Englishgrammar-referentialandsubjectverbconsistency目錄IntroductionTheBasicConceptsandClassificationofPronounsTheBasicPrinciplesandRulesofSubjectverbConsistency目錄CommonerrorsandcorrectionmethodsofprogressandsubjectverbconsistencyExampleanalysisandpracticeSummaryandOutlook01IntroductionToemphasizetheimportanceoftheseconceptsineffectivewrittenandoralcommunicationToguidelearnersinapplyingtheserulescorrectlyintheirlanguageuseToprovideaclearunderstandingofreferenceandsubjectverbconsistencyinEnglishgrammarPurposeandbackgroundThisreportcoversthebasicrulesandprinciplesofreferenceandsubjectverbconsistencyItincludesexamplesandexplanationsofcommonerrorsandhowtoavoidthemThereportalsodiscussestheroleofcontextindeterminingthecorrectuseofproofsandverbsReportingscope02TheBasicConceptsandClassificationofPronounsDefinitionPersonalproofsarewordsthattaketheplaceofproofstoavoidrepetitionTheyrefertothepeopleorthingsmentionedinthepresenceExamplesI,you,he,she,it,we,theyPersonalpronounsDefinitionPossessivepromotionsshowownershiporsessionTheyindicatethatsomethingbelongstosomeoneorsomethingelseExamplesmy,your,his,her,its,our,theirPositivepronounDemonstrativepronounsareusedtopointoutoridentifynounsTheycanbeusedtoindicatedistanceordirectionDefinitionthis,that,these,thoseExamplesDemonstrativepronounDefinitionInteraggressivepronounsareusedtoaskquestionsaboutnounsTheyhelptoidentifytheunknownnouninasenseExampleswho,who,who,who,what,whichInterrogtivepronounsRelativepronounsareusedtointroducerelevantclausesTheyconnectthemainclausewiththesubborderclauseandhelptodefineoridentifythenouninthesentenceDefinitionthat,which,who,who,who,who,whoExamplesRelativepronoun03TheBasicPrinciplesandRulesofSubjectverbConsistencyThesubjectandverbmustagreeinnumberThismeansthatasingularsubjecttakesasingularverb,andapluralsubjecttakesapluralverbForexample,"Thecatisblack"and"Thecatsareblack."DefinepronounscommonlytakesingularverbsPronounslike"everyone,""someone,""noone,"etc.,areconsideredsingularandtakesingularverbsForexample,"Everyoneishappy."CollectivenounscanbesingularorlinearCollectivenounssuchas"team,""family,""group,"etc.,canbeeithersingularorlineardependingonthecontextForexample,"Theteamisplayingwell"and"Theteamiscellulartheirvivo."TheprincipleofgraphicalconsistencyTheverbshouldagreewiththemeaningofthesubjectSometime,thesubjectmaybepluralinformbutsingularinmeaning,orviceverseInsuchcases,theverbshouldagreewiththemeaningofthesubjectcomparedtoitsform.Forexample,"Mathematicsisanimportantsubject"(not"Mathematicsare")要點一要點二TheverbshouldagreewiththenounitreferstoIfanounphraseincludesbothasingularandapluralnoun,theverbshouldagreewiththenounitimmediatelyfollowsForexample,"Thepresentandthevicepresentareattendingthemeeting"(not"Thepresentandthevicepresentareattendingthemeeting")TheprincipleofconsistencyofmeaningPrincipleofProximityWhentherearetwoormoresubjectsconnectedby"and,"theverbcommonlyagreeswiththesubjectthatisneededtoit.Forexample,"JohnandMaryarecomingtotheparty"(not"JohnandMaryarecomingtotheparty")TheverbshouldagreewiththenearestsubjectTherearesomeexceptionstothisrule,soaswhenthesubjectsareconnectedby"or"or"nor,"inwhichcasetheverbagreementswiththesubjectthatisneededtoitinmeaningForexample,"NeitherJohnnorMaryiscomingtotheparty"(not"NeitherJohnnorMaryarecomingtotheparty")Exceptionstotheprincipleofproportionality04CommonerrorsandcorrectionmethodsofprogressandsubjectverbconsistencyUsingambiguouspronouns01Pronounssuchas"it,""they,"and"they"canbeclearandleadtofusionaboutwhatisbeingreferredtoIncorrectgenderornumber02Usingpronounsthatdonotmatchthegenderornumberofthenountheyarereferringto,suchasusing"he"whenreferringtoafemaleorpluralnounVagueordistancereferences03PronounsthatrefertonounsthataretoofarawayinthetextornotclearlyidentifiedcanmakesensesdifficulttounderstandErrortype1:Impeperuseofproofs

Errortype2:SubjectverbinconsistencyIncorrectverbformUsingaverbformthatdoesnotmatchthesubjectofthepresence,suchasusing"are"insteadof"is"withasingularsubjectMismatchedtenseUsingaverbtensethatdoesnotmatchthetenseoftherestofthepresenceorparagraph,suchasmixingpresentandpasttenseIrregularverbsFailingtousethecorrectformofirregularverbs,whichoftendonotfollowstandardconnectionpatternsCorrectionmethodone:ClarifytheobjectthatproofsrefertoRewordsentencestobringthereferrednounclosertotheprocounorusesynonymstoavoidrepetitionandimprovereadabilityRepeatsentencestobringclaimImmediateofusingvagueproofs,replacethemwiththespecificproofstheyarereferringtoforclarityReplaceambiguousproofswithspecificproofsAveragegenderspecificpronounsbyusinggenderneutralalternativessuchas"they"or"they"whenreferringtoindividualsofunknownorunspecifiedgenderUsegenderneutrallanguageCorrectionmethod2:AdjustsensitivitystructureorexpressionRearrangethepresencetobringthesubjectandverbclosertogether,makingtherelationshipbetweenthemmoreapparentUseparallelconstructionEnsurethatallelementsinalistorseriesaregraphicallyparallel,usingthesameverbformandtenseforeachitemSimplifycomplexsensesBreakdownlong,complexsensesintoshorter,simpleronestoimproveclarityandreadabilityChangepresencestructure05ExampleanalysisandpracticePleaseenteryourcontentExampleanalysisandpractice06SummaryandOutlookSummarizethecontentofthisreportThisreporthasprovidedanoverviewofreferenceandsubjectverbconsistencyinEnglishgrammarWehavediscussedtheimportanceofagreementbetweensubjectsandverbsinsentiments,aswellastheroleofproposalsinmaintainingcoherenceintextWehaveexaminedvarioustypesofreferentialexpressions,includingpersonalproofs,positiveproofs,relativeproofs,andempiricalproofsAdditionally,wehavelookedatsubjectverbagreementrulesan