ProfessionalEnglishinComputerFieldChapterFiveProgrammingLanguages1/15內(nèi)容正文HistoryofProgrammingLanguagesObject-orientedProgramming閱讀材料IntroductiontoTheC#LanguageandThe.NETFrameworkIntroductiontoPython2/151HistoryofProgrammingLanguages3/15KeyWordspunchcard n.穿孔卡片appearance n.外觀decimal adj.十進(jìn)位formulaic adj.公式Turingmachine 圖靈機(jī)magneticdrum 磁鼓assemblylanguage 匯編語言error-prone 易于犯錯Backus-NaurForm(BNF) BNF范式context-free 上下文無關(guān)lexical adj.詞匯;語詞4/15KeyWordspolymorphic adj.多形態(tài)tedious adj.冗長乏味defensecontractors 國防承包商postulate v.假設(shè)compilation n.編譯garbagecollection 垃圾回收statictyping 靜態(tài)驗證extendedstaticchecking 延伸靜態(tài)檢驗modularity n.模塊mixin n.混合類型delegate n.委托punctuation n.標(biāo)點符號5/15NotesItsprincipaluseisinrigorousanalysesofalgorithmiccomplexity.

Theintroductionoflexicalscopingfornamesinarbitrarilynestedscopes.

However,oneimportantnewtrendinlanguagedesignwasanincreasedfocusonprogrammingforlarge-scalesystemsthroughtheuseofmodules,orlarge-scaleorganizationalunitsofcode.

它主要應(yīng)用在對算法復(fù)雜性精密分析中。

在任意嵌套中引入了變量名語義（作用）范圍。

然而，語言設(shè)計一個主要新趨勢是應(yīng)用模塊或大型企業(yè)級代碼單元來開發(fā)大型系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)成為關(guān)注焦點。6/15NotesThelimitedspeedandmemorycapacityforcedprogrammerstowritehandtunedassemblylanguageprograms.ThedesignofJavawasamoreconservativeversionofideasexploredmanyyearsearlierintheSmalltalkcommunity,butthewidespreadadoptionoflanguagesthatsupportedfeatureslikegarbagecollectionandstrongstatictypingwasamajorchangeinprogrammingpractice.

有限速度和內(nèi)存容量迫使程序員手工編寫優(yōu)化了匯編程序。

Java設(shè)計比Smalltalk小區(qū)在很多年前就已經(jīng)探索過想法更保守，不過，對于支持垃圾回收和強(qiáng)靜態(tài)類型等特征編程語言廣泛采取是一個在實際編程中主要改變。7/152Object-orientedProgramming8/15KeyWordsobject-oriented adj.面向?qū)ο髉aradigm n.范例inheritance n.繼承modularity n.模塊性polymorphism n.多態(tài)性encapsulation n.封裝nascent adj.早期virtue n.優(yōu)點attribute n.屬性property n.屬性behavior n.行為9/15KeyWordsfeature n.特征jargon n.行話trait n.特征combinatorial adj.組合extrapolation n.推斷notion n.概念cement v.加強(qiáng)toolkit n.工具包，軟件包event-drivenprogramming 事件驅(qū)動編程思想virtualmachine 虛擬機(jī)10/15NotesObject-orientedprogramming'srootsreachallthewaybacktothecreationoftheSimulaprogramminglanguageinthe1960s,whenthenascentfieldofsoftwareengineeringhadbeguntodiscusstheideaofasoftwarecrisis.Object-orientedprogrammingmaybeseenasacollectionofcooperatingobjects,asopposedtoatraditionalviewinwhichaprogrammaybeseenasacollectionoffunctions,orsimplyasalistofinstructionstothecomputer.面向?qū)ο缶幊谈茨軌蜃匪莸?0年代出現(xiàn)Simula編程語言，當(dāng)初新生軟件工程界已經(jīng)開始討論軟件危機(jī)了。面向?qū)ο蟪绦蚩赡苣軌虮豢闯梢粋€由相互合作對象組成集合，而傳統(tǒng)看法則把程序看成由許多函數(shù)組成集合，或是簡單計算機(jī)指令集合。11/15NotesAclassshouldtypicallyberecognizabletoanon-programmerfamiliarwiththeproblemdomain,meaningthatthecharacteristicsoftheclassshouldmakesenseincontext.一個類通常對于熟悉問題域非程序員應(yīng)該是可識別，也就是說，類特征在上下文中應(yīng)該有意義。12/15ReadingMaterial1

IntroductiontoTheC#LanguageandThe.NETFramework

13/15ExercisesThe___________________wasanabstractionoftheoperationofatape-markingmachine,forexample,inuseatthetelephonecompanies.In1948,KonradZusepublishedapaperabouthisprogramminglanguage_____________________________________________,anearlysystemsprogramminglanguage,wasdevelopedbyDennisRitchieandKenThompsonatBellLabsbetween1969and1973.The1960sand1970salsosawconsiderabledebateoverthemeritsof___________________,whichessentiallymeantprogrammingwithouttheuseof________________.Inthe1980s,oneimportanttrendinlanguagedesignwasanincreasedfocusonprogrammingforlarge-scalesystemsthroughtheuseof_____________,or__________________________________ofcode.Object-orientedprogramming(OOP)isaprogrammingparadigmthatuses"__________"todesignapplicationsandcomputerprograms.__________isbehaviorthatvariesdependingontheclassinwhichthebehaviorisinvoked,thatis,twoormoreclassescanreactdifferentlytothesamemessage.A__________definestheabstractcharacteristicsofathing,includingthething'scharacteristics(itsattributesorproperties)andthethingsitcando(itsbehaviorsormethodsorfeatures).14/15questionsPleaselistatleast5kindsofprogramminglanguagesinthe1950sand1960s.Brieflydescribefourkindsofmajorlanguageparadigmsnowinuseinthisperiodbetween1967and1978.Brieflydescribethegreatchangesofprogramminglanguagesinthe1980s.HowdoestherapidgrowthoftheInternetinthemid-1