個(gè)特點(diǎn)(以下屬于"或"的關(guān)系)：含有形容詞(good,better,best,…)含有意見傾向性(think,feel,believe,inmyopinion,…)和概括總結(jié)性的詞(always,never,…)含有體現(xiàn)觀點(diǎn)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(should,needto等)能力訓(xùn)練1：區(qū)分觀點(diǎn)和事實(shí)區(qū)分觀點(diǎn)&事實(shí)方法提煉：(1)觀點(diǎn)的3個(gè)特點(diǎn)(以下屬于"或"的關(guān)系)：含有形容詞(good,better,best,beautiful…)含有意見傾向性(think,feel,believe,inmyopinion,…)和概括總結(jié)性的詞(always,never,…)含有體現(xiàn)觀點(diǎn)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(should,needto等)(2)事實(shí)的特點(diǎn)：表現(xiàn)的是數(shù)字、統(tǒng)計(jì)、科學(xué)、歷史、非虛構(gòu)等信息能力訓(xùn)練1：區(qū)分觀點(diǎn)和事實(shí)（相當(dāng)于公理、定理，只有真假，沒有好壞，無需論證）能力訓(xùn)練2能力訓(xùn)練2：掌握論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)的關(guān)系論據(jù)A.Heisteachingin

XDF.B.Hemakesalotofmoneyeveryyear.

C.Heoften

donatesmoneytocharities.D.HeoftenbargainsforabagofLatiao.XXisreallymean.論點(diǎn)能力訓(xùn)練2：掌握論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)的關(guān)系論據(jù)連連看A.ItisnamedbyMagellan.B.ItisanoceanmainlyintheEasternHemisphere.

C.Itisspectacular.D.Noteveryoneis

rich.EveryoneshouldgoandvisitthePacificOcean.論點(diǎn)能力訓(xùn)練2：掌握論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)的關(guān)系論點(diǎn)與論據(jù)的關(guān)系：相輔相成若：文章論點(diǎn)句子簡(jiǎn)單生詞少能讀懂??不看論據(jù)若：文章論點(diǎn)句子復(fù)雜生詞多看不懂??要看論據(jù)1.XX是一個(gè)極其髝?的人。每天為了省下坐地鐵的錢，他居然跑10公里去上班；跟別人聚餐，從來不出錢讓別人出；在學(xué)校小賣部買包辣條，還要跟小賣部老板討價(jià)還價(jià)。2.我們要做一個(gè)善良的人。當(dāng)我們圀?鱳的時(shí)候，要扶一扶老爺爺髝??；當(dāng)我們看到迷路的小朋友，要儑韡他，簤他回家；當(dāng)我們看到鴮斚?嶲的流浪者，要瞉寙綂?，提供一點(diǎn)沴趖?瞉的幫助。技巧點(diǎn)撥1：論點(diǎn)必在重要位置(重要位置：標(biāo)題；首尾段；段首句；段末句)3種作用：技巧點(diǎn)撥2：有些議論文的開頭在講故事？1.引出主題

introducethetopic2.引起興趣increasethereaders'interest能力訓(xùn)練2：掌握論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)的關(guān)系3.充當(dāng)論據(jù)serveasanevidence技巧點(diǎn)撥1：論點(diǎn)必在重要位置(重要位置：標(biāo)題；首尾段；段首句；段末句)3種作用：技巧點(diǎn)撥2：有些議論文的開頭在講故事？1.引出主題

introducethetopic2.引起興趣increasethereaders'interest能力訓(xùn)練2：掌握論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)的關(guān)系3.充當(dāng)論據(jù)serveasanevidence技巧點(diǎn)撥3：開頭的論點(diǎn)一定是作者論點(diǎn)嗎？不一定，有時(shí)是作者要反對(duì)的論點(diǎn)。一、議論文3要素1.論點(diǎn)(opinion/conclusion)2.論據(jù)(facts/evidence)3.論證(argument)“怎么看？”“憑什么？”“怎么說？”3.論證(argument)常見的論證方式：(1)舉例論證(bygivingexamples)(2)對(duì)比論證(bycomparison;bycomparingAwithB)(3)道理論證(byquoting;byquotingsb'scomments)(4)比喻論證(byusingmetaphor)舉例論證舜發(fā)于畎畝之中，傅說舉于版筑之間，膠鬲舉于魚鹽之中，管夷吾舉于士，孫叔敖舉于海，百里奚舉于市。故天將降大任于斯人也，必先苦其心志，勞其筋骨，餓其體膚，空乏其身，行拂亂其所為，所以動(dòng)心忍性，曾益其所不能。人恒過，然后能改；困于心，衡于慮，而后作；征于色，發(fā)于聲，而后喻。入則無法家拂士，出則無敵國外患者，國恒亡。然后知生于憂患而死于安樂也。對(duì)比論證鍥而舍之，朽木不舍；鍥而不舍，金石可鏤。道理論證很多人把特別聰明成功的人叫“天才”，投去羨慕的眼光，他們卻萬萬沒有想到所謂天才，也是經(jīng)過磨練而造就的。愛因斯坦先生曾經(jīng)說過：“天才是百分之九十九的汗水加百分之一的靈感。”天才的聰明只占了成功的1%，說明天才絕大部分靠的是努力，和不斷的創(chuàng)新所產(chǎn)生出來的。要想成為所謂的天才，可以分為五個(gè)階段?！扔髡撟C……積土成山，風(fēng)雨興焉；積水成淵，蛟龍生焉；積善成德，而神明自得，圣心備焉…………二、議論文結(jié)構(gòu)二、議論文結(jié)構(gòu)1.總－分－總2.總－分3.分－總沒有分－分－分，也沒有總－總－總???總－分－總的不同表現(xiàn)：(1)主體部分(即“分”的部分)并列分論點(diǎn)并列。文章長這樣??總－分－總的不同表現(xiàn)：(1)主體部分(即“分”的部分)并列

分論點(diǎn)并列。文章長這樣??開頭：提出中心論點(diǎn)、分論點(diǎn)主體：分論點(diǎn)1：論據(jù)＋分析論證分論點(diǎn)2：論據(jù)＋分析論證分論點(diǎn)3：論據(jù)＋分析論證結(jié)尾：照應(yīng)全文，重申論點(diǎn)總－分－總的不同表現(xiàn)：(1)主體部分(即“分”的部分)并列

分論據(jù)并列。文章長這樣??開頭：提出論點(diǎn)主體：論據(jù)1＋分析論證論據(jù)2＋分析論證論據(jù)3＋分析論證結(jié)尾：照應(yīng)全文，重申論點(diǎn)總－分－總的不同表現(xiàn)：(3)主體部分(即“分”的部分)正反對(duì)比文章長這樣??開頭：提出中心論點(diǎn)、分論點(diǎn)主體：論點(diǎn)正：論據(jù)（事實(shí)、論據(jù)）＋小結(jié)論點(diǎn)反：論據(jù)（事實(shí)、論據(jù)）＋小結(jié)結(jié)尾：結(jié)論（評(píng)析照應(yīng)）三、議論文的應(yīng)試指南1.題型：細(xì)節(jié)/主旨/推理/猜詞皆可能考2.策略：找中心(即論點(diǎn)/觀點(diǎn))，讀關(guān)鍵細(xì)節(jié)3.禁忌：死磕文章，不會(huì)概括，偏離中心EXERCISE

Afteryearsofobservinghumannature,Ihavedecidedthattwoqualitiesmakethedifferencebetweenmenofgreatachievementandmenofaverageperformancecuriosityanddiscontent.Ihaveneverknownanoutstandingmanwholackedeither.AndIhaveneverknownanaveragemanwhohadboth.Thetwobelongtogether.Together,thesedeephumanurges(驅(qū)策力)countformuchmorethanambition.GalileowasnotmerelyambitiouswhenhedroppedobjectsofvaryingweightsfromtheLeaningToweratPisaandtimedtheirfalltotheground.LikeGalileo,allthegreatnamesinhistorywerecuriousandaskedindiscontent,"Why?Why?Why?"

Fortunately,curiosityanddiscontentdon'thavetobelearned.Wearebornwiththemandneedonlyrecapturethem."Thegreatman,"saidMencius(孟子),"ishewhodoesnotlosehischild'sheart."Yetmostofusdoloseit.Westopaskingquestions.Westopchallengingcustom.Wejustfollowthecrowd.Andthecrowddesiresonlythecalmandrestfulaverage.Itencouragesustooccupyourownlittlecornertoavoidfoolishleapsintothedark,tobesatisfied.Mostofusmeetnewpeople,andnewideas,withhesitation.Butoncehavingmetandlikedthem,wethinkhowterribleitwouldhavebeen,hadwemissedthechance.Wewillprobablyhavetoforceourselvestoweakenourcuriosityanddiscontentandkeepthemawake.

Howshouldyoustart?Modestly,soasnottobecomediscouraged.Ithinkofonefriendwhocouldn'tarrangeflowerstosatisfyherself.Shewascuriousabouthowtheexpertsdidit.Nowsheisoneoftheexperts,writingbooksonflowerarrangement.Onewaytobeginistoansweryourownexcuses.Youhaven'tanyspecialability?Mostpeopledon't;thereareonlyafewgeniuses.Youhaven'tanytime?That'sgood,becauseit'salwaysthepeoplewithnotimewhogetthingsdone.HarrietStowe,motherofsix,wrotepartsofUncleTom'sCabinwhilecooking.You'retooold?RememberthatThomasCostainwas57whenhepublishedhisfirstnovel,andthatGrandmaMosesshowedherfirstpictureswhenshewas78.Howeveryoustart,rememberthereisnobettertimetostartthanrightnow,foryou'llneverbemorealivethanyouareatthismoment.1.InwritingParagraph1,theauthoraimsto_______.A.proposeadefinitionB.makeacomparisonC.reachaconclusionD.presentanargument2.WhatdoestheexampleofGalileotellus?A.Trialanderrorleadstothefindingoftruth.B.Scientiststendtobecuriousandambitious.C.Creativityresultsfromchallengingauthority.D.Greatnesscomesfromalastingdesiretoexplore.3.Whatcanyoudotorecapturecuriosityanddiscontent?A.Observetheunknownaroundyou.B.Developaquestioningmind.C.Leadalifeofadventure.D.Followthefashion.4.WhatcanwelearnfromParagraphs6and7?A.Gainingsuccesshelpsyoubecomeanexpert.B.Thegeniustendstogetthingsdonecreatively.C.Lackoftalentandtimeisnoreasonfortakingnoaction.D.Youshouldremainmodestwhenapproachingperfection.5.Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.CuriousMindsNeverFeelcontentedB.ReflectionsonHumanNatureC.TheKeystoAchievementD.NeverTooLatetoLearnWomenarefriendly.Theyoftensharewithothers.Butmenaremorecompetitive.Theyaretryingtoimprovetheirsocialstatus.Why?Researchershavefoundit’sallduetothehormoneoxytocin(荷爾蒙催生素).Althoughknownasthelovehormone,itaffectsthesexesdifferently.

Generally,peoplebelievethatthehormoneoxytocinisletoutinourbodyinvarioussocialsituationsandourbodycreatesalargeamountofitwhenfallinginloveorgivingbirth.

ButinaformerexperimentProfessorRyanfoundthatthehormoneisalsoletoutinourbodyduringanegativesituationsuchasenvy(嫉妒).

Furtherresearchesshowedthatinmenthehormoneoxytocinimprovestheabilitytorecognizecompetitiverelations,butinwomenitraisestheabilitytorecognizefriendship.ProfessorRyan’srecentexperimentused62menandwomenaged20to37.Halfoftheparticipants(參與者)receivedoxytocin.Theotherhalfreceivedplacebo(安慰劑).

Afteraweek,thetwogroupsswitchedwithparticipants.Theywentthroughthesamestepswiththeothermaterial.

Followingeachtreatment,theywereshownsomevideopictureswithdifferentsocialbehavior.Thentheywereaskedtoanalyzetherelationsbyansweringsomequestions.Thequestionswereabouttellingfriendshipfromcompetition.Andtheiranswersshouldbebasedongestures,bodylanguageandfacialexpressions.Theresultsshowedthat,aftertreatmentwithoxytocin,men’sabilitytocorrectlyrecognizecompetitiverelationsimproved,butinwomenitwastheabilitytocorrectlyrecognizefriendshipthatgotbetter.ProfessorRyanthusconcluded,“Ourexperimentprovesthatthehormoneoxytocincanraisepeople’sabilitiestobettertellapartdifferentsocialbehaviors.”1.Whatcausesmenand