時間心理學研究簡介

(ThePsychologyofTime:AnIntroduction)張志杰西南師范大學心理學院“時間究竟是什么？誰能輕易概括地說明它？誰對此有明確的概念，能用言語表達出來？可是在談話之中，有什么比時間更常見，更熟悉呢？我們談到時間，當然了解，聽別人談到時間，我們也領會。那么時間究竟是什么？沒有人問我，我倒清楚，有人問我，我想說明，便茫然不解了。”

-----奧古斯丁《懺悔錄》“中國和西方所特有的時間概念和歷史概念的差別（若有的話），與近代科學技術僅僅產(chǎn)生于西方文明的事實，這兩者之間，是否存在某種聯(lián)系呢？由許多哲學家所提出的論點，是由兩部分組成的：第一，試圖論證基督教文化比任何其他文化更加重視歷史；第二，這種對于歷史的重視在意識形態(tài)上有利于文藝復興和科學革命時期近代自然科學的發(fā)展”---李約瑟“中國與西方的時間觀和歷史觀”載《李約瑟文集》Outline

TemporalCognitionTemporalPerspectiveTime-relatedIndividualDifferenceTemporalCognitionBehavioralresearchMacro-levelNeuralBasesofTemporalBehavior

Micro-levelTemporalCognition:Macro-levelResearchparadigm-prospectivevs.retrospective

ModelsofExperiencedDuration-ProspectiveTiming

1.InternalClock2.Resourceallocationmodel3.TemporalInformationProcessing4.AttentionalGateModelsofRememberedDuration-RetrospectiveTiming1.Memory-BasedModels:

-StorageSizeHypothesis-CognitiveChangeHypothesis2.ShortcomingsandLimitationsRrange-SyntheticModel

nextreturnreturnreturnreturnTemporalcognition:Macro-levelFactorsinfluencingtemporalcognition1.Age-relateddifferenceBlock,R.A.,Zakay,D.,&Hancock,P.A.(1998).Humanaginganddurationjudgments:Ameta-analyticreview.Psychology&Aging,13,584-596.Block,R.A.,Zakay,D.,&Hancock,P.A.(1999).Developmentalchangesinhumandurationjudgments:Ameta-annalisticreview.DevelopmentalReview,19,183-2112.Gender

Block,R.A.,Hancock,P.A.,&Zakay,D.(2000).Sexdifferenceindurationjudgments:Ameta-analyticreview.Memory&Cognition,28,1333-1346.

TemporalCognition:Macro-levelFactorsinfluencingtemporalcognition

3.PersonalityRammsayer,T.H.(1997).Ontherelationshipbetweenpersonalityandtimeestimation.Personalityandindividualdifferences,

23,739-7444.MentalillnessADHD,Parkinson'sdisease,Amnesia,Alzheimer'sdisease,Schizophrenia,Stutter,Emotion5.NotemporaltaskModalityeffect

notemporaltaskBehaviouralProcessing,1998,2000.HelgaLejeune

Prospectivetiming,attentionandtheswitch:Aresponseto‘Gatingorswitching?gatingisabettermodelofprospectivetiming’byZakay

Switchingorgating?Theatttentialchallengeincognitivemodelsofpsychologicaltime.DanZakay

Gatingorswitching?Gatingisabetter:modelofprospectivetiming(aresponseto‘switchingorgating?’byLejeune)NeuralBasesofTemporalBehavior:

Micro-levelRammsayer,T.H.(1993).Ondopaminergicmodulationoftemporalinformationprocessing.BiologicalPsychology,36,209-222.Meck,W.H.(1996).Neuropharmacologyoftimingandtimeperception.

CognitiveBrainResearch,3,227-242.Rammsayer,T.H.(1999).NeuropharmacologicalEvidenceforDifferentTimingMechanismsinHumans.TheQuarterlyJournalofExperimentalPsychology,52B(3),273-286Rammsayer,T.H.et.al(2001).EffectsofnoradrenergicactivityontemporalinformationprocessinginhumansTheQuarterlyJournalofExperimentalPsychology,54B(3),247-258RonaldP.Gruber,R.P.(2003).Effectofcaffeineonprospectiveandretrospectivedurationjudgements.HumanPsychopharmacology,18:351–359.AnintroductiontoContigentNegativeVariation(CNV)?1.s1(warningsignal)----s2(targetsignal)CNVreflectanticipatoryprocessingandmotorpreparationprocessingofS22.Themonophasicwaveform(1-3s)andbiphaiscwaveformofCNV(exceeding3-4s)3.Electrophysiologicalcorrelatesoftimeestimation

(ortemporalperception)

Contigentnegativevariationandaccuracyoftimeestimation:Astudyoncats(Macar,etal,1979)CNVandtimeestimation(Ladanyi,etal,1985)TheprocessingoftemproalintervalsreflectedbyCNV-likebrainpotentials(Elbert,etal,1991)AtypicalCNVwaveformTheDifferencebetweenNontemporalandTemporalInformationProcessingbyERPResearchERPsandPETAnalysisofTimePerception:SpatialandTemporalBrainMappingDuringVisualDiscriminationTasks,HumanBrainMapping,2000HemisphericLateralizationofTemporalInformationProcessingbyERPresearchFornontemporalinformationprocessingLefthemisphereforencodingRighthemisphereforretrievingMonfort,etal(2000)Roleoffrontalcortexinmemoryforduration:anevent-relatedpotentionalstudyinhumans.NeuroscienceLettersLevelofperformanceintemporalinformationprocessingreflectedbyERPResultsfromPETshowbrainactivitychangesafterpractice,fewerstructuresareactive,andgloballevelofactivityislower.Theamplitudeofbrainwavesdecreasesaftertrainingintemporaltask.GrandaverageCNVsrecordedovertheprefrontalcortex(Fz)inadurationreproductiontask(Casini,L.,&Macar,F.,1996)Casini&Macar(1996)Canthelevelofprefrontalactivityprovideanindexofperformanceinhumans.NeuroscienceLetters.Age-relateddifferenceintemporalinformationprocessingbyERPresearchredfor0.6sandbluefor3s,withareasofoverlapshowingingreen.Brainactivationpatternsduringmeasurementofsub-andsupra-secondintervals,Neuropsychologia41(2003)1583–1592Brainareasresponsiblefortimekeeping.ChangesinrCBFthatcovariedsignificantlywiththedurationsofthetargetbeingperceivedbysubjectswerefoundinthedorsolateralprefrontalcortex(DLPFC),theposteriorpartoftheinferiorparietalcortex(IPPC),basalgangliaandposteriorcingulatecortex.TheresultsindicatethataneuralnetworkcomposedoftheposteriorinferiorparietalcortextotheDLPFCplaysacrucialroleinthetemporalmonitoringprocessintimeperception.TemporalPerspectiveComponentsofexperientialtimewithintheselfThemultidimensionalnatureandmeasurementoftemporalperspectiveCorrelatesoffuture-orientationChangesacrossthelife-spanDisturbancesoftemporalperspectivedueto:1.hypnosis2.delinquency3.mentalillnessRoleofTimeinAutobiographicalMemory

AutobiographicalmemoryanditsrelationshiptoothermemorysystemsThetemporalorganizationofpersonalmemories:1.Theuseoftemporalreferenceframesinremembering2.ChildhoodamnesiaEventdating:1.Factorsinfluencingtheaccuracyofeventdating

2.Reconstructiveprocessesthroughtemporalschemasandlandmarks3.PublicmemoriesofnewseventsProspectivememoryTime-relatedIndividualDifference

DimensionBriefdefinitionTimeorientation

Preferenceforfocusingonthepast,thepresentorthefutureTimeurgency