Unit4GrammarKnowledgePointsinSeventhGradeEnglish目錄UnitOverviewandObjectivesPositivecaseofnounsPronounusagePreliminaryunderstandingofverbtensions目錄ComparativeandsuperiorobjectionsandadvertisementsUnitSummaryandExpansion01UnitOverviewandObjectivesThisunitfocusesongrammarknowledgepointsrelatedtopresencestructure,verbtensions,andcommonphrasalverbsThemeInseventhgradeEnglish,studentsareexpectedtohaveasolidunderstandingofbasicgrammarrulesandtheirapplicationinconstructingsentencesThisunitbuildsonpreviousknowledgeandintroductionsmorecomplexconceptstoenhancestudents'languageproficiencyBackgroundThethemeandbackgroundofthisunitLearningObjectives:Tounderstandandapplytherulesofpresencestructure,includingsubjectverbagreementandpunctuationTomastertheuseofdifferentverbtensions,suchaspresentsimple,pastsimple,andfuturetenseLearningobjectivesandrequirementsTofamiliarizestudentswithcommonphrasalverbsandtheirmeaningsLearningobjectivesandrequirementsRequirements:StudentsshouldbeabletoconstructgrammaticallycorrectsensesusingappropriateverbtensionsandpresencestructureLearningobjectivesandrequirements0102LearningobjectivesandrequirementsStudentsshoulddemonstrateanunderstandingofphysicalverbsthroughwrittenexercisesandoralcommunicationTheyshouldbeabletoidentifyandcorrectcommongraphicalerrorsPhrasalVerbs:PhrasalVerbsarecombinationsofVerbsandpositionsoradvertisementsthathaveaspecificmeaningThisunitintroducescommonphrasalverbsandtheirusesindifferentcontextsExamplesinclude"lookforwardto,""getonwith,"and"putoff."SentenceStructure:Thissectioncoversthebasicrulesofsentenceconstruction,includingsubjectverbagreement,punctation,andtypesofsentences(declarative,intrusive,intrinsic,andexplicit)VerbTenses:StudentswilllearnaboutthedifferentverbtensionsandtheirusesThisincludesthepresentsimpletenseforroutineactions,thepastsimpletenseforcompletedactions,andthefuturetenseforplannedactionsOverviewofkeygrammarknowledgepoints02PositivecaseofnounsPossessivecaseofnounsisusedtoshowownershiporsessionItisformedbyaddinganapostropheandtheletter"s"totheendofanounDefinitionPossessivenounsareusedtoindicatethatsomethingbelongstosomeoneorsomethingForexample,"John'scar"means"thecarthatbelongstoJohn."UsageBasicconceptsofpassivecasesofnouns03Pluralnounsnotendingin"s"Addanapostropheand"s"totheendofthenounForexample,"children"benefits"children's"01SingularnounsAddanapostropheand"s"totheendofthenounForexample,"dog"benefits"dog's."02Pluralnounsendingin"s"AddonlyanapostrophetotheendofthenounForexample,"dogs"benefits"dogs'."RulesforconstructingpositivecasesofnounsJointownershipUsethepassiveformofthenounthatcomesfirst,followedbytheword"and"andthesecondnouninitsbasicform.Forexample,"JohnandMary'shouse"means"thehousethatbelongstobothJohnandMary."SeparateownershipUsethepositiveformofeachnounseparatelyForexample,"John'sandMary'shouses"means"JohnhasahouseandMaryhasahouse."RulesforconstructingpositivecasesofnounsExamples+"Thecat'stailwasverylong."+"Theboys'toyswerealloverthefloor."Examplesandexercises+"JohnandJane'sweddingwasbeautiful."ExamplesandexercisesExercises+Completethesenseswiththecorrectpositiveformofthenoun"The_______(girl)dresswasverypretty."(Answer:girl's)Examplesandexercises"The_______(men)suitswereallblack."(Answermen's)要點(diǎn)一要點(diǎn)二"_______(JohnandSarah)h…JohnandSarah's)Examplesandexercises03PronounusageI,you,he,she,it,we,they(usedasthesubjectofaverb)Nominalcaseme,you,him,her,it,us,they(usedastheobjectofaverborposition)ObjectivecaseHegamemeabook(nominalcaseassubject,objectivecaseasobject)ExampleThenominalandobjectivecasesofpersonalpronunciationsNounpartmine,your,his,hers,its,ours,they(usedinplaceofanoun)Adjectivepartmy,your,his,her,its,our,their(usedbeforeanoun)ExamplesThisismybookThatbookishers(Objectivepartbeforenoun,nounpartreplacingnoun)Objectiveandnounpartsofpositivepronouns

Thedemonstrativepronounthis/that/these/hostsThisandthatrefertosingularnouns,with"this"indicatingsomethingcloseand"that"indicatingsomethingfurtherawayawayTheseandthatrefertoliteralnouns,with"these"indicatingthingscloseand"those"indicatingthingsfurtherawayExampleThisappleisred.ThatappleisgreenTheseapplesareripeTheseapplesarenotripe04PreliminaryunderstandingofverbtensionsDefinitionThepresenttenseisaverbtensethatexpressesactions,events,orstatesthatarehappeningrightnoworthatoccurringregularlyFormsThepresenttensehastwomainforms:simplepresentandpresentcontinuousUsageItisusedtodescribeactionsorstatesthatarepermanentorharmful,suchas"Ieatanappleeveryday."Itcanalsobeusedtoexpressgeneraltruthsorfacts,suchas"Thesunrisksintheeast."TheConceptandUsageofthePresentTenseThepresentcontinuoustense,alsoknownasthepresentprogressivetense,isusedtodescribeactionsoreventsthatarehappeningnoworwillhappeninthenearfutureItisformedwiththeverb"tobe"(am,is,are)andthepresentparticle(-ingform)ofthemainverbForexample,"IamstudyingEnglish."Itisusedtoexpressactionsthatareongoingortemporary,suchas"Theyareplayingfootballrightnow."Itcanalsobeusedtoexpressfuturearrangementsorplans,suchas"Wearemeetingtomorrowat10a.m."DefinitionFormsUsageTheConceptandUsageofPresentContinuousTenseDefinitionInEnglishgrammar,thethirdpersonsingularisaverbformthatisusedwithsingularnounsorpronounsthatareinthethirdperson(he,she,it)RulesMostverbsinthethirdpersonsingularaddan-sor-esendingtothebaseformoftheverbForexample,"heplays"and"shegoes."Someverbshaveirregularformsinthethirdpersonsingular,suchas"hehas"installedof"hehas."ExceptionsAfewverbsdonotchangeinthethirdpersonsingular,suchas"tobe"(is)and"tohave"(has)Additionally,someverbsendingin-oadd-esinthethirdpersonsingular(e.g.,"hegoes"),whileothersadd-s(e.g.,"hedoes")Thirdpersonsingularinfectionrulesforverbs05ComparativeandsuperiorobjectionsandadvertisementsComparativeobjectionsareformedbyadding"-er"totheendofmostobjections(e.g.,"teller,""faster")Superlativeobjectionsareformedbyadding"-est"totheendofmostobjections(e.g.,"tallest,""fastest")Forobjectionsofonepossibleorobjectionsendinginaconsonant+vowel+consonant,thefinalconsonantisoftendoubledbeforeadding"-er"or"-est"(e.g.,"fat,""thinnest")Irregularcomparativeandsuperiorobjectivesdonotfollowthestandardrulesandmustbememorized(e.g.,"good,""better,""best")TherulesfortheconstructionofcomparativeandsuperiorobjectivesComparativeadsareformedinthesamewayascomparativeads,byadding"-er"totheendoftheadb(e.g.,"quickly,""morequickly")Foradvertisementsofonesymmetricalendinginaconsonant+vowel+consonant,thefinalconsonantisoftendoubledbeforeadding"-er"or"-est"(e.g.,"harder,""hardest")Irregularcomparativeandsuperioradvertisementsalsoexistandmustbememorized(e.g.,"well,""better,""best")Superlativeadvertisementsareformedbyadding"-est"totheendoftheadvertisement(e.g.,"mostquickly")TherulesfortheconstructionofcomparativeandsuperlativeadvertisementsComparativesensesareusedtocomparetwopeopleorthings,andtypicallyincludeacomparativeobjectiveoradvocate,aswellasthewords"that"or"as...as..."ComparativepresencestructureanditsapplicationExample:"JohnistellerthanMike."or"JanerunsasfastasTom."Superlativesensesareusedtocompareonepersonorthingtoallothersinagroup,andtypicallyincludeasuperlativeadvisoryoradvisory,aswellastheword"the."ComparativepresencestructureanditsapplicationExample:"TheEmpireStateBuildingistheTallestBuildinginNewYorkCity."It'simportanttonotethatsomecomparativeandsuperiorobjectionsandadvertisementshavespecialmeansorusesthatmaynotbeimmediatelyapparentfromtheirform.Forexample,"further"canbeusedasacomparativeobjectivemeans"additional"or"moredistance,"while"farthest"canbeusedasasuperiorobjectivemeans"mostdistance"or"mostextreme.""Comparativepresencestructureanditsapplication06UnitSummaryandExpansionThisunitfocusesonthepastsimpletense,whichisusedtodescribeactionsoreventsthathappenedinthepastStudentsshouldbeabletorecognizeandusethepastsimpletenseofregularandirregularverbsModalVerbssuchas"can,""could,""may,""right,""must,""rightto,""shall,""should,""will,"and"would"areintroducedinthisunitSt