2022年9月公共英語四級考試真題及答案

1-20略

PartA

Directions:

ReadthefollowingtextandfilleachofthenumberedspaceswithONEsuitableword.

WriteyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.

IntheyearsafterWorldWarII,Americanstypicallyassumedthefullresponsibilities

ofadulthoodbytheirlateteensorearly20s.Mostyoungmenhad(21]_schooland

wereworkingfull-time,andmostyoungwomenwere(22)_andraisingchildren.

Peoplewhogrew(23)_inthiseraofgrowingaffluencewereeconomicallyserf-

sufficientandabletotakecareofothersbythetimetheyhadweathered

adolescence.Today,adulthoodnolonger(24)_whenadolescenceends.

Socialscientistsarebeginningtorecognizeanewphaseoflife:earlyadulthood.

Somefeaturesofthisstageresemblecomingofage(25)_thelate19thandearly

20thcenturies,(26)_youthfingeredinastateofsemi-autonomy,waiting(27)_

theyweresufficientlywell-offtomarry,havechildrenandestablishanindependent

(28)_However,thereareimportantdifferences(29)_howyoungpeopletoday

defineandachieveadulthoodfromthoseofboththerecentandthemoredistant

past.

Thisnewstageisnotmerelyanextensionofadolescence,(30)_hasbeen

maintainedinthemassmedia.Youngadultsarephysicallymatureandoften(31)_

impressiveintellectual,

socialandpsychologicalskills.Norareyoungpeopletodayreluctanttoacceptadult

responsibilities.Instead,theyarebusy(32)_uptheireducationalcredentialsand

practicalskillsinanevermoredemandinglabormarket.Yet,manyhavenotbecome

fullyadult,(33)_theyarenotready,orperhapsnotpermitted,todo(34)_.Fora

growingnumber,thiswillnothappenuntiltheirlate20sorevenearly30s.In(35)

,Americansocietywillhavetoreviseupwardthe"nomial"ageoffulladulthood,

anddevelopwaystoassistyoungpeoplethroughtheever-lengtheningtransition.

【答案解析】

21.completed/finished

【精析】此題考察句意推斷。由上下文以及人生成長階段的常識可知，此句要表達

的意思是大多數年輕男性在二十歲左右已經完成學業(yè)，開始工作了，故填

completed/finished均可。

22.married

【精析】此題考察句意推斷。由后文的raisingchildren可知，此句要表達的是多

數年輕女性已結婚生子，故填married。

23.up

【精析】此題考察動詞詞組的搭配及用法。根據句意不難理解，此句的主語是在這

個黃金開展時代成長起來的人們，growup意為"成長，長大"，故填up。

24.begins/tarts/commences

【精析】此題考察前后文的構造對照。句中將“成年期"與“青年期〃對照，后半句

說的是青年期的完畢，由推測可知，前半句應為成年期的開始。整句表達的是，成

年期并不隨著青春期的完畢而開始，故填begins/starts/commences均可。

25.in

【精析】此題考察介詞的用法。在十九世紀末二十世紀初，用介詞in,故填in。

26.when

【精析】此題考察關系副詞的用法。此句為when引導的非限制性定語從句，修飾

前面表示時間的先行詞“十九世紀末二十世紀初〃，故：填when。

27.until/till

【精析】此題考察句意推斷及連詞的用法。由上下文得知，此句表達的是年輕人要

等到足夠富有了才結婚生子，故填until/till均可。

28.family/household/home

【精析】此題考察句意推斷。由上下文可推斷，此處要表達的意思是建立一個獨立

的家庭，故填family/household/home均可。

29.in

【精析】此題考察句意理解及介詞的用法。此句要表達的是如今的青年人在定義與

實現成年期問題上與過去的人有很大不同。表達“在…方面〃應用介詞in,故填in。

30.which

【精析】此題考察非限制性定語從句。前面主句中的"anextensionofadolescence"

為先行詞。此句意為“這個新階段并不像群眾媒體所堅持認為的那樣是青少年時期

的延伸"，故填which。

31.have/own/possess

【精析】此題考察句意理解及句型構造。此句由and連接兩個并列謂語，意為“年

輕的成年人生理發(fā)育成熟，常常擁有驚人的智慧、社交技能和心理承受技能〃，故

填have/own/possess均可。I32.building/strengthening

【精析】此題考察動詞短語的搭配及用法。整句句意為“年輕人忙于加強他們的教

育背景，提升理論技能〃。building/strengthening意為"建立，增進，加強〃，

又因為bebusy(in]doin9的固定搭配，故填building/strengthening均可。

33.because/for/since

【精析】此題考察邏輯關系。此句意為“很多年輕人還沒有完全成年是因為他們還

沒有準備好〃，故填because/for/since均可。

34.so/this

【精析】此題考察句意理解。很多年輕人沒有完全成年因為他們還沒有準備好這樣

做。so/this指代前面的"becomefullyadult",故填so/this均可。

35.fact/reality

【精析】此題考察介詞短語：infact/inreality"事實上，實際上〃，故填fact/

reality均可。

PartB

Directions:

Readthefollowingthreetexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,

B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.

Text1

Inthelast30years,scienceandtechnologyhavehadatrulydramaticimpacton

sports.Therearethreemajorreasonsforthis.First,newartificialmaterialshave

appearedandbeenusedin

manysports-sometimestorevolutionaryeffect.Second,ourdesignexpertisehas

improved,partlythroughthedevelopmentofcomputersandothertechnicaltools.

Weknowmoreandcanplanandpredictmoreaccuratelyinmanycriticalareas.The

thirdreasonwhyscienceandtechnologyhavehadanincreasingimpactisthatthere

isnowthemoneyandthemotivationforthemtodoso.Inavarietyofways,sport

hasbecomeverybigbusiness,andinthematterofwinningorlosing,verylarge

amountsofmoneymaybeatstake.

Technologyhasinfluencedspecificsportsinmanyways.Whereveracommercial

massmarketisinvolved,technicalchangemaybepromotedlargelyforthesakeof

change,tomakethisseason'sproductseemdifferentfromthatoflastseason.An

exampleofthistrendisintheendlesssearchfortheperfectsportsshoe.

Anatomicallyprecisesupportfortheheelandankle,airsacsforextraspringand

comforteachyearbringapparentnewrefinements.Eveninretirement,basketball's

MichaelJordanremainsoneofsport'sbiggestearnersbecauseofthedealhesigned

endorsingtheAirJordanshoe;andoneoftherichestsportspeopleofaltthoughhis

winningsthesedaysareminimatistheveterangolferArnoldPalmer,thankstohis

endorsementsofthelatestingolftechnology.

Moresignificantstillinmodemsportshavebeenmoregeneraleffectsof

technologicaladvance.Ithasprovidedthemeansfortimingathletestothousandths

ofasecond-andthemeansofreplayinganeventtocheckwhowonortoseeifa

break-ruleoccurred.Ithasputsportontelevision,somillionscanwatchwithout

movingfromtheirownhomes.Ithasprovidedthemeansfortestingforillegaldrugs.

Ithasalso,forbetterorworse,givensportsmenandwomenanewattitudetowards

theirownbodiesencouragedalsobythehighstakes,thesponsorshipandthe

feveredmediaattention.Technologyhelpsthemplanthebestdietandexercise

regimes;ithascreatedheartandlungmonitorsthatmeasurestressandoxygen

intake;anditallowsathletestokeepaconstantcheckontheirownphysical

problemsandprogress.Intermsofnutrition(fuel)andtraining(maintenance],the

modemsportspersonistreated-andtreatshimselforherself-likeamachine.

36.Accordingtotheauthor,sporthasbecomeverybigbusinessinthesensethat

Aitneedshigh-techmaterials.

Bitrequiresbusinessmanagement.

Citinvolvesthewideuseofcomputers.

Ditseemsamatterofbigmoney.

37.Theexampleofsportsshoessuggeststhatthetechnologicaladvancesinmodem

sportsare

Aencouragedbycommercialinterests.

Bsupportedbyfamoussportspeople.

Cattributedtobasketballperformance.

Dsubjectedtocomputertechnology.

38.Thetextsuggeststhatsomeoftherichsportsmen

Acooperatewithcompaniestodevelophigh-techsportsproducts.

Bareinterestedinpromotingthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.

Careselfishlyearningmoneybypromotingnewsportsproducts.

Dplayapositiveroleinpromotinghigh-techsportsproducts.

39.Bysaying“themodernsportspersonis...likeamachine”,theauthoremphasizes

thesenseof

Arigidity.

Binhumanity.

Cpreciseness.

Dautomation.

40.Thestatementthatbestsummarizesthetextis

Asportspeopleseekhigh-techproductsforbetterperformance.

Bscienceandtechnologyhaveplayedasignificantroleinsports.

Cscienceandtechnologyhavehelpedimprovethesportsenvironment.

Dsomesportspeoplehavebenefitedfinanciallyfromnewtechnology.

Text2

MostofusAmericanshaveavague,uneasysenseofwickedwastefulness.Wethrow

outthenever-openedpackoffoodthat'spastitssell-bydatebeforeansweringacall

onthefourthmobilephonewehavehadinfiveyears.Wegazearoundourliving

spacegroaningatthesheerquantityoflittle-usedclothing,blockingituplikea

bloodclotinanarterialvein.

Ourdespairisgenuineatthewaywearerunningoutoftheearth'sresourcesandat

thefactthatwehavesomuchwhentwo-thirdsoftheworld'spopulationonlyjust

getenoughtoeatanddrink.Yetwefeelcompletelypowerlesstodoanythingabout

it,toobusy,irritableandtiredtofocusonpracticalsteps.

Fortheproblemgoesevendeeperthanmaterialwastefulness:Weknowweare

wastingourtime,ourbeing,ourlives.Wehavecompromisedinourchoiceofcareer,

lovers,friends;weputonafacetomeetthefacesthatwemeet.Trappedin

marketingcharacters,notonlyinourofficepoliticsbutinourintimaterelationships,

too,weplaytoomanygames.

Deepdown,weknowthatit'stimeto"getalife",tostopbeingdistractedby

pointlessconsumerism,unrealrelationships,and"Affluenza-infected"career

ambitions.

Thefirststeptosalvationistounderstandhowmuchitisnotyourfault.Ifyouread

VancePackard's1958bookabouttheadvertisingindustry,TheHiddenPersuaders,

itprovesthatlongagoretailersweredevisingwaystodeliberatelydeceiveusinto

confusingmixedwantswithtrueneedsinordertokeeptheconsumption

bandwagonrolling.Inrecentyears,manufacturershaveintention-allyspeededup

therateatwhichelectronicgoodsbecomeobsolescentandinsteadoftheproperre-

paircustomerservicesthatusedtoexist,therearemerelyexpensivehelp-lines,

WhenyourtoasterorprinterorMP3musicdevicebreaksdownafteronlyayear,it

isnoaccidentthatthereisnoonewhowillrepairthem-"it'dcostmorethanbuying

anewone,love".

Sothisisaselfishcapitalistsystemwhichisdesignedtomaximizeprofitsthrough

rapidturn-overof"newer,better"goodsthatbreakdownsoonerandaredesigned

tobeirreparable.It'snotyourfault!

Whatyoucandoiswithdrawasmuchaspossiblefromtheconsumptiongame.

Everytimeyouareabouttobuysomethingaskyourself,"doIneedthis,ordoIjust

wantit.'?"

41.MostAmericans,accordingtotheauthor,feeluneasyabout

Adependingtoomuchonmoderntechnology.

Bfailingtosolveproblemsintheirlives.

Chavingtoolittlelivingspace.

Dwastingtoomanyresources.

42.Bysaying"weplaytoomanygames",theauthorwantstoshow

Awearewastingourlives.

Bwemaketoomanymistakes.

Cwedonottakeourlifeseriously.

DIwearetoobusyenjoyingourselves.

43.Tomakeourselvesfeelbetter,weshouldfirst

Afigureoutwhomtoblameforourexcessiveconsumption.

Bavoidmakingunnecessarypurchasesinourdailylife.

Cpickoutmisleadingmessagesintheadvertisement.

Dexercisecautionwhenmakingabigpurchase.

44.WelearnfromParagraph5that

Athequalityofgoodsisgettingworserecently.

Bcustomersaremoreoftenmislednowadays.

Cwearedeceivedintomakingapurchase.

Dadvertisershavebecomeveryclever.

45.Theauthoradvisesustobuy

Amorethanweneed.

Bonlywhatwewant.

Cmorethanwewant.

Donlywhatweneed.

Text3

SusanBaronessGreenfieldisaBritishinstitution.Inacountrythatperceivesits

scientistsaswhite-coatedeccentrics,andprobablymale,LadyGreenfieldis

fashionable,extravagant,andfemale.Atleast,thatistheimageshehassoughtto

projectasapopulariserofscience.Sheisaccused,though,ofbringinganother

Britishinstitution,theRoyalInstitution(RI),tothevergeofbankruptcy.TheRI,of

whichshewasdirectorfrom1998untillastFriday(January8th),hasmadeherjob

redundant.Shesayssheplanstorespondwithasuitforsexualdiscrimination.

LadyGreenfield,aneuroscientistatOxfordUniversity,wasrecruitedtoshakeupthe

twocenturyoldinstitutionbecauseshehadmadeanameforherself,particularlyon

television,asoneofthepopularfacesofscience.TheRIis,inpart,amembers'club

famousforitsChristmaslectures"adaptedtoajuvenileaudience",whichare

broadcastontelevisioneveryyear,anditsFridayeveningdiscourses(blackties,

please,gentlemen),inwhichprominentscientistschatabouttheirworkfor

preciselyanhour-nomoreandnoless-beforeeveryoneis

servedteaandchocolatecake.Butitisalsoaseriousresearchlaboratory(oneofthe

longest-establishedintheworld],lookingintothingslikethemedicalapplicationsof

nanotechnology.

LadyGreenfield'soffence,ifoffenceitbe,wastomodernizetheRi'sheadquartersin

May-fair,oneofthemoststylishpartsofLondon,withoutpropercostcontrol.The

redecorationincludedahigh-classbarandrestaurantthatareopentothegeneral

public.Sadly,theseopenedforbusinessinOctober2022-theleastfavorable

momentimaginableforsuchaventure.

Theredecoration,whichcost------22m,muchofwhichwasraisedbysellingthe

institution'ssharesofproperty,haslefttheRI------3mindebt,andthetrustees

havedecidedthatonewaytocutcostsistocutthejobofdirector.LadyGreenfield,

thefirstfemaledirectorinalinethatstretchesbackthroughMichaelFaradayto

HumphryDavy,seemstosuspectthatfinancialconsiderationswerenottheonly

oneswhenthisdecisionwasmade.

Insteadofadirector,theRIistobeledbyanewly-inventedchiefexecutiveofficer,

inthepersonofChrisRofe.Mr.Rofe,whowasappointedinApril2022,hasadegree

inbusinessadministration,notscience.Giventhedebt,though,perhapsan

alchemist,apersonwhodevoteshimselftoturningordinarymetalsintogold,would

bethemostappropriatepersonforthejob.

46.BysayingLadyGreenfieldis"aBritishinstitution",theauthormeans

Asheiswell-knowninBritain.

BsheownsaBritishassociation.

CsheissuingaBritishinstitution.

DsheisaccusedbyaBritishinstitution.

47.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheRI?

AItprovidesone-hour-longclubactivitiesforfamousscientists.

BItoffersspecialannualChristmaslecturesforyoungpeople.

CItenjoysalonghistoryofscientificresearchinmedicine.

DItmakesanameforpopularizingscienceontelevision.

48.LadyGreenfieldwasblamedfor

AmisunderstandingthesignificanceoftheRi'smodernization.

BmisjudgingtheRi'sbusinessopportunitiesinLondon.

CmismanagingthecostsfortheRi'sredecoration.

DmistimingtheopeningoftheredecoratedRI.

49.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph4that

AtheRIhassoldallitspropertyforredecoration.

BtheredecorationhasunderminedtheRfsreputation.

CtheRIfiredLadyGreenfieldtocutredecorationcosts.

DLadyGreenfieldthoughtherdismissalunfair.

50.HowdoestheauthorfeelabouttheprospectsoftheRi'sgettingoutoffinancial

trouble?

AConfident.

BSuspicious.

COptimistic.

DCautious.

【參考答案】

Text1

36.D37.A38.D39.C40.B

Text2

41.D42.A43.A44.B45-D

Text3

46.A47.B48.C49.D50.B

PartC

Directions:

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved,ForQuestions51-55,

choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumbered

blanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonot.fitinanyoftheblanks.Markyour

answersontheANSWERSHEET.

TheInternetandmobilephoneshavetransformedourconnectionstopeople

aroundtheworld.Thistechnologyhasalso,however,ledtoawideninggendergap

inpoorercountries.Foritislargelymenwhocontroltheinformationrevolution

thathelpstoeducate,informandempower.

Inlow-andmiddle-incomecountries,awomanis21percentlesslikelythanaman

toownamobilephone,accordingtoresearchdonebyGSMA.InAfrica,womenare

23percentlesslikelythanamantoownacellphone.IntheMiddleEastthefigureis

21percentandinSouthAsia,37percent.

Thefactorsdrivingwomen'slackofconnectivityvaryfromcommunityto

community.Buttheendresultisalwaysthesame:disempowerment.(51)_This

disturbingfindingishighlightedbytheUnitedNations/OverseasDevelopment

Institute-ledMYWorldsurvey,amajor,inclusiveglobalpoll.Respondentswere

askedtoranktheirpriori-ties-includingpoliticalfreedoms,betterhealthcare,

protectionfromviolenceandcrime—inmakingtheworldbetter.Theycouldvote

paper,onlineorbymobilephone.(52)_

Thesurveyhasalreadygathered1.5millionvotes.Womenarejustaskeenasmen

tohavetheirviewsheardengagementofflineisa50-50splitbetweenwomenand

men,onlinewomenhavevotedmorethanmen,witha5248split.

(53)_ConsiderYemen,where121,000peoplevotedontheirmobilephones.Of

those,81,000weremen.

Overall,womenrespondentspickededucation,healthcareandbetterjob

opportunitiesastheirtopprioritiesinmakingtheworldbetter.(54)_Gettingmore

mobilephonesintothehandsofwomeninlow-andmiddle-incomecountrieswill

notbeeasybecausethereasonsbehindtheirlackofownershiparesovaried.But

therearesomesolutions.

Inthesecountriestherearetypicallythreekeybarriers:Mobilephonesaretoo

expensive,themonthlybillsaretoohighorthereisnourgentneedtoownone.

Governmentsshouldhelplowerthesebarriers.Theyshouldsetuptransparent

regulatorysystemsthatwouldencouragemoremobilephoneproviderstoenterthe

market.Morecompetitionmeanslowerpricesandmoreaffordableplans.

(55)_Governmentsshouldalsosubsidizecomputerandsmartphoneownershipfor

low-incomepeople.

A.Amobilephonecanbringbenefitstowomen,andmanyoftheseweintheWest

takeforgranted:personalsafety,reliableconnectiontofriendsandfamilyand

accesstocommerceandjobopportunities.

B.MostimportantforaworlddominatedbyFacebookandTwitterande-polls,a

mobilephonegiveswomenavoice.

C.Butmobilevotinghastoldadifferentstory.Thedifferenceinresponserates

betweenthesexesisobvious.Oftheroughly380,000respondentswhotookthe

surveyviamobile,only25percentwerewomen.

D.Butifyousawonlythemobilevote,theirviewswouldhavebeendilutedbecause

mendominated.Ifwomenownedmobilephonesinequalnumbers,theiraccessto

education,healthcareandbetterjobswouldindeedbeimproved.

E.Womenarenotjustmissingoutoneducationalandeconomicopportunities

becausetheydon'townmobilephones.Theyarelosingavoice.

F.Theresultswillhelpworldleadersastheydeliberateonthepost-2022global

developmentagendathisweek,duringtheconferenceoftheU.N.Commissionon

theStatusofWomen.

G.Inaddition,governmentsshouldensurethatwomenhaveaccesstomicrofinance

planstohelppurchasephones.Theyshouldstrivetomakeequalaccesstomobile

connectivitypartoftheirdevelopmentplans.

【參考答案】

51.E

52.F

53.C

54.D

55.G

PartD

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto

Chinese.WriteyourtranslationclearlyontheANSWERSHEET.

Wehaveknowntheelephants,thegreatestlandmammalofthemall-highly

sensitive,intelligent,family-oriented,big-toothedcreatures-foraverylongtime,

andtheyhaveknownus.Ithasbeenatortuousrelationship,andonethatisstill

evolving.(56)Wehavelookeduptoelephantsasgods,butkilledthemfortheir

ivory,andcapturedandenslavedthemtobeourbeastsofburdeninworkandwar,

andforourentertainment.

Earlierthismonth,RinglingBrothersandBarnum&BaileyCircusannouncedthatit

haddecidedtophaseelephantsoutofitspublicspectacles,retiringitsremaining

forty-threeworkingelephantstoaparkitownsinFlorida,wheretwenty-nine

elephantsalreadylive.(57)Thedecisionfollowsyearsofpressurefromanimal-

rightsgroups,andispartofatrendthathasbeengatheringstrengthforyears.Most

othercircusesintheUnitedStatesandWesternEuropehavestopped

usingtheanimalsbecausetheroutineuseofprods,cages,andchains,bothto

transportelephantsandtoforcetheirobedience,hascometobeseenbygrowing

numbersofpeople,includingcircusgoers,ascruel.

TheRinglingnewsisstriking.(58)Inourgradualawakeningtotheideathatwe

mustprotecttheelephantfromenslavementandcruelty,itmaybepossibletohear

echoesofotherdawningsofconscience.Assomeonebornatatimeofwidespread

consensusthathumanslaverywasoneofhistory'smostdespicableandshameful

practices,(59)I'vealwaysbeenintriguedbytherealizationthat,duringthelifeof

mygreat-great-grandfather,therewereasignificantnumberofotherwiseintelligent

andsensitivewhiteAmericansandEuropeanswhoapparentlydidnotseeitthat

way.

AndthenIrecalltheexcitementthatIfeltatgoingtothecircusasachild.There

wereatleastflashesofdiscomfortwhenIwatchedastrainersusedprodstomake

elephantsholdeachother'stailswiththeirtrunksandswaybackandforthtomusic,

orshoutedcommandsforthemtokneel,toputtheirbottomsintheair.But,inthe

end,(60)thespectacle,thenoisyexcitementofthecrowds,andthepresenceof

grownupsallsignaledanacceptanceofthingsastheywere,andone'sawarenessof

theelephants'humiliationbecamesomehowlessacute.Asanadult,ithasbeen

easiertoperceivethetreatmentofcircuselephantsforwhatitis:cruel.

【參考答案】

56.我們一方面崇敬大象，將它們視為神，另一方面卻殺害它們，奪取象牙，捕獲

并奴役它們，將它們變成替我們干活和打仗的家畜，還要供我們娛樂。

57.這項決定是動物權益組織多年來施壓的結果，也反映了近年來力量漸盛的一種

趨勢。

58.在我們逐漸覺悟，認識到必須保護大象，使它們免于奴役和虐待的時候，或許

我們也能聽到源于良心的其他叩問。

59.我一直對一個問題感到很好奇，那就是，我覺察，在我高曾祖父生活的時代，

為數眾多的美國白人和歐洲白人聰明而又善解人意，卻唯獨在這件事情上明顯不這

樣認為。

60.整個場面、擁擠人群發(fā)出的歡呼以及在場成年人的表現都說明，人們認可事情

這樣的存在方式，不知怎么，他們對于大象所受到的恥辱沒有那么敏感了。

寫作

Directions:

61.Readthefollowingtextandwriteanessayto

1]summarizethemainpointsofthetext,

2)makeclearyourownviewpoint,and

3)justifyyourstand.

Inyouressay,makefulluseoftheinformationprovidedinthetext.Ifyouusemore

thanthreeconsecutivewordsfromthetext,usequotationmarks("〃].

Youshouldwrite160-200wordsontheANSWERSHEET.

Sunlightisfree.Turningitintoelectricityproducesnogreenhousegasesandthe

processisgettingcheapereveryyear.Thesefactssuggestsolarpoweroughtsoonto

beabigpartoftheworld'senergymix.However,itisunavailableatnightandis

mostefficientlygeneratedindeserts.Cantheseproblemsbeovercome?Or

issolarpowerforeverdestinedtobefinanciallyaidedgreenwashthatisapplied

superficiallytofossil-fuel-basedeconomiestomakethemseemmoreenviron,

mentallyfriendlythantheyreallyare?

Thismotiondependsonwhethertheworldneedssaving,andifso,fromwhat?

Therearetwoconventionalanswerstothesecondquestion.Oneis,"fromtheeffects

ofclimatechangebroughtaboutbyman-madeglobalwarming".Theotheris,"from

dependenceonfossilfuelst