EnglishLinguistics-WordFormation目錄IntroductionBasicvocabularycompositioninEnglishAnalysisofCommonEnglishWordFormationMethods目錄ExploringtheCharacteristicsofWordFormationinVariousPartsofSpeechAStudyonthePhenomenonofNewVocabularyCreationinModernEnglishSummary:MasteringwordformationandimprovingEnglishapplicationcapability01IntroductionTounderstandtheprocessesandpatternsinvolvedintheformationofwordsinEnglishToexploretherelationshipbetweenwordformationandotherareasoflinguistics,suchasphysiology,syntax,andsemanticsToexaminetheroleofwordformationinlanguagechangeandvariationPurposeandbackgroundWordformationreferstotheprocessesandpatternsinvolvedinthecreationofnewwordsinalanguageWordformationisimportantbecauseitallowslanguagestoexpandtheirvocabularytomeetthecommunicativeneedsofspeakersItalsoplaysaroleinlanguagechangeandvariation,asnewwordsareconsistentlybeingcreatedandoldonesfalloutofuseItisasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandhowtheyareformedfromsmallunitsofmeaning,suchasthemesandphonesDefinitionandimportanceofwordformation02BasicvocabularycompositioninEnglishWordstructurereflectionsmeanInEnglish,thestructureofawordofgiftsincludestoitsmeaningForexample,compoundwordslike"sunshine"and"moonlight"combinethemeaningsoftheirpsychologicalpartsPhysiologicalchangesEnglishwordscanchangetheirformthroughprocesseslikeinvasion(addingendingstoindicatetense,number,orcase)ordifferentiation(addingprefixesorsuffixestocreatenewwordswithrelatedmeans)PhonologicalpatternsSoundpatternsinEnglishwords,suchasrhymeandallocation,canalsocontributetotheirmeaningandaestheticappearanceTheRelationshipbetweenWordStructureandMeansRootsThebaseorcoreofawordthatcarriesitsfundamentalmeaningForexample,intheword"unhappiness,""happiness"istheroot,indicatingtheconceptofhappinessAffixesAddedtorootstomodifytheirmeaningorfunctionTheycanbeprefixes(addedbeforetheroot),like"un-"in"unhappy,"orsuffixes(addedaftertheroot),like"-ness"in"happiness."FunctionsofaffixesAffixescanchangethepartofspeechofaword(e.g.,adding"-ly"toanobjectivetocreateanadvertisement)oraddingshadowsofmeaning(e.g.,"re-"in"rewrite"suggestionsdoingsomethingagain)Roots,affixes,andtheirfunctionsAtypeofwordformationwhereawordofonepartofspeechisusedasanotherpartofspeechwithoutanychangeinform.Forinstance,"cool"canbeusedasanalternative(e.g.,"acoolbreeze")oraverb(e.g.,"tocooldown")ThecreationofnewwordsbycombiningexistingwordsorwordelementsThiscanbedonethroughcompounding(e.g.,"sunflower"from"sun"and"flower")orblending(e.g.,"smog"from"smoke"and"fog")Englishalsoemployeesacronyms(e.g.,"NASA"from"NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration"),clipping(e.g.,"phone"from"telephone"),andbackformation(e.g.,"large"from"large")inwordformationConversionSynthesisOthermethodsConversionandsynthesismethods03AnalysisofCommonEnglishWordFormationMethodsAddingaprefixtothebeginningofawordtocreateanewwordwithamodifiedmeaningForexample,"un-"isanegativeprefixin"unhappy."PrefixionAddingasuffixtotheendofawordtoformanewwordForinstance,"-ness"isasuffixthatturnsanobjectiveintoanoun,asin"happiness."SuffixationThesimultaneousadditionofaprefixandasuffixtoawordAnexampleis"en-+-able"toform"enable."CircularDerivationBlending01CombiningpartsoftwowordstocreateanewwordForexample,"smog"isablendof"smoke"and"fog."Clipping02Shorteningawordbyremovingpartofit.Forinstance,"phone"isaclippedformof"telephone."Acronymformation03CreatinganewwordfromtheinitiallettersofaphraseAnexampleis"scuba,"whichstandsfor"selfcontainedunderwaterbreakingaccessories."CompositemethodAbbreviationInitiativesPronouncingeachletterofanabortionseparationForexample,"FBI"isproposedas"F-B-I."AcronymsPronouncinganabortionasasinglewordAnexampleis"NASA,"whichisproposedas"nahsah."CreationofanewwordbyremovinganaccessorysuffixForinstance,"bulge"wasback-formedfrom"bulge"byremoving"-y"andadding"-ar"tocreateanagentnounSometimes,theresultingwordmaybenonstandardorinformationForexample,"orientation"isabackformationof"orientation,"appropriate"orientation"isthestandardverbinAmericanEnglishBackFormation04ExploringtheCharacteristicsofWordFormationinVariousPartsofSpeechCharacteristicsofnounwordformationDerivation:Additionofprefixesorsuffixestocreatenewnouns,e.g."unhappiness"from"happiness"byaddingtheprefix"un-"02Combiningtwoormorewordstoformanewnoun,e.g.,"bookcase"from"book"and"case"03Conversion:Changingthepartofspeechofawordwithoutaddinganyaffixes,e.g.,using"walk"asanouninsteadofaverb01DerivationAdditionofprefixesorsuffixestoformverbs,e.g.,"enlighten"from"light"byaddingtheprefix"en-"andthesuffix"-en"BackformationCreatingaverbbyremovingsuppliedaffixesfromanexistingword,e.g.,"bulge"from"bulge"ConversionUsingawordfromanotherpartofspeechasaverb,e.g.,"impact"asaverbfromitsoriginalnounformVerbFormationCharacteristicsAdjectives:Afterformedbyaddingsuffixessuchas"-y","-ful",or"-able"tonounsorverbs,e.g.,"happy","beautiful","ready"Comparativeandsuperiorforms:Adjectivesandadvertisementscanalsotakecomparative("-er","-est")andsuperior("-est")formstoshowdegreesofcomparison,e.g.,"fast","fast"Advantageouslyformedbyaddingthesuffix"-ly"toobjectives,e.g.,"quickly","happily"Someadvertisementsareirregularanddonotfollowthispattern,suchas"fast"and"hard"Characteristicsofadvisoryandadvisoryformation05AStudyonthePhenomenonofNewVocabularyCreationinModernEnglishAbbreviationsandAcronymsTheinternethaspopularizedtheuseofAbbreviationsandAcronyms,suchas"LOL"(RoughOutLoud)and"OMG"(OhMyGod),whichhasbecomecommonplaceinbothformalandinformationcontextsMemesandViralExpressionsTheinternethasalsofacilitatedtherapidspreadofmemesandvirtualexpressions,whichoftentakestheformofcatchphrasesorimagesthatarewidelysharedandlimitedEmotionsandemojisTheuseofemotionsandemojishasbecomeincreasinglyvalidinonlinecommunication,servingtoconveyemotionalcontextandaddingavisualelementtotextbasedmessagesTheinfluenceofinternetlanguageontraditionalEnglish010203TechnicalTerminologyThedevelopmentofnewtechnologieshasledtothecreationofavastarrayofnewtermsandconcepts,suchas"smartphone,""cloudcomputing,"and"artisticintelligence."InnovationsinCommunicationTechnicaladvancementshavealsodriveninnovationsincommunication,resultinginnewrevenuerelatedtosocialmedia,messagingapps,andotherdigitalplatformsCybercultureandtheDigitalWorldTheemergenceofcybercultureandthedigitalworldhasgivenrisetoauniquelegacyoftermsrelatedtoonlineidentity,virtualreality,anddigitalinteractionsNewvocabularycreationbreakthroughaboutbytechnologicaldevelopmentGlobalizationandCulturalExchange:Globalizationhasfacilitatedtheexchangeofideas,cultures,andlanguages,leadingtotheadoptionofforeignwordsandphrasesintoEnglish,aswellasthecreationofnewexpressionstodescribecrossculturalphenolmenaSocialIssuesandPoliticalMovements:Socialissuesandpoliticalmovementshavealwaysbeenarichsourceofnewvocabulary,withtermssuchas"feminism,""civilrights,"and"climatechange"enteringcommonusagetodescribeimportantsocialandpoliticalconceptsPopCultureandCelebrityInfluence:Theinfluenceofpopcultureandliteracyonlanguageisunderstandable,withnewwordsandexpressionsoftenemergingfrompopularmovies,music,televisionshows,andsocialmediatrendsSocialandCulturalChangesandEmergingExpressions06Summary:MasteringwordformationandimprovingEnglishapplicationcapabilityApplyingwordformationrulesincontext:Studentshaveappliedtheirknowledgeofwordformationrulestounderstandandusewordsincontext,includinginreading,writing,listening,andspeakingtasksUnderstandingthebasicconceptsofwordformation:StudentshavelearnedaboutthedifferenttypesofwordformationprocessesinEnglish,suchasderivation,compounding,conversion,clipping,blending,acuteformation,andsoonAnalyzingwordstructureandmeaning:Throughvariousexercisesandexamples,studentshavepracticedanalyzingthestructureandmeaningofwordsformedthroughdifferentwordformationprocessesReviewthekeycontentofthiscourseImprovedunderstandingofwordformationManystudentsreportedthattheynowhaveabetterunderstandingofhowwordsareformedandtherelationshipsbetweendifferentwordsEnhance