Vocabulary1.crucialbecrucialto/for...對……至關(guān)重要playacrucialrole/partin...在……中起至關(guān)重要的作用Itiscrucialthat…至關(guān)重要的是……練習(xí)：Thislastpointis________.crucial2.comprisebecomprisedof.…包括/包含……，由……組成或構(gòu)成練習(xí)：Theseobjects__________functionsanddataofthesystem.comprise3.foundationlaya(firm/solid)foundationfor…為……打下（堅實的）基礎(chǔ)foundvt.創(chuàng)建，創(chuàng)辦；興建（城鎮(zhèn)或國家）；把……建立在。befoundedon…建立在……基礎(chǔ)上（近義詞組為bebasedon）foundern.創(chuàng)辦者，發(fā)起人練習(xí)：Itlaidsolid___________forthedevelopmentofthelocalarea.foundation4.plaintosee相當(dāng)于clear或obvious。練習(xí)：It's_____toseethatstudentsshouldgetwellpreparedfortheirfuture.plainLead-inReadingReadthearticleonpage20andfillinthefollowingtable.TheuseoftelescopestoexplorespaceTimeBreakthroughsUseIn1990(1)______________(2)____________________(3)__________TheKeplerTelescope(4)____________________(5)___________(6)________________TodetectcommunicationsignalsbetweenthestarsintheuniverseTheuseoftelescopestoexplorespaceTimeBreakthroughsUseIn1990TheKeplerSpaceTelescopeInrecentyearsTodetectcommunicationsignalsbetweenthestarsintheuniverseTheHubbleSpaceTelescopeToseefurtherthanground-basedtelescopes;toplayacrucialroleinthediscoveryofthemysteriousdarkenergyIn2009FASTTosearchforEarth-sizeplanetsorbitingotherstarsReading1.重大突破2.基于地面的

3.扮演關(guān)鍵角色

4.環(huán)繞其它恒星

5.跡象是光明的

6.也開發(fā)先進(jìn)的望遠(yuǎn)鏡

UsefulExpressionsmajorbreakthroughground-basedplayacrucialroleorbitotherstarssignsarepromisingdevelopadvancedtelescopesaswell7.創(chuàng)造性的

8.單口徑射電望遠(yuǎn)鏡9.極端靈敏

10.發(fā)現(xiàn)交流信號

11.重要工具12.僅僅被想象所限制

UsefulExpressionsinnovativethesingle-dishradiotelescopeextraordinarysensibilitydetectcommunicationsignalscrucialtoolsbemerelylimitedbyimagination

Forthousandsofyears,peoplehavelookedtothestarryskyandwonderedwhat,orwho,isoutthere.Intheearly1600s,Galileowasthefirsttousehistelescopetoexploretheskyandsincethen,telescopeshavecontinuallyimproved.Onemajorbreakthroughcamein1990,whentheHubbleSpaceTelescopewaslaunched.ThatHubbleisbasedinspaceallowsittoseefurtherthanground-basedtelescopes,anditallowsscientiststolearnmoreabouttheuniverse.Hubbleobservationshaveplayedacrucialroleinthediscoveryofthemysteriousdarkenergy.HubblewasfollowedbythekeplerSpaceTelescopein2009.Kepler’sscientificgoalistosearchforEarth-sizeplanetsorbitingotherstars.Whetherlifeonotherplanetsdoesexistisyettobeproved,butthesignsarepromising:KeplerhasdetectedmanysuitableplanetsthatarealmostthesamesizeastheEarth.Inrecentyears,Chinahasdevelopedadvancedtelescopesaswell.OneexampleistheinnovativeFAST,whichisthelargestsingle-dishradiotelescopeintheworld.Withadishthesizeof30footballfields,FASTisabletocarryoutobservationswithextraordinarysensitivity.Oneofitsscientificgoalsistodetectcommunicationsignalsbetweenthestarsintheuniverse.Itisclearthattelescopesarecrucialtoolsforspaceexplorationandthatdevelopingtherequiredtechnologywillhelpastronomersallovertheworldmakeexcitingdiscoveries.Howmuchwewilllearnfromthetelescopesismerelylimitedbyourimagination.總分總In1990In2009Inrecentyears

Forthousandsofyears,peoplehavelookedtothestarryskyandwonderedwhat,orwho,isoutthere.Intheearly1600s,Galileowasthefirsttousehistelescopetoexploretheskyandsincethen,telescopeshavecontinuallyimproved.幾千年來，人們仰望星空，想知道外面有什么，或者有什么人。17世紀(jì)早期，伽利略是第一個使用望遠(yuǎn)鏡探索天空的人，從那時起，望遠(yuǎn)鏡不斷得到改進(jìn)。Onemajorbreakthroughcamein1990,whentheHubbleSpaceTelescopewaslaunched.ThatHubbleisbasedinspaceallowsittoseefurtherthanground-basedtelescopes,anditallowsscientiststolearnmoreabouttheuniverse.Hubbleobservationshaveplayedacrucialroleinthediscoveryofthemysteriousdarkenergy.一個重大突破出現(xiàn)在1990年，當(dāng)時哈勃太空望遠(yuǎn)鏡發(fā)射升空。哈勃望遠(yuǎn)鏡位于太空中，這使它比地面望遠(yuǎn)鏡看得更遠(yuǎn)，也使科學(xué)家能夠更多地了解宇宙。哈勃望遠(yuǎn)鏡的觀測在發(fā)現(xiàn)神秘暗能量的過程中發(fā)揮了至關(guān)重要的作用。

HubblewasfollowedbytheKeplerSpaceTelescopein2009.Kepler’sscientificgoalistosearchforEarth-sizeplanetsorbitingotherstars.Whetherlifeonotherplanetsdoesexistisyettobeproved,butthesignsarepromising:KeplerhasdetectedmanysuitableplanetsthatarealmostthesamesizeastheEarth.繼哈勃之后，開普勒太空望遠(yuǎn)鏡于2009年升空。開普勒的科學(xué)目標(biāo)是尋找圍繞其他恒星運行的地球大小的行星。其他行星上是否存在生命還有待證實，但這些跡象是有希望的:開普勒已經(jīng)探測到許多與地球大小幾乎相同的適宜行星。

Inrecentyears,Chinahasdevelopedadvancedtelescopesaswell.OneexampleistheinnovativeFAST,whichisthelargestsingle-dishradiotelescopeintheworld.Withadishthesizeof30footballfields,FASTisabletocarryoutobservationswithextraordinarysensitivity.Oneofitsscientificgoalsistodetectcommunicationsignalsbetweenthestarsintheuniverse.近年來，中國也開發(fā)了先進(jìn)的望遠(yuǎn)鏡。其中一個例子就是創(chuàng)新的FAST，它是世界上最大的單碟射電望遠(yuǎn)鏡。FAST擁有30個足球場大小的天線，能夠以非凡的靈敏度進(jìn)行觀測。它的科學(xué)目標(biāo)之一是探測宇宙中恒星之間的通信信號。

Itisclearthattelescopesarecrucialtoolsforspaceexplorationandthatdevelopingtherequiredtechnologywillhelpastronomersallovertheworldmakeexcitingdiscoveries.Howmuchwewilllearnfromthetelescopesismerelylimitedbyourimagination.很明顯，望遠(yuǎn)鏡是太空探索的關(guān)鍵工具，發(fā)展所需的技術(shù)將有助于全世界的天文學(xué)家做出令人興奮的發(fā)現(xiàn)。我們能從望遠(yuǎn)鏡中了解到多少僅僅是受限于我們的想象力。Grammar1).名詞/代詞/數(shù)詞做主語Ⅰ.Whatissubject?2).不定式/動名詞做主語3).從句做主語4).

“it”充當(dāng)形式主語，真正的主語則放在句尾Ⅱ.Readthearticleagainandfindthesentenceswithsubjectclauses.Belowisanewspaperfeaturearticleontheuseoftelescopestoexplorespace.Findthesentenceswithsubjectclauses.ThatHubbleisbasedinspaceallowsittoseefurtherthanground-basedtelescopes,…主語從句連詞that為引導(dǎo)詞，不充當(dāng)成分Whetherlifeonotherplanetsdoesexistisyettobeproved,…主語從句連詞whether為引導(dǎo)詞，不可換成if,除非whether引導(dǎo)主語從句放在主句之后Itisclearthattelescopesarecrucialtoolsforspaceexplorationandthat…Howmuchwewilllearnfromthetelescopesismerelylimitedbyourimagination.真正的主語形式主語主語從句連接副詞howmuch為引導(dǎo)詞1.Wecanuseanounclauseasthesubjectofasentence.

我們可以使用一個名詞性從句作為一個句子的主語。★結(jié)論二：2.Wecanuse_____tointroduceasubjectclausewhentheclauseisastatement.當(dāng)從句是陳述句時，我們可以使用that來引導(dǎo)。that3.Wecanuse_________tointroduceasubjectclausewhentheclauseisayes-noquestion.

當(dāng)從句是一般疑問句時，我們可以使用whether來引導(dǎo)。whether

4.Wecanuse

tointroduceasubjectclausewhentheclauseisawh-question.

當(dāng)從句是特殊疑問句時，我們可以使用特殊疑問詞來引導(dǎo)。aquestionword

5.Weoftenuse______asthepreparatorysubjectwhenasubjectisverylong.當(dāng)主語很長的時候，我們可以使用it代替主語充當(dāng)形式主語。it1.That

theearthmovesaroundthesun

iswellknown.2.Whetherhewillcomeornotisnotknownyet.3.Where

wewillhaveapicnicshouldbediscussed.

Where

willwehaveapicnicshouldbediscussed.4.How

wegoforapicnicshouldbediscussed.

How

dowegoforapicnicshouldbediscussed.√×√×★結(jié)論三：主語從句應(yīng)使用_________語序。陳述句√√Ⅲ.判斷下列句子的語序是否正確1.Thesportsmeetingwillbeheldnextweek.Itiscertain.2.Willthesportsmeetingbeheldnextweek?Itisunknown.3.Whenwillthesportsmeetingbeheld?Itisunknown.即時訓(xùn)練合并句子

Thatthesportsmeetingwillbeheldnextweekiscertain.

或者Itiscertainthatthesportsmeetingwillbeheldnextweek.

Whetherthesportsmeetingwillbeheldnextweekisunknown.

或者Itisunknownwhether/ifthesportsmeetingwillbeheldnextweek.

Whenthesportsmeetingwillbeheldnextweekisunknown.

或者Itisunknownwhenthesportsmeetingwillbeheldnextweek.Ⅳ.主語從句的連接詞：連接詞連接代詞連接副詞that，whether，ifwhat,which,who,whom,whose,whatever，whichever,whoever,whomeverwhen,where,why,how一、that引導(dǎo)的主語從句1.

Lucywasadmittedtotheuniversitymadeusveryhappy.

露西被這所大學(xué)錄取了，我們非常開心。2.

theorymustgohandinhandwithpracticeisaprincipleweshouldalwayskeepinmind.理論必須與實踐相結(jié)合是我們應(yīng)該永遠(yuǎn)牢記的一項原則?！锝Y(jié)論四：that在主語從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分，也沒有含義，只起連接作用，但通常不能省略。ThatThat1.他明天要來我們村，讓我們都感到很驚訝。2.她過去是一名舞者，這我們大家都知道。即時訓(xùn)練中譯英

That

he

willcometoourvillagetomorrowsurprisesusall.

或者Itsurprisesusallthat

he

willcometoourvillagetomorrow.

That

she

usedtobeadancerisknowntoall.

或者Itisknowntoallthat

she

usedtobeadancer.二、whether/if引導(dǎo)的主語從句whether/if在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分，僅起連接作用，意為“是否”。用whether/if填空1.①._________we'llgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather.②.It’suncertain__________he’llcomethisevening.③.Whatheisnotsureis_________youwillleave.④.Hedoesn’tknow_____________youwillleave.Rule8:whether和if的區(qū)別小結(jié)1.主語從句位于句首時，用whether；

主語從句位于句尾時，用whether/if;

小結(jié)2.表語從句、同位語從句用whether;小結(jié)3.賓語從句中用whether/if

Whether

whether/if

whether

whether/if小結(jié)4.從句中有or或ornot時，用whether;2.①._________

ornothewillcomestillremainsaquestion.②.Itmakesnodifference_______youwillgotodayortomorrow.③.__________she’scomingornotdoesn’tmattertoomuch.

Whether

Whether

whether3.____youworkhard,youaresuretosucceed.If小結(jié)5.條件狀語從句用if.★結(jié)論五1.whether/if在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分，僅起連接作用，意為“是否”。

1).主語從句位于句首時，用whether；

主語從句位于句尾時，用whether/if；

2).表語從句、同位語從句用whether

；

3).賓語從句中用whether/if；4).名詞性從句中有or或ornot時，用whether；5).條件狀語從句用if.2.whether和if的區(qū)別：即時訓(xùn)練單句語法填空1.

itistrueremainsaquestion.2.Itisunknown

hewillattendthemeeting.3.Wedon'tknow

ornotshewasready.4.Hedoesn'tknow

togotothecinemaortowatchTVathome.5.Thequestionis

itisworthdoing.6.Thequestion

theworkwasworthdoinghadnotbeendecided.7.Wedon’tknow

theworkwasworthdoing.8.

youfailintheexam,youwillletyourparentsdown.

Whether

whether/if

whether

whether

whether

whether

whether/if

If三、連接代詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句連接代詞who，whoever，what，whatever，which，whose等引導(dǎo)主語從句時，既起連接作用，同時在從句中又充當(dāng)主語、賓語或表語等成分。1.broketheglassyesterdayisnotclear.昨天是誰打破的玻璃還不清楚。2.breaksthelawshouldbepunished.任何人觸犯法律都應(yīng)受到懲罰。3.Ireallyneedatpresentisyourunderstandingandsupport.

我現(xiàn)在真正需要的是你的理解和支持。4.wassaidheremustbekeptsecret.這里所說的一切都必須保密。5.caristhereisunknown.誰的車在那里沒人知道。6.

caryouwillchoosetobuymakesnodifference.你選擇買哪輛車沒有什么區(qū)別。

Who

WhoeverWhat

Whatever

Which

Whose主語主語賓語主語定語定語★結(jié)論六連接代詞指人/指物在名詞性從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞謜ho/whoeverwhat/whateverwhosewhich人物人的物的主語、賓語、表語主語、賓語、表語定語定語即時訓(xùn)練單句語法填空1.__________hereferredtoinhisarticlewasunknowntothegeneralreader.2.__________commitsacrimecanneverescapefrombeingpunished.3.________expectsagoodmarkintheexamissupposedtomakegreateffortsintheirdailylearning.4.__________pronunciationinEnglishisthebestintheclassisobvious.5.________struckmemostinthemoviewasthefather'sdeeploveforhisson.6.________teamwillwinthegameistillunknown.7.________willgiveusaspeechhasn’tbeendecided.8.Myparentsalwayssay__________theydoisforme.

WhatWhoeverWhoeverWhoseWhatWhichWhowhatever四、連接副詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句1.theywillcome

hasn‘tbeenmadepublic.

他們什么時候來還沒有公布。

2.hehasgoneisaquestion.他去哪里了是個問題。WhyHow時間狀語地點狀語原因狀語方式狀語連接副詞:

when,why,where,how

When

Where3.thereisgravityishardtounderstand.為什么這里有重力難于理解。4.hecanearnalivinginBritainremainsabigproblem.他怎樣在英國謀生仍舊是一個大問題?！锝Y(jié)論七連接副詞在名詞性從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞謜henwherewhyhow時間狀語地點狀語原因狀語方式狀語即時訓(xùn)練單句語法填空1.

hetookChinesenationalityin1901isaquestionthatinterestsus.2.

hecomeshasnotbeendecidedyet.3.

wecansolvethisproblemisnotcleartoeveryone.4.

Iwillspendmysummerholidayisasecret.

WhyWhenHowHow/Where五、it作形式主語(1).It+be+形容詞+主從.

形容詞:obvious，true，natural，likely，possible，certain…1.

isobvious

you'vemadeabigmistake.顯然，你犯了一個大錯。2.Sheworkssohard.

iscertain

shewilldoverywellintheexam.

她學(xué)習(xí)很用功。她一定會在這次考試中考得很好。3.

isunknowntousall

willtellusthelatestinformation.我們都不知道誰會告訴我們最新信息。

It

that

It

that

It

who(2).It+be+名詞短語+that從句。名詞短語：nowonder，anhonor，apity，goodnews，nosurprise，afact，ashame…1.Hestayeduptillmidnightlastnight.Itisnowonderthat

hefeelssosleepytoday.昨晚他熬夜到午夜。難怪他今天感覺這么困。2.Itisapitythat

shehasmadesuchamistake.她犯這樣的錯誤真是遺憾。3.It'snosurprisethat

ourteamhaswonthegame.

Itcomesasnosurprisethat

ourteamhaswonthegame.我們隊贏了這場比賽不足為奇。(3).It+be+過去分詞+that從句。過去分詞:said，believed，reported，thought，expected，decided，agreed，suggested…1.Itissaidthat

about20%of25-34-year-oldslivewiththeirparents,comparedwith16%in1991.

據(jù)說，有大約20%的25歲至34歲的人和他們的父母住在一起，相比于1991年的16%。2.Itisreportedthat

nopassengerswereinjuredintheaccident.

據(jù)報道，這起事故中沒有乘客受傷。注意!當(dāng)過去分詞是suggested，advised，ordered，requested，required等表示建議、要求、命令等的詞語時，從句要用虛擬語氣，即從句的謂語用"should+動詞原形"的形式，should可以省略。1.Itissuggestedthatthemeeting(should)beputoff.有人建議會議延期舉行。seem,happen,appear,look,occur,turnout…不及物動詞(4).It+不及物動詞+主語從句1.It

happenedthattheywereoutthatday.碰巧那天他們不在家。Ithappenedthat...碰巧……Itoccurredtomethat…我突然想起…Itseems/