優(yōu)秀教材特點(diǎn)與編寫原則

LectureFive

Featuresofgoodmaterialsand

principlesforeffectivematerialsdevelopment12優(yōu)秀教材的特點(diǎn)Workingroupsanddiscuss:Whatdoyouthinka“good”Englishtextbooksshouldbelike?Haveyoueveruseda“verygood”Englishtextbook?Doyouseeanyproblemsinthetextbookyouareusingorhaverecentlyused?

22024/5/13BrianTomlinson,Ph.D.TESOLProfessor:(TeachingEnglishtoSpeakersofOtherLanguages對(duì)外英語教學(xué))Dr.BrianTomlinsonisconsideredtobeoneoftheworld'sleadingexpertsonmaterialsdevelopmentforlanguagelearning.In1993heestablishedtheworld'sfirstMAdedicatedtothestudyofmaterialsdevelopmentforlanguagelearning(attheUniversityofLutonintheUK)andhefoundedMATSDA(theinternationallyrenownedMaterialsDevelopmentAssociation).32024/5/13

Dr.BrianTomlinsonisconsideredtobeoneoftheworld'sleadingexpertsonmaterialsdevelopmentforlanguagelearning.In1993heestablishedtheworld'sfirstMAdedicatedtothestudyofmaterialsdevelopmentforlanguagelearning(attheUniversityofLutonintheUK)andhefoundedMATSDA(theinternationallyrenownedMaterialsDevelopmentAssociation).420featuresofgoodmaterialspartlytakenfromTomlinson(1998b)

(1)

Materials

should

achieve

impact.(2)

Materials

should

help

learners

to

feel

at

ease,(3)

Materials

should

help

learners

to

develop

confidence.(4)

Materials

should

meet

learner’s

needs.(5)

Materials

should

require

and

facilitate

learners

self-investment.(6)

Materials

should

get

the

learners

ready

to

acquire

the

pointsbeing

taught.(7)

Materials

should

expose

the

learners

to

language

in

authentic

use.(8)

Materials

should

draw

learners'

attention

to

linguistic

features

ofthe

input.(9)

Materials

should

provide

the

learners

with

opportunitiestousethe

target

language

to

achieve

communicativepurposes.52024/5/13(10)

Materials

should

take

into

account

that

the

positiveeffectsofinstruction

(teaching)

are

usually

delayed.(11)

Materials

should

take

into

account

that

learners

differinlearning

styles.(12)

Materials

should

take

into

account

that

learners

differ

inaffective

factors

attitudes

and

motivation.(13)

Materials

should

permit

a

silent

period

at

the

beginning

ofinstruction.(14)

Materials

should

maximize

learning

potential

by

encouragingintellectual,

aesthetic

and

emotional

involvement

which

stimulates

bothright

and

left

brain

activities.(15)

Materials

should

not

rely

t0o

much

on

controlled

practice,(16)

Materials

should

provide

opportunities

for

outcome

feedback,(17)

Materials

should

introduce

learning

methods

and

strategies

tosolve

problems.(18)

Materials

should

provide

a

stimulus

to

learning.(19)

Materials

should

be

student-centred.(20)

Materials

should

help

teachers

to

organize

the

teaching-learningprocess.62024/5/131.MaterialsshouldachieveimpactNovelty:beingnewVariety:differentactivities/tasks,differenttexts,differentvoices,etc.)Attractivelayout:attractivecolours,photographs,spaceAppealingcontent:topicsofinteresttothetargetlearners;topicswhichofferthepossibilityoflearningsomethingnew;engagingstories;universalthemes;localreferences72024/5/13話題新鮮內(nèi)容有趣版面美觀活動(dòng)多樣1.教材應(yīng)有吸引力：新、眾、美、趣82024/5/132.Materialsshouldhelplearnerstofeelatease.feelmorecomfortablewithmaterialswithlotsofwhitespacethantheydowithmaterialsinwhichlotsofdifferentactivitiesarecrammedtogetheronthesamepage;-aremoreateasewithtextsandillustrationsthattheycanrelatetotheirownculturethantheyarewiththosewhichareculturallyexotic(andthereforepotentiallyalien);-aremorerelaxedwithmaterialswhichareobviouslytryingtohelpthemtolearnthantheyarewithmaterialswhicharealwaystestingthem.92024/5/13本民族文化適量練習(xí)留白2.教材應(yīng)使學(xué)習(xí)者感到輕松自在102024/5/133.Materialsshouldhelplearnerstodevelopconfidence.theactivitieswhichtryto'push'learnersslightlybeyondtheirexistingproficiencybyengagingthemintaskswhicharestimulatingwhichareproblematicbutwhichareachievabletoo.theactivitiesencouragelearnerstouseandtodeveloptheirexistingextra-linguisticskills,suchasthosewhichinvolvebeingimaginative,beingcreativeorbeinganalytical.112024/5/133.教材應(yīng)幫助學(xué)習(xí)者樹立信心哪種方式更有利于真正幫助學(xué)習(xí)者樹立信心？A.簡化語言材料和語言活動(dòng)，讓學(xué)生用簡化的語言完成簡化的任務(wù)，

如：簡單的句型操練。B.讓學(xué)生運(yùn)用想象力，創(chuàng)造力等完成略高于自身語言水平的任務(wù)，

如：編小故事。1224.Materialsshouldmeetlearners’needs.Whatiscoveredinthematerialsshouldberelevantandusefultothelearners.132024/5/134.教材應(yīng)滿足學(xué)習(xí)者的需求相關(guān)性、實(shí)用性142024/5/135.Materialsshouldrequireandfacilitatelearnerself-investment.

Learningactivitiesrequirethelearnerstomakediscoveriesforthemselves.Itwouldseemthatlearnersprofitmostiftheyinvestinterest,effortandattentioninthelearningactivity.Materialscanhelpthemtoachievethisbyprovidingthemwithchoicesoffocusandactivity,bygivingthemtopiccontrolandbyengagingtheminlearner-centreddiscoveryactivities.152024/5/13分析課文，幫助學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)5.教材應(yīng)有助于學(xué)習(xí)者自主學(xué)習(xí)162024/5/136.Learnersmustbereadytoacquirethepointsbeingtaught.createsituationsensurethatthelearnershavegainedsufficientmasteryoverthedevelopmentalfeaturesofthepreviousstagebeforeteachinganewoneroughlytunetheinputsothatitcontainssomefeatureswhichareslightlyaboveeachlearner'scurrentstateofproficiencygetlearnerstofocusattentiononfeaturesofthetargetlanguagewhichtheyhavenotyetacquiredsothattheymightbemoreattentivetothesefeaturesinfutureinput.172024/5/136.教材內(nèi)容應(yīng)當(dāng)適合學(xué)習(xí)者的水平，具有較強(qiáng)可學(xué)性重大版favouriteteacher182024/5/131.教材應(yīng)有吸引力：新、眾、美、趣2.教材應(yīng)使學(xué)習(xí)者感到輕松自在3.教材應(yīng)幫助學(xué)習(xí)者樹立信心4.教材應(yīng)滿足學(xué)習(xí)者的需求5.教材應(yīng)有助于學(xué)習(xí)者自主學(xué)習(xí)6.教材內(nèi)容應(yīng)當(dāng)適合學(xué)習(xí)者的水平，具有較強(qiáng)可學(xué)性192024/5/137.Materialsshouldexposethelearnerstolanguageinauthenticuse.

Theinputshouldvaryinstyle,mode,mediumandpurposeandshouldberichinfeatureswhicharecharacteristicofauthenticdiscourseinthetargetlanguage.And,ifthelearnerswanttobeabletousethelanguageforgeneralcommunication,itisimportantthattheyareexposedtoplanned,semi-plannedandunplanneddiscourse(e.g.aformallecture,aninformalradiointerviewandaspontaneousconversation).202024/5/137.教材應(yīng)使學(xué)習(xí)者接觸真實(shí)的語言Howdoyoudo?Nicetomeetyou.Howdoyoudo?Nicetomeetyou,too.212024/5/138.Materialsshouldprovidethelearnerswithopportunitiestousethetargetlanguagetoachievecommunicativepurposes.

Learnersshouldbegivenopportunitiestouselanguageforcommunicationratherthanjusttopractiseitinsituationscontrolledbytheteacherandthematerials.222024/5/138.教材應(yīng)能為學(xué)習(xí)者創(chuàng)造運(yùn)用語言進(jìn)行真實(shí)交際的機(jī)會(huì)232024/5/139.教材應(yīng)使學(xué)習(xí)者注意到語言材料中的重要語言現(xiàn)象中介語：ShewatchTV.（漢語中動(dòng)詞沒有第三人稱變化）

大量接觸真實(shí)目的語，關(guān)注中介語與目的語的差異目的語：ShewatchesTV.母語：她看電視。242024/5/1310.Materialsshouldtakeintoaccountthatthepositiveeffectsofinstruction(teaching)areusuallydelayed.

Researchintotheacquisitionoflanguageshowsthatitisagradualratherthananinstantaneousprocessandthatthisisequallytrueforinstructedaswellasinformalacquisition.Learnerscannotbeexpectedtolearnanewfeatureandbeabletouseitinthesamelesson.Soitisimportantformaterialstorecycleinstructionandtoprovidefrequentandampleexposuretotheinstructedlanguagefeaturesincommunicativeuse.252024/5/1310.教材應(yīng)該考慮到語言學(xué)習(xí)的延遲效應(yīng)不斷循環(huán)重現(xiàn)262024/5/1311.Materialsshouldtakeintoaccountthatlearnersdifferinlearningstyles.VisualAuditoryKinaesthetic[?k?n?s'θet?k]StudialExperientialAnalyticGlobalDependentIndependent272024/5/13任務(wù)四：將以下學(xué)習(xí)者的風(fēng)格與對(duì)教材的需求進(jìn)行匹配11.教材應(yīng)考慮不同學(xué)習(xí)者的學(xué)習(xí)風(fēng)格282024/5/131.觸及實(shí)物來學(xué)習(xí)或按指令來完成任務(wù)2.喜歡以觀看方式來學(xué)習(xí)語言3.喜歡以聽的方式來學(xué)習(xí)語言4.喜歡運(yùn)用語言，關(guān)注交際內(nèi)容

和目的5.有意識(shí)地關(guān)注語言特點(diǎn)，對(duì)語

言的準(zhǔn)確性要求很高

A.視覺型B.聽覺型C.動(dòng)覺型D.研究型E.體驗(yàn)型6.不善于自己安排學(xué)習(xí)，喜歡依

賴?yán)蠋熀徒滩?.關(guān)注語塊，整合信息8.根據(jù)自己的語言學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)歷來安

排學(xué)習(xí)，善于運(yùn)用自主學(xué)習(xí)策

略9.關(guān)注語言的各個(gè)具體部分,習(xí)

慣于一步一步地展示語言材料F.分析型G.綜合型H.依賴型I.獨(dú)立型ABCDEHGIF292024/5/1312.教材應(yīng)關(guān)注不同學(xué)習(xí)者的情感態(tài)度和動(dòng)機(jī)提供不同題材和體裁的語言材料不同類型的語言學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)302024/5/13為動(dòng)機(jī)較強(qiáng)，更積極的學(xué)習(xí)者，提供額外的可以選擇的活動(dòng)。提供的教材盡可能多樣設(shè)計(jì)一些討論英語價(jià)值的話題與活動(dòng)盡可能滿足學(xué)習(xí)者的各種興趣和愛好考慮學(xué)習(xí)者的文化背景為學(xué)習(xí)困難的學(xué)習(xí)者提出建議此外，為盡可能滿足不同學(xué)習(xí)者的情感需求，教材應(yīng)努力做到：312024/5/1313.Materialsshouldpermitasilentperiodatthebeginningofinstruction.

Ithasbeenshownthatitcanbeextremelyvaluabletodelaylearners’speakingatthebeginningofacourseuntillearnershavegainedsufficientexposuretothetargetlanguageandsufficientconfidenceinunder-standingit.Thissilentperiodcanfacilitatethedevelopmentofaneffectiveinternalisedgrammarwhichcanhelplearnerstoachieveproficiencywhentheyeventuallystarttospeak.322024/5/1313.教材應(yīng)允許學(xué)習(xí)者在開始的階段有沉默期

為什么要在做了1a,1b,和1c之后才做說的訓(xùn)練？332024/5/13任務(wù)五：好的教材應(yīng)在沉默期設(shè)法給學(xué)習(xí)者提供開口說目的語做準(zhǔn)備的機(jī)會(huì)，你認(rèn)為下面哪些活動(dòng)恰當(dāng)？A.教材的前幾個(gè)活動(dòng)提供圖片讓學(xué)生描述B.設(shè)計(jì)以聽力理解的方式教授語言的活動(dòng)C.只要求學(xué)生理解，不需要使用語言表達(dá)的活動(dòng)D.根據(jù)指令做出身體反應(yīng)的活動(dòng)342024/5/137.教材應(yīng)使學(xué)習(xí)者接觸真實(shí)的語言8.教材應(yīng)能為學(xué)習(xí)者創(chuàng)造運(yùn)用語言進(jìn)行真實(shí)交際的機(jī)會(huì)9.教材應(yīng)使學(xué)習(xí)者注意到語言材料中的重要語言現(xiàn)象10.教材應(yīng)該考慮到語言學(xué)習(xí)的延遲效應(yīng)11.教材應(yīng)考慮不同學(xué)習(xí)者的學(xué)習(xí)風(fēng)格12.教材應(yīng)關(guān)注不同學(xué)習(xí)者的情感態(tài)度和動(dòng)機(jī)13.教材應(yīng)允許學(xué)習(xí)者在開始的階段有沉默期352024/5/1314.Materialsshouldmaximizelearningpotentialbyencouragingintellectual,aestheticandemotionalinvolvementwhichstimulatesbothrightandleftbrainactivities.Anarrowlyfocusedseriesofactivitieswhichrequireverylittlecognitiveprocessing(e.g.mechanicaldrills;rulelearning;simpletransformationactivities)usuallyleadstoshallowandephemerallearning.Howeveravariedseriesofactivitiesmaking,forexample,analytic,creative,evaluativeandrehearsaldemandsonprocessingcapacitycanleadtodeeperandmoredurablelearning.Inorderforthisdeeperlearningtobefacilitateditisveryimportantthatthecontentofthematerialsisnottrivialorbanalandthatitstimulatesthoughtsandfeelingsinthelearners.Itisalsoimportantthattheactivitiesarenottoosimpleandthattheycannotbetooeasilyachievedwithoutthelearnersmakinguseoftheirpreviousexperienceandtheirbrains.362024/5/1314.教材應(yīng)能充分利用學(xué)習(xí)者的智力、審美和情感等因素，刺激左右大腦活動(dòng)，從而充分發(fā)揮學(xué)習(xí)潛能372

15.Materialsshouldnotrelytoomuchoncontrolledpractice.Controlledgrammarpracticeactivitiesstillfeaturesignificantlyinpopularcoursebooksandareconsideredtobeusefulbymanyteachersandbymanylearners.Thisisespeciallytrueofdialoguepracticewhichhasbeenpopularinmanymethodologiesforthelast30yearswithouttherebeinganysubstantialresearchevidencetosupportit.382024/5/1315.教材不應(yīng)過分依賴控制型練習(xí)

Materialsshouldnotrelytoomuchoncontrolledpractice.

T:Hewalkstoschooleveryday.T:Go.Ss:Hegoestoschooleveryday.T:Run.Ss:Herunstoschooleveryday.T:Jump.Ss:Hejumpstoschooleveryday.特點(diǎn)：主要注重形式和精準(zhǔn)度?；顒?dòng)類型：操練句型、聽對(duì)話、重復(fù)對(duì)話控制型練習(xí)392024/5/1316.教材應(yīng)向?qū)W習(xí)者介紹學(xué)習(xí)方法和解決問題的辦法Materialsshouldintroducelearningmethodsandstrategiestosolveproblems.

學(xué)習(xí)方法402024/5/1317.教材應(yīng)提供多種途徑來“刺激”學(xué)習(xí)

Materialsshouldprovideastimulustolearning.

有意思的活動(dòng)412024/5/1318.教材應(yīng)就學(xué)習(xí)者的學(xué)習(xí)效果提供反饋

Materialsshouldprovideopportunitiesforoutcomefeedback.

反饋422024/5/13教材學(xué)習(xí)者教師用教材學(xué)用教材教19.教材應(yīng)體現(xiàn)以學(xué)習(xí)者為中心的原則Materialsshouldbestudent-centred.20.教材應(yīng)幫助教師組織好教學(xué)過程.Materialsshouldhelpteacherstoorganizetheteaching-learningprocess.432024/5/13PrincipleoflanguageacquisitionNo.1Aprerequisiteforlanguageacquisitionisthatthelearnersareexposedtoarich,meaningful,andcomprehensibleinputoflanguageinuse.Therefore,materialsshould:Containplentifulspokenandwrittentexts;Containauthenticlanguage;Contextualizeinput;Havenaturalrecyclingoflanguageitems.BasedonSLAresearchfindings,Tomlinson(2010)outlinedthefollowingprinciplesforeffectivematerialsdevelopment.442024/5/13PrincipleoflanguageacquisitionNo.2

Inorderforthelearnerstomaximizetheirexposuretolanguageinuse,theyneedtobeengagedbothaffectivelyandcognitivelyinthelanguageexperience.Materialsshouldstimulate:EngagementThinking452024/5/13PrincipleoflanguageacquisitionNo.3Languagelearnerswhoachievepositiveaffectmuchmorelikelytoachievecommunicativecompetencethanthosewhodonot.Therefore,materialsshould:beinteresting,relevant,andenjoyable;Setachievablechallenges;Stimulateemotiveresponsesthroughsongs,music,literature,etc.462024/5/13PrincipleoflanguageacquisitionNo.4L2languagelearnerscanbenefitfromusingthosementalresourceswhichtheytypicallyutilisewhenacquiringandusingtheirL1.Materialsshould:getlearnerstovisualiseand/oruseinnerspeechhelpthelearnerstoreflectontheirmentalactivityduringataskandthentotrytomakemoreuseofmentalstrategiesinasimilartask.472024/5/13PrincipleofLanguageAcquisitionNo.5Languagelearnerscanbenefitfromnoticingsalientfeaturesoftheinput.Therefore,materialsshould:useanexperientialapproachhelpthelearners(preferablyincollaboration)tomakediscoveriesforthemselves.482024/5/13教材的積極作用高水平、高質(zhì)量的教材對(duì)英語教學(xué)的積極作用：1）體系完整、內(nèi)容豐富、設(shè)計(jì)合理的教材有利于學(xué)生培養(yǎng)語言知識(shí)、語言技能、情感態(tài)度、文化意識(shí)、學(xué)習(xí)策略這五方面的綜合語言運(yùn)用能力。2）有利于更好地激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語的興趣。3）結(jié)構(gòu)合理、內(nèi)容豐富、活動(dòng)靈活多樣的教材有利于教師節(jié)省備課時(shí)間和精力，而且有利于他們?cè)诮虒W(xué)中創(chuàng)造性地使用教材，從而更好地培養(yǎng)教師自身的專業(yè)發(fā)展能力。492024/5/134）大多數(shù)正式出版的教材都是由英語教學(xué)專家或有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的教師編寫的。保證教學(xué)質(zhì)量和效果。5）選擇和使用合適的英語教材，有利于教學(xué)大綱或課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的有效實(shí)施。6)不斷更新的教材是新的教學(xué)思想和教學(xué)方法最有力的推廣者和實(shí)施者。502024/5/13編寫水平低、編寫質(zhì)量差的教材對(duì)英語教學(xué)消極作用：1）教學(xué)思想或教學(xué)方法不科學(xué)或不利于提高學(xué)習(xí)效果。2）編寫體系不完整，不能正確處理知識(shí)學(xué)習(xí)和技能發(fā)展的關(guān)系，因而不利于全面發(fā)展學(xué)生的知識(shí)和能力。教材的消極作用：512024/5/133）教材使用一些了大量不真實(shí)、不地道或無意義的語言材料。4）教材缺乏真實(shí)的、有交際意義的語言實(shí)踐活動(dòng)，不利于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生真正的語言實(shí)踐能力。5）教材內(nèi)容不能滿足學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的客觀需要，也不利于調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)積極性。6）教材版式設(shè)計(jì)單一、陳舊，不利于激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣和內(nèi)在學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)機(jī)。7）教材內(nèi)容和活動(dòng)形式都是封閉式的，不利于開拓學(xué)生的思維，不利于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新精神。522024/5/13教材在出版、推廣和使用等環(huán)節(jié)上存在某些不合理因素：1）商業(yè)化的促銷活動(dòng)影響了教師或教育行政部門對(duì)教材的評(píng)價(jià)和選擇。2）由教育行政部門推薦或指定使用的教材往往存在“一刀切”的問題。3）教師和學(xué)生被動(dòng)地使用教材的現(xiàn)象十分嚴(yán)重，從而使教材的使用缺乏主動(dòng)性和創(chuàng)造性。

532024/5/134）大量引進(jìn)的國外英語教材有些內(nèi)容可能不適合國內(nèi)的實(shí)際教學(xué)需要。5）教材凌駕于教學(xué)大綱之上的現(xiàn)象使教學(xué)迷失正確的方向。542024/5/13教材編寫的新發(fā)展任務(wù)六：想一想教材編寫有哪些新發(fā)展？552024/5/13教材編寫指導(dǎo)思想的變化教材編寫越來越強(qiáng)調(diào)綜合能力的培養(yǎng)教材編寫向立體化發(fā)展教材編寫普遍采用板塊式設(shè)計(jì)教材編寫的職業(yè)化我國教材編寫的形勢562024/5/13以某種教學(xué)思想和教學(xué)法為唯一的指導(dǎo)思想更多地考慮學(xué)生的需要和不同學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)特點(diǎn)教材編寫指導(dǎo)思想的變化572024/5/13外語教學(xué)與研究出版社出版的高中英語（新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）教材由以下幾個(gè)部分組成：學(xué)生用書學(xué)生用書配套錄音帶教師用書多媒體教學(xué)課件CD-ROM同步評(píng)價(jià)手冊(cè)等配套練習(xí)冊(cè)教材編寫向立體化發(fā)展582024/5/13教材編寫普遍采用板塊式設(shè)計(jì)外語教學(xué)與研究出版社IntroductionReadingandvocabularyVocabularyandspeakingGrammarListeningandvocabularyPronunciationSpeakingWritingEverydayEnglishandfunctionCulturalcornerTask592024/5/13語言教學(xué)研究專業(yè)人員或教材研究專業(yè)人員編寫水平和編寫質(zhì)量一線教師教材編寫的職業(yè)化602024/5/13教材體系和教材制度會(huì)更合理、更科學(xué)。教材市場會(huì)是開放的和自由的。教師和學(xué)生在教材的編、選、用等方面將有更多的自主權(quán)。我國教材編寫的形勢612024/5/13任務(wù)七：想一想本節(jié)課你學(xué)到了什么？622024/5/13教材優(yōu)秀教材的特點(diǎn)教材的積極與消極作用教材的新發(fā)展632024/5/13Assignment1.Studythegivensample,identifysomeprominentgoodfeatures,andtrytoanalyzeEnglishTeachingMaterialsinMiddleSchoolsbasedon20featuresofgoodmaterialstakenfromTomlinson(1998b);2.Requirements:

※AnalyzeoneofmiddleschoolEnglishtextbooksintheformofPPT,whichcontainsatleast20pieces,togetherwiththeelectronicversionoftextdraft.

※Pleasehandinyourppt&drafttotheheadofclassnextThursday.

※Duringtheclassofnextweek,someofyouwillshareyourassignmentwiththewholeclass.Preparetogivea5-minutereportofyourdiscussion.642024/5/13