Zero-Powercommunication

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1.Introduction

Inrecentyears,3GPPhavestandardizedanumberoftechnologiesonInternetofThings,whichachievesthedesigntargetsoflowcost,lowpowerconsumption,massiveconnectionanddeepcoverage.TheseIoTtechnologiescanwellmeettherequirementsofdiversescenarios.However,therearestillmanyotherscenariosthatrequiretheterminaltohaveultra-lowpowerconsumptionorevenzeroenergyconsumption,ultra-lowcost,verysmallsizeetc.WithtechniquessuchasRFpowerharvesting,backscatteringandlowpowercomputing,zeropowercommunicationcanmeetthesenewrequirementsofInternetofThingscommunication.Duetoitsexcellentcharacteristics,zero-powercommunicationisexpectedtobecomeoneimportantcandidateofnextgenerationtechnologyonInternetofThings.

1.1RecentprogressofInternetofThings

Digitalmobilecommunicationhasexperienced2G,3G,4Ganditisstillcontinuingtoevolve.Currentlythe5thgenerationmobilenetworkcanwellmeetpeople'sneedsinvoicecommunication,digitalmobilecommunicationandmobilebroadbandInternetcommunication.Inthemeantime,thedemandfortheinternetofthingshasalsobeengraduallyrisenwiththedevelopmentofsocietyandeconomy.TechnologiesandstandardsrelatedtotheInternetofthings(IoT)havebeendevelopedandevolvedsince2010.Amongthem,3GPP(3rdGenerationPartnershipProject)standardizesaseriesofIoTtechnologiessuchasMTC(MachineTypeCommunications),NB-IoT(NarrowBandIoT)andRedCap(ReducedCapabilityUE).TechniquesusedinMTCandNBIOT,suchasreducedbandwidth,singleantenna,reducedpeakrate,halfduplexandreducedtransmissionpowerhavesignificantlyloweredthecostofIoTterminals.Furthermore,powerconsumptionofIoTterminalsisgreatlydecreasedbytheintroductionofeDRX(enhancedDiscontinuousReception)andPSM(PowerSavingMode).Atthesametime,existingIoTsolutionscanalsosupportalargenumberofterminalsforsimultaneousnetworkaccessingtomeettheneedofmassiveconnection.

NB-IoTisaLowPowerWideArea(LPWA)networkingtechnology.Itslowcost,highcapacity,lowpowerconsumption,andwidecoveragemakeitwellsuitedforawiderangeofIoTapplications.NB-IoTusesthesamesub-6GHzwirelessspectrumasthe4GLTEtechnology,butunlike4GLTEandotherpreviouswirelesstelecommunicationsstandards,NB-IoTwasdevelopedwiththeIoTinmindandintroducedintoasetofnewfeatures.NB-IoTemployslargesignalrepetitionandthereforecanachievethecoveragetargetwithMCL164dB.Thankstothisbettercoverage,NB-IoTdevicescanconnecttocellularnetworkseveniftheyarelocateddeepinsideabuilding,inaremoterurallocation,orevenunderground.TosupportmaximumflexibilityoftheNB-IoTdeployment,threeNB-IoTmodesaredefined:standalone,guardbandandIn-band.NB-IoTisdesignedtooperateutilizingnarrowspectrumbandsofeither180kHzor200kHz.LikeLTE,NB-IoTusesOFDMAinthedownlinkandSC-FDMAintheuplink.ThedesignofNB-IoThasfullyadoptedLTEnumerology,using15kHzsubcarriersintheuplinkanddownlink,withanadditionaloptionfor3.75kHzsubcarriersintheuplinktoprovidecapacityin

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signal-strength-limitedscenarios.AfterthefirstversionoftheNB-IoTstandard,e.g.,Release13,severalversionshavebeenintroducedin3GPPRelease14~Release17.TheenhancedversionsofNB-IoTcansupportricherfunctions,suchassinglecellmulticarriers,positioning,multicast,wake-upsignal,earlydatatransmissionandco-existencewithLTEandNRsystems.

TheeMTC(enhancedMachineTypeCommunication)issimplyanamendmenttotheexistingLTE-Mstandard,withRelease13specifyingabrand-newCat-M1UEcapableofoperatingonabandwidth1.08MHz(i.e.,6PRB's)withinanexistingLTEdeployment,or1.4MHzinstandalonedeployment.eMTCisalsoaLowPowerWideArea(LPWA)networkingtechnology.ComparedwithNB-IoT,eMTChasslightlyweakercoverage,withcoveragetargetofMCL156dB,butitcansupporthighertransmissionrate,certainmobilityandvoiceservices.

Reducedcapability(RedCap)NRisdevelopingbasedon5GNRandishelpingexpandtheNRdeviceecosystem,enablingthegrowthofevenmore5Gusecases.TheusecasesthatmotivatethespecificationworkonNRRedCapincludewearables(e.g.smartwatches,wearablemedicaldevices,AR/VRgoggles,etc.),industrialwirelesssensors,andvideosurveillance.Therequirementsoftheseapplications,e.g.datarate,latency,batterylifetimeanddevicesize,canbehigherthantheusecasesinLPWA(LTE-M/NB-IOT).Theconsiderationofuse-caserequirementsdrivesthechoicesofkeyphysical-layerparametersforRedCap.Thesechoiceshaveadirectimpactonthecomplexityandcostofthedevicehardwareplatform.Therefore,it’sforeseenthatRedCapdeviceswillbepositionedasalowersegmentthaneMBB,buthigherthanLPWAdevices.

Inrecentyears,theIoTapplicationsbasedonNB-IoTandeMTCtechnologieshavebeenwidelytestedorcommercialized,suchassmartgrid,smartparkingsystem,smarttransportation/logistics,smartenergymanagementsystemsthataredeployedinsmartcities,smarthomes,smartfactories,etc.WithTheseapplicationspoweredbyadisruptivenewtechnology,company’sdigitaltransformationhavebeenrapidlypromotedinmanyverticalareas.

Figure1.1-1SmartparkingsystemFigure1.1-2SmartGrid

AsshowninFigure1.1-1,thesmartparkingsystemcanmeettherequirementsofdeepcoverageintheundergroundscenarios.Basedonvarioustypesofsensors,itcanenablediversefunctionssuchasparking,guidance,paymentandanalyticsaswellassomeothercomplementaryservices.AsshowninFigure1.1-2above,inthesmartgridsystem,functionssuchassmartmeterreading

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andautonomousfaultreportingcanbeimplemented.

AsshowninFigure1.1-3below,SmarttransportationandlogisticsisantherIoTapplicationwhichismainlybasedoneMTCtechnology.ThankstothegoodsupportformobilityanddataratesineMTC,suchIoTmonitoringtechnologycanenablevehicle/assetlocationtrackingandinventoryetc.

Figure1.1-3Smarttransportationandlogistics

1.2UnsatisfiedcommunicationrequirementsofIoT

ExistingtechnologiessuchasMTCandNB-IoThaveachievedlowcost,lowpowerconsumptionandmassiveconnectionofInternetofThingsterminals,theymeetthecommunicationrequirementsofInternetofThingsinmanyscenarios.However,therearestillmanysituationswherecommunicationrequirementscannotbesatisfiedwithexistingtechnologies,suchas:

.Harshcommunicationenvironment

SomescenariosoftheInternetofthingsmayfaceextremeenvironmentssuchashightemperature,extremelylowtemperature,highhumidity,highpressure,highradiationorhigh-speedmovement.Forexample,therearehazardouscircumstancesinanultra-highvoltagepowerstation,railwayforhigh-speedmovingtrains,environmentalmonitoringinhigh-coldareas,industrialproductionlinesandsoon.Inthesescenarios,duetorestrictionsoftheworkingenvironmentofconventionalpowersupplies,theexistingInternetofthingsterminalswillnotwork.Inaddition,maintenanceofIoTdevicesbecomeschallengingunderextremeconditionssuchasreplacingbatteries.

.Requirementsofultra-smallformfactoroftheIoTterminal

ForsomeInternetofthingscommunicationscenarios,e.g.,foodtraceability,commoditycirculationandsmartwearables,itrequirestheterminaltohaveanultra-smallsizetofacilitateapplicationinthesescenarios.Forexample,theIOTterminalusedforcommoditymanagementinthecirculationusuallyusestheformofelectroniclabelandisembeddedintothecommoditypackaginginaverysmallformfactor.Asanotherexample,light-weightwearabledevicescanimprovetheuserexperiencewhilemeetingcommunicationneeds.

.Requirementsofultra-lowcostIoTcommunication

ManycommunicationscenariosoftheInternetofthingsrequirethatthecostoftheterminaloftheInternetofthingstobelowenoughtoenhanceitscompetitivenesscomparedwith

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otheralternativetechnologies.Forexamplesinlogisticsorwarehousingscenarios,inordertofacilitatethemanagementofalargenumberofgoodsincirculation,theterminalcanbeattachedtoeachiteminordertocompletetheaccuratemanagementofthewholelogisticsprocessthroughthecommunicationbetweentheterminalandthelogisticscommunicationnetwork.

Therefore,theInternetofthingscommunicationscenariorepresentedbytheabovescenariosrequiresthesupporttheoftheInternetofthingscommunicationterminalswithbattery-free,ultra-lowpowerconsumption,verysmallsizeandultra-lowcost.TheexistingcommunicationtechnologyoftheInternetofthingscannotmeettheserequirements.HowtosolvetheseunsatisfiedcommunicationrequirementsoftheInternetofthingsandbetterservetheeconomicandsocialdevelopmentisaproblemworthyofdiscussionandstudy.

1.3Developmentvisionofzero-powercommunication

Zero-powercommunicationtechnologyutilizeskeytechniquessuchasRFenergyharvesting,backscattercommunicationandlow-powercomputing.Zero-powercommunicationobtainsenergybyharvestingradiowavesinthespacetodrivetheterminal.Therefore,theterminalcanbebattery-lesswithoutusingconventionalbatteries,soitcaneffectivelyreducethesizeandcostoftheterminal.Furthermore,backscatteringcommunicationandlow-powercomputingtechnologiescanbeusedtomaketheterminalachieveanextremelysimplifiedRFandbasebandcircuitstructure,whichcangreatlyreducetheterminalcost,terminalsizeandcircuitenergyconsumption.Therefore,zero-powercommunicationisexpectedtoachievebattery-lessterminalstomeetthecommunicationneedsoftheInternetofthingswithultra-lowpowerconsumption,verysmallsizeandultra-lowcost.

Duetoitsgoodcharacteristicofbattery-less,suchkindofterminalisnamedzero-powerterminalandthecorrespondingcommunicationprocedureiscalledzero-powercommunication.

Figure1.3-1ComparisonofIoTtechnologies

AsshowninFigure1.3-1,comparedwithexistingtechnologiessuchasMTC,NB-IoTand

RedCap,zero-powercommunicationwillhavesignificantadvantagesintermsofterminalpower

consumption,terminalsizeandterminalcost.Forexample,intermsofpowerconsumption,the

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terminalpowerconsumptionisexpectedtobereducedfromtensofmilliwattsofNB-IoTterminalstodozensofmicrowattsorevenseveralmicrowatts.Intermsofcost,theterminalcostisexpectedtobereducedfrommorethantenRMByuanofthecheapestNB-IoTterminalintheabovetechnologiesto1RMByuanorevenlower.Therefore,withtheobviousdifferencesbetweentheaboveandothertechnologies,zero-powercommunicationisexpectedtobecomeanimportantcandidatetechnologyforthenextgenerationofInternetofthings.

Figure1.3-2DevelopmentroadmapofInternetofthingstechnology

Tosumup,zero-powercommunicationwillbecommittedtomeetthecommunicationrequirementsthattheexistingtechnologiesarestillunabletomeetandachieveagoodcomplementaritywiththeexistingtechnologies,soastomeetthemulti-levelandmulti-dimensionalcommunicationneedsoftheInternetofthings.

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2.TypicalusecasesofZero-powerCommunication

Theoutstandingtechnicaladvantageofzero-powercommunicationisbatteryfree.Duetotheuseofkeytechnologiessuchasenergyharvesting,backscatteringcommunication,andlow-powercomputing,theterminalcanbebattery-freeandsupportextremelylowhardwarecomplexity.Therefore,zero-powercommunicationcanmeettherequirementsofultra-lowpowerconsumption,extremelysmallsize,andextremelylowcost.

Itcanbepredictedthatzero-powertechnologywillhavesignificantadvantagesinawiderangeofapplications.Forexample,industrialwirelesssensornetwork(IWSN)forverticalindustries,smarttransportation,smartlogistics,smartwarehousing,smartagriculture,smartcities,andenergyfield,aswellasapplicationsforindividualconsumerssuchassmartwearables,smarthomeandmedicalcare,etc.Inthissection,wewillselectsomeofthescenariostoillustratethepotentialapplicationofzero-powercommunication.

2.1IndustrialWirelessSensorNetwork

IWSNhasawiderangeofapplications,includingbuildingautomation,industrialprocessautomation,powerfacilityautomation,automaticmeterreadingandinventorymanagement,environmentalsensing,security,productionlinemonitoring,etc.Alargenumberofsensornodesareoftendeployedintheseapplicationscenarios,andthesensornodesareusedfortemperatureandhumiditymonitoring,vibrationmonitoring,productionlinemonitoring,industrialautomationandnumericalmanagement,hazardouseventmonitoring,etc.Compactandlow-costsensorequipmentisthekeytorealizelarge-scaledeploymentofIWSN.InordertomeettechnicalchallengesandmeettheneedsofvariousIWSNapplications,itisnecessarytofollowthedesignobjectivesoflow-costandsmallsensornodes.

Inviewoftheultra-lowpowerconsumption,extremelysmallsize,andextremelylowcostofthezero-powercommunicationterminals,zero-powercommunicationwillhaveawiderangeofpotentialapplicationintheIWSNscenario.Inparticular,itshouldbepointedoutthatthecharacteristicsofbattery-freewithzero-powercommunicationterminalscanalsoextendzero-powercommunicationtoapplicationscenariosthatcannotbecoveredbylegacyInternetofThingscommunicationtechnologies.Forexample,insomeIWSNapplications,industrialsensornodesmaybedeployedinharshenvironmentsandspeciallocationspaces,oreveninextremelyhazardousenvironments(suchashigh/lowtemperature,high-speedmovingorrotationparts,highvibrationconditions,humidity,etc.).Intheseapplicationscenarios,ontheonehand,duetotheworkingenvironment,terminalsdrivenbyconventionalbatterymaynotworkproperly(restrictedbytherequirementsofthephysicalandchemicalcharacteristicsofthebattery).Ontheotherhand,whenusingtraditionalterminals,thehighnetworkmaintenancecostsandeventhelimitationsoftheworkingenvironmentwouldmakenetworkmaintenanceimpossibletoperform.Therefore,theexistingterminalscannotmeettherequirementsinsuchapplicationscenarios.

Applyingzero-powercommunicationtechnologyinIWSNwithenergyharvestingandbackscatteringtechnologies,sensornodescanachievebattery-freeandultra-lowpowerconsumption,whichwillgreatlysolvethelimitedlifecycleproblemofsensornodesandgreatly

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extendtheirservicelife.Atthesametime,thebattery-freefeatureofzero-powercommunicationwillalsogreatlyreducethemaintenancecostofsensornodesandevenachievemaintenance-free.Therefore,thecombinationofzero-powercommunicationandIWSNcangreatlyexpandtheapplicationscenariosofIWSN,increasetheservicetimeofsensornodes,andreducedeploymentandmaintenancecosts.

SometypicalusecasesforIWSNscenarioareasfollows:

Tiremanagement:Thezero-powerterminal(equippedwithcorrespondingsensors)isembeddedinthetire,andthebasicinformationofthetire(suchastirepressure,tirelife,brand,factory,etc.)iscollectedandrecordedbytheterminal[1],soastofacilitatethemanufacturing,after-salesandusemanagementofthetire.Thesignificantadvantageofusingazero-powerterminalisthatdatacanbecollectedandrecordedwithoutdamaging

orremovingthetire.

RailwayTrackmonitoring:Thezero-powerterminalequippedwithcorrespondingsensorsisdeployedunderrailway[2],andthesensorsprovidepressure,heatandotherinformationofthetrackduringandafteratrainrunonthetrack.

EnvironmentalInformationCollection:Informationiscollectedinsomespecialenvironments(suchashightemperature,highpressure,extremecold,radiation,etc.).Suchasultra-highvoltagestations,substationsandotherapplicationenvironments.

Figure2.1-1ApplicationofZero-powerTechnologyinIWSN

TypicalrequirementsforIWSNscenarioareasfollows:

Terminalrequirements:

Thezero-powerterminalisintheformofanelectronictag,whichcanbeintegratedwithmemoryfordataaccessorsensorsforinformationcollection.Sinceitisgenerallyalarge-scaleapplication(eachdevicewillhaveatag),thecostandpowerconsumptionofthetagneedtobetakenintoaccount.

-Tagsize:extremelysmallsize,convenientforlarge-scaleapplication.

-Tagtype:papertagandanti-metaltag.

-Tagpowerconsumption:theterminalpowerconsumptionislessthan1mw,batteryfreeandmaintenancefree.

-Workingenvironment:Itcanmatchandworknormallyinspecialenvironmentssuchashightemperature,highpressure,extremecold,radiation,etc.

-Communicationdistance:supportcommunicationintherangeoftensofmeterstohundredsofmeters.

Networkrequirements

-Flexibledeploymentbasedoncellularnetwork:Networkequipmentcanbedeployedinoutdoorpolestations,indoorwithDIS(DigitalIndoorSystem)stationspacingdeployment,toprovidebasiccoverage.

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-Coveragerequirements:coveragedistancerequirementsofasinglestation(indoor>30m,outdoor>100m).

-Networksecurity:authorization-basedtagreadingtoprotectuserprivacyanddatasecurity.

-Connectionrequirements:Supportsufficientsystemcapacityandsupportdatareadingfromalargenumberofterminals.

2.2LogisticsandWarehousing

WiththesustainedandstabledevelopmentofChina'sandworld’seconomy,theeconomicvolumeisgettinglargerandlarger,followedbythefurtherexpansionoflogisticsscale.Logisticsisaveryimportantlinkinthesupplychainofcommoditycirculationandoccupiesanimportantpositioninthenationaleconomy,whilewarehousingisthecorelinkofmodernlogistics.

Inlogisticsandwarehousingapplicationscenarios,alargenumberofpackaging/goodsneedtobetransferred,stored,loaded,unloadedandinventoriedfrequentlyatlogisticsstationsorwarehouses(tensofthousandsofsquaremeters).Withtheoccurrenceofwarehouseordering,goodswarehousing,goodsmanagementandgoodsoutbound,therewillbealotofstorageinformation,whichgenerallyhasthecharacteristicsoffrequentdataoperationandlargeamountofdata.

Inordertocarryoutdigitalinformationmanagementoflogisticspackages/goodsandimprovethemanagementefficiencyoflogisticsandwarehousing,theidentificationterminalisusuallyattachedonthesurfaceofthepackages/goodsforacquisitionoflogisticsinformationandmanagementoftheentirelogisticsprocess.Therefore,smallterminalsizeismoreconducivetoindustryapplications.Atthesametime,duetothehugenumberofgoodsandwheneconomiccostistakenintoconsiderations,expressdeliveryorwarehousesupplierscanonlyacceptextremelylow-costterminals.

Thelogisticsandwarehousingindustrygenerallyhascomplexprocessesprocedures/steps.BymakinguseoftagsbasedonRFIDtechnology,theitemscanbeidentifiedandtrackedfromthemomenttheyenterafacility,tothemomenttheyleave.Furthermore,acoupleapplicationscanworktogethertoprovideasolidbaseforlogisticsmanagement,RFIDshipmentverificationand

RFIDinventorymanagement

.However,thatstillinvolvesahugeamountofhumanresourcesbecauseoftheneedtousespecifichandheldequipment,e.g.,RFIDreader,toreadsomuchtagsinturn.Therefore,peopleexpectmoreefficientandsmartertechnologiestorealizerealsmartlogisticsandwarehousing.Oneofthekeyrequirementsistohelpreducetheamountoflaborandtimeneededinthewholeprocedure,especiallyasthescopeofmanagementcontinuestoexpandandthenumberofitemstobemanagedcontinuestogrow.

Zero-powerterminalhasthecharacteristicsofextremelylowcost,smallsize,maintenance-free,durable,andlonglife.Inlogisticsandwarehousing,theuseofzero-powerterminaltorecord,save,andupdategoodsinformation,andbuildalogisticsandwarehousingsystembasedonthezero-powercommunicationcanfurtherreduceoperatingcostsandsignificantlyimprovethe

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efficiencyoflogisticsandwarehousingmanagement.Italsocontributestotherealizationofsmartlogisticsandsmartwarehousing.

Figure2.2-1Zero-powertagsinsmartlogisticsandsmartwarehousing

Specifically,zero-powertechnologycanrealizesmartwarehousemanagementandimprovewarehouseefficiencyandproductivitythroughthefollowingaspects:

SupportBatchreading:Alargernumberofzero-powertagsarereadatthesametime.Whenthegoodsarriveatthewarehouse,thewirelesstagsattachedtothegoodscanbereadinbatches(forexample,readthousandsoftagspersecond)toaccuratelyobtaingoodsinformation,suchassize/weight,manufacturer,expirationdate,serialnumber,productionline,etc.,whichcanhelptoimprovetheefficiencyandaccuracyoflogistics

storage.

SupportLargecoverage:Awiderrangeofreadingandwriting[3].Inthewarehouse,oneorafewnetworkequipmentaredeployedtocoverthewholewarehouse.Thewirelesstagattachedtothegoodsorcontainerswillsaveitsbasicinformationandlocationinformation.Throughthecenternetworknodessetupinthewarehouse,itcanidentifyallthegoodsinthewarehousetimelyandquicklyandhelptotakeinventoryquickly.Itisconvenientformanagerstounderstandthedistributionandtotalamountof

inventoryintimeandrealizetherapidpredictionofstoragedemand.

SupportMobilitymanagement:Tagscanbeusedtotracklocationinformation[4].Whenthegoodsmoveinthewarehouse,thenetworkequipmentcanidentifyandupdatethetaginformationintime.Whenitisnecessarytopickandchoosethecorrespondinggoods,thetagcanbereadinthewholewarehouseanditcanquicklylocatethegoodsandgreatlyimprovethepickingefficiencyofthegoods.

Figure2.2-2ApplicationofZero-powertechnologyinSmartWarehousing

Typicalrequirementsforsmartlogisticsandsmartwarehousingscenarioareasfollows:Terminalrequirements:

Thezero-powerterminalisintheformofasimpleelectronictag.Sinceitisgenerallyalarge-scaleapplication(eachgoodwillhaveatag),thecost,sizeandpowerconsumptionofthetagneedtobetakenintoaccount.

-Tagsize:extremelysmallsize,convenientforlarge-scaleapplication.

-Tagcost:duetothehugenumberofgoodsinlogisticsandstorage,extremelylowcost

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isrequired.

-Tagpowerconsumption:theterminalpowerconsumptionislessthan1mw,batteryfreeandmaintenancefree.

-Communicationdistance:supportcommunicationintherangeoftensofmeterstohundredsofmeters.

Networkrequirements

-Flexibledeploymentbasedoncellularnetwork:Networkequipmentcanbedeployedinoutdoorpolestations,indoorwithDISstationspacingdeployment,toprovidebasic

coverage.

-Coveragerequirements:coveragedistancerequirementsofasinglestation(indoor>30m,outdoor>100m).

-Networksecurity:authorization-basedtagreadingtoprotectprivacyanddatasecurity.

-Readingefficiency:largequantitiesofgoodsrequiresimultaneousdetectionofalargenumberoftags(e.g.,thousandspersecond).

2.3SmartHome

SmarthometakeshousingastheplatformandconnectsvariousdevicesathomethroughtheInternetofthingstobuildanefficientandlivablesystem.Smarthomemakesuseofvariousfunctionsandmeanssuchasautomaticcontrol,lightingcontrol,temperaturecontrol,anti-theftandalarmcontrolofhomeappliancestomakethehomeenvironmentsafer,moreconvenientandmorecomfortable.Sensorsandsmalldevicesinsmarthomesscenariocancommunicateusingbackscatteringtechnology[5].

Zero-powercommunicationcanachievebattery-free,whichcangreatlyincreasetheservicetimeofcorrespondingdevicesatsmarthomesandreducemaintenancecosts.Atthesametime,duetoitsultra-lowcost,extremelysmallsize,washable,flexible/foldableshapefactors,itcanbedeployedflexiblyatsmarthomes,suchasembeddedinwalls,ceilingsandfurniture,orattachedtokeys,passports,clothesandshoes.Zero-powercommunicationcanexpandtheapplicationofsmarthomescenariosandisextremelyattractivetothesmarthomefield.

Figure2.3-1ApplicationofZero-powertechnologyinSmartHomeTypicalusecasesforSmartHomescenarioareasfollows:

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Itemsearch:Anextremelysmall,washable,flexible,foldablezero-powerterminalcanbeattachedtosomeitemswhichareeasilylostinthehouse,suchaskeys,passports,bankcards,walletsandothers.Whenyouneedtofindtheseitems,youcanquicklylocateandfindthelostitemswiththehelpofzero-powercommunication.

Environmentalmonitoringandalarm:Zero-powerterminalsareintegratedwithsensorstomonitorthetemperature,humidity,etc.ofthehouse,andcanalsobeusedforwarningincaseofemergencysuchasgasleakage.Thebatteryfreefeatureofzero-powerterminalcangreatlyincreasetheservicetimeoftheequipmentandrealizemaintenancefree.

Intelligentcontrol:Zero-powerterminalsareintegratedwithsensors,whichcanrealizeintelligentcontrolofhomedevices.Forexample,itcanbeusedtocontroltheswitchofwashingmachines,airconditioners,televisions,curtains,etc.Homerobotscanalsobenavigatedbytagsembedded/attachedtodoorsandfurniture[6],providingmoresophisticatedcontrol.

TypicalrequirementsforSmartH