霍爾塞特渦輪增壓器技術(shù)-大衛(wèi).pptAgenda概要DriversforChangetoChineseEngines中國發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)變化的驅(qū)動(dòng)因素FundamentalsofMatchingTurbochargerstoEngines增壓器匹配發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的基本原理TechnologiestomovefromEuro2toEuro3從歐2排放到歐3排放所需的技術(shù)TechnologiestomovetoEuro4–impactonturbodesign滿足歐4排放所需的技術(shù)--對(duì)增壓器設(shè)計(jì)的影響Conclusion結(jié)論DriversforChangetoChineseEngines中國發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)變化的驅(qū)動(dòng)因素Emissionslegislation排放法規(guī)RoadInfrastructure/TransportPolicyDevelopment道路建設(shè)/交通法規(guī)的發(fā)展Overloadinglegislation超載限制Driverfeatures驅(qū)動(dòng)特性Fueleconomy/fuelavailability燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性/燃油可得性Reliability/Reduceddowntime可靠性/減少停機(jī)時(shí)間Vehicleprice/vehicletrade-invalue車輛價(jià)格/車輛交易價(jià)值Fundamentalsofmatchingaturbochargertoanengine

增壓器匹配發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的基本原理Enginedevelopspowerbyburningamassoffuelinthecylinder

發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)通過氣缸里燃油的燃燒產(chǎn)生能量Combustionprocessrequiresamassofairtoallowthefueltoburneffcientlyandcleanly.(Air:FuelRatioorEquivalenceRatio)

燃燒過程中需要大量空氣使燃油有效地清潔地燃燒（空燃比或其他等價(jià)比）Engineisavolumeflowdevice

發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)是用容積流量來衡量的設(shè)備Sotheairdeliverysystemhastoprovidethecorrectinletairdensity

所以空氣輸送系統(tǒng)必須提供正確的進(jìn)氣密度Mostlyachievedbycompressingthegas(turbocompressor)Assistedbythechargecooler

大部分通過壓縮空氣獲得進(jìn)氣密度（增壓器壓氣機(jī)）中冷器提供幫助Energytodrivethecompressorcomesfromturbochargerturbine

驅(qū)動(dòng)壓氣機(jī)的能量來自增壓器的渦輪Fundamentalsofmatchingaturbochargertoanengine增壓器匹配發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的基本原理Enginedevelopspowerbyburningamassoffuelinthecylinder

發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)通過氣缸里燃油的燃燒產(chǎn)生能量Combustionprocessrequiresamassofairtoallowthefueltoburnefficientlyandcleanly.(Air:FuelRatioorEquivalenceRatio)

燃燒中需要一定質(zhì)量的空氣使燃油充分清潔地燃燒（空燃比或其他等價(jià)比）Engineisavolumeflowdevice

發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)是用容積流量來衡量的設(shè)備Sotheairdeliverysystemhastoprovidethecorrectinletairdensity

所以空氣輸送系統(tǒng)必須提供正確的進(jìn)氣密度Mostlyachievedbycompressingthegas(turbocompressor)Assistedbythechargecooler

大部分通過壓縮空氣獲得進(jìn)氣密度（增壓器壓氣機(jī)）中冷器提供幫助Energytodrivethecompressorcomesfromturbochargerturbine

驅(qū)動(dòng)壓氣機(jī)的能量來自增壓器的渦輪EnginetechnologiestochangefromEuro2toEuro3

從歐2排放到歐3排放所需的技術(shù)Fuelsystemcontrol燃油系統(tǒng)的控制Majorchangewillbechangesinfuelsystem主要的改變?cè)谟谌加拖到y(tǒng)Starttouseelectronicsystems開始使用電控系統(tǒng)Controlledinjectiontiming控制噴油定時(shí)Variableratefuelinjection可變速率的燃油噴射CommonRailsystems共軌AirSystemcontrol空氣系統(tǒng)的控制Useofelectronicsystemscouldbeextendedtoairsystems,butnotgenerallynecessaryforEuro3solutions.

電控系統(tǒng)的使用可延伸到空氣系統(tǒng)，但對(duì)于歐3排放來說并不一定是必需的Normalwastegatecontrolsystemsolutionsareadequate 普通的旁通閥控制系統(tǒng)已足夠Additionalpowerrequirementsdrivesneedforlargercompressormaps 額外的功率要求使得必須采用較大的壓氣機(jī)曲線TechnologiestogofromEuro3toEuro4

從歐3排放到歐4排放所需的技術(shù)Additionalemissionsreductiontechnologyisrequired 需要另外的降排放技術(shù)ExhaustGasRecirculation(EGR)廢氣再循環(huán)Reducesemissionlevelsfromwithintheengine 在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)內(nèi)部即降低排放水平Worksbyslowingthecombustionprocesssoloweringflametemperatures 降低了燃燒過程的速度，從而降低了火焰的溫度 OR或ExhaustAftertreatment(Catalyst/particulatetrap) 廢氣后處理（催化劑/顆粒捕捉器）Worksbyprocessingtheexhaustgasafteritleavestheengine 在廢氣離開發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)后對(duì)其進(jìn)行處理 OR或Combinationofthetwo以上兩者的綜合AlikelyrequirementforEuro5歐5可能要求EGRCoolerEGRValveAftercooler中冷器Turbocharger增壓器Engine發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)EGRFlowthroughacoolerandcontrolvalve通過冷卻器和控制閥后的EGR流量EGR-AlongrouteEGRsystem廢氣再循環(huán)—遠(yuǎn)程EGR系統(tǒng)EGRCoolerEGR冷卻器EGRValve閥Aftercooler冷卻器Turbocharger增壓器Engine發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)AshortrouteEGRsystem短程EGR系統(tǒng)ButterflyvalveAirfilterMassflowsensor質(zhì)量流量傳感器ParticulatefilterEGRcoolerEGR冷卻器EGRvalveEGR閥Venturi文氏流量計(jì)BypassEGRcontrolthrottleAir/AirIntercoolerEngine發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)Pres.Sensor1壓力傳感器1Pres.Sensor2壓力傳感器2sensor傳感器NOxsensorNox傳感器Pres.sensor3壓力傳感器3SpeedsensorHD-EURO4CooledEGRSystemschematicEGR旁通控制閥空對(duì)空中冷器空濾器速度傳感器顆粒過濾器TechnologyrequiredtodriveaEuro4EGRsystem

歐4EGR系統(tǒng)所需的技術(shù)Sensors(7+)傳感器Probablyincludingmonitorofturbospeed可能包括增壓器速度監(jiān)控器Controlvalves(3)控制閥VGTturbocharging可變截面增壓canbeusedtocontrolinletmanifoldpressure可用來控制進(jìn)氣管壓力withcarefuldesigncanalsobeusedtocontrolexhaustmanifoldpressure 如仔細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)，也可用來控制排氣管壓力Controlledwastegatetechnologymaybeanoption可控旁通閥技術(shù)可能是另一種選擇?HolsetEngineeringCo...Ltd.....VGT?–VariableGeometryTurbocharging可變截面增壓器VGTNozzlemechanism噴嘴環(huán)機(jī)構(gòu)Nozzleringfullyopen噴嘴環(huán)完全打開

Max.turbinevoluteexitarea

最大渦輪流道出口面積

Min.exhaustmanifoldpressure

最小排氣管壓力

Min.shaftspeed最小轉(zhuǎn)子速度

Min.turboboost最小增壓壓力Nozzleringinmidposition噴嘴環(huán)在中間位置Reducingturbinevoluteexitarea減小的我論流道出口面積Increasingexhaustmanifoldpressure增加的排氣管壓力Increasingshaftspeed增加的轉(zhuǎn)子速度Increasingturboboost增加的增壓壓力Nozzleringfullyclosed噴嘴環(huán)完全關(guān)閉

Min.turbinevoluteexitarea

最小渦輪流道出口面積

Max.exhaustmanifoldpressure

最大排氣管壓力

Max.shaftspeed最大轉(zhuǎn)子速度

Max.turboboost最大增壓壓力Nozzlepositionisinfinitelyvariablebetweenopen&closed噴嘴環(huán)位置可在打開和關(guān)閉之間無限制地改變VGTOperationmethodVGT的運(yùn)行機(jī)理VGTCrossSectionViewVGT橫截面廢氣速度傳感器滑動(dòng)的噴嘴環(huán)和伸出的葉片增壓空氣出口空氣進(jìn)口壓氣機(jī)氣動(dòng)控制氣缸控制空氣操作桿渦輪Turbocharger增壓器Speedsensor速度傳感器ControlAir控制空氣PressureSensorPneumaticActuatorIsolatorSwitchElectricalControlLineVehicleBrakeAirTankControl控制閥ValveEngineSpeed發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)速度ThrottleDemand節(jié)流要求InletManifold進(jìn)氣管壓力/溫度Pressure&TemperatureExhaustManifoldPressure(optional)排氣管壓力（可選）FuelInjectionPumpInformation噴油泵信息AmbientPressure大氣壓力Containspresetdataonairflowrequirementsforanyfuelquantityinjectedatanyenginespeed,withbuilt-insafetyfeaturesforexcessiveboost,smokeorturbospeedVGTcontrolispartoftheEngineControlSystem

VGT的控制是整個(gè)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)的一部分氣動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)器壓力傳感器電子控制線開關(guān)車輛制動(dòng)空氣罐發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)控制單元包括了在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)任一轉(zhuǎn)速下噴進(jìn)的任一燃油質(zhì)量的空氣流量要求的預(yù)設(shè)數(shù)據(jù)和關(guān)于過高增壓壓力、煙度、增壓器轉(zhuǎn)速的內(nèi)置安全數(shù)據(jù)EGRTechnology–turbochargerimpacts

EGR技術(shù)—對(duì)增壓器的影響Recirculatedexhaustgastakestheplaceoffreshairthatwouldnormallygointotheengine.

再循環(huán)的廢氣取代了平常情況下進(jìn)去發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的新鮮空氣Chargeheatingbythecooledexhaustgas(approx200’C)alsodecreaseschargedensity.

冷卻后的廢氣（大約200’C）仍將加熱進(jìn)氣空氣，從而降低了進(jìn)氣空氣的密度AnEGRenginethereforelookslikeasmallerengine(orthesameenginerunningatalowerspeed)asfarasthecompressorisconcerned. 從壓氣機(jī)的角度來看，帶EGR的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)就象是一臺(tái)較小的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)（或同樣的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)但在一較低轉(zhuǎn)速下運(yùn)行）Targetairdensitymustberetained必須保持目標(biāo)中的進(jìn)氣密度Pressureratiomustrise壓比必須升高Compressorperformanceandmapwidthrequirementsarenowextendedtohigherpressureratios壓氣機(jī)性能和曲線的寬度要求擴(kuò)展以得到更高的壓比CommandValveControlSystemforwastegates

旁通閥的控制閥控制系統(tǒng)Hasabilitytoopenwastegateatlowerpressuresthannormallyexpected能夠在比正常情況更低的壓力下開啟旁通閥CommandvalveundercontrolofECU利用ECU（發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)控制單元）進(jìn)行控制

旁通閥調(diào)節(jié)器能控制的區(qū)域旁通閥調(diào)節(jié)器不能控制的區(qū)域IConHighTemperatureCapabilityIntelligentControlValve—Icon智能控制閥M12outlet(M14inletonoppositeface)M12出口（對(duì)面為M14進(jìn)口）Exhaust廢氣Coverplate-aluminium,electronicsbondedtounderside蓋板—鋁電子元器件固定在下面Valvebody-aluminium閥體—鋁Poppetvalvecartridge提升閥盒Electronicshousing-glassfilledNylon電子元器件殼體—填滿尼龍的玻璃Breather-plasticwithGore-Texmembrane通風(fēng)口-塑料-塑性涂料膜CanbeusedforcontrolofVGTorwastegatesystems可用來控制VGT或旁通閥系統(tǒng)Turbocompoundsystems復(fù)合式增壓器系統(tǒng)Usesasecondaryturbineplaceddownstreamoftheturbochargerturbine.在單級(jí)增壓器渦端的下方再增加一個(gè)二級(jí)增壓渦輪Thisturbinegeneratespowerthatisusedtoaddpowertotheengine.二級(jí)增壓所帶來的能量為發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)提供了更多的功率Canincreasetotalenginepowerorimprovefueleconomy.能夠提高整個(gè)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的功率和燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性Drivesaneedforasmallerturbochargerturbinestagetomaintainboostpressureatratedspeedandload.在額定功率和負(fù)荷的情況下需要一個(gè)較小的渦輪級(jí)來維持增壓壓力Atlowerenginespeedstheexpansionratioofthepowerturbineislesssothesmallturbinegivesmoreboost,henceabilityofbetterlowspeedtorque.發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)低速時(shí)主動(dòng)渦輪的擴(kuò)壓比減小，這樣小渦輪給出更大的增壓，從而得到更好的低速扭距。SystemraisesexhaustmanifoldpressureP3withoutchangingP2.candriveEGRwithoutloweringoffueleconomybecauseofpoorpressuredifference.系統(tǒng)不需要改變P2就可提高排氣歧管的壓力P3，這樣在不需要由于較小的壓差損失燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性就可以驅(qū)動(dòng)EGR系統(tǒng)ImpactofTechnologiesforExhaustAftertreatment

排氣后處理技術(shù)的影響SelectiveCatalyticReduction(SCR)andParticulatetrapsachieve‘systememissions’complianttolegislation.

選擇性的催化還原(SCR)和顆粒捕捉技術(shù)達(dá)到了符合法規(guī)的系統(tǒng)排放要求TighteremissionslimitsmaydriveaneedforbothEGRandAftertreatment 更緊的排放限制使得需要同時(shí)采用EGR和后處理技術(shù)Backpressure(turbineoutletpressure)impactstheperformanceoftheturbocharger.

背壓（渦輪出口壓力）影響增壓器的性能Backpressurecreatedbycatalyticsystemswilldrivetheneedforadifferentturbochargermatch. 接觸反應(yīng)系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生的背壓使得必須匹配不同的增壓器Variablebackpressurecreatedbyparticulatetrapswillprobablydriveaneedforactivecontrolofturbochargerperformance: 顆粒捕捉器產(chǎn)生的可變背壓使得可能需要對(duì)增壓器性能進(jìn)行