MechanicalproductplanmoderndesignmethodanddevelopmenttendencyAbstract:Carriesonwhenthemechanicalproductdesignaccordingtothepresentdomesticandforeigndesignsscholarthemainthoughtcharacteristic,summarizestheproductplandesignmethodforthesystematization,thestructuremodulation,basedontheproductcharacteristicknowledgeandtheintelligentfourkindoftypes.Pointedoutfourmethodsthecharacteristicsanditsmutuallytheorganicrelation,proposedtheproductplandesigncomputerrealizesdiligentlythedirection.1.IntroductionThescienceandtechnologyrapiddevelopment,theproductfunctionrequestincreasesdaybyday,thecomplexityincreases,reduces,therenewalspeedspeedsup.However,productdesign,inparticularmechanicalproductplandesignmethod,thenappearslackstheabilitytodowhatonewouldlike,cannotfollowtimetheneedtodevelop.Atpresent,thecomputerassistanceproductdesigncartography,thedesigncalculation,theprocessingmanufacture,theproductionplanobtainedquitewidespreadandthethoroughresearch,andwinsinitialsuccess,butproductdevelopmentinitialperiodplancomputer.Theassistancedesignactuallybyfarcannotsatisfythedesigntheneed.Therefore,theauthorinreadinthemassiveliteraturefoundation,themethodwhichsummarizedsummarizesthedomesticandoreigndesignsscholartohavecarriedonwhenplandesignuses,andiscussedthedevelopmenttendencywhichbetweeneachmethodorganicelationandthemechanicalproductplandesigncomputerrealized.Carriesonthemechanicalproductplandesignaccordingtothepresentomesticandforeigndesignsscholartousethemethodthemainharacteristic,maysummarizetheplanmoderndesignmethodforthefllowingfourbigtypes.1）.SystematizeddesignmethodThesystematizeddesignmethodmaincharacteristicis:Willdesignregardsasasystemwhichwillbecomposedbycertaindesignsessentialfactor,eachdesignessentialfactorwillhavetheindependence,duringeachessentialfactorhastheorganicrelation,andwillhavethelevel,afteralldesignsessentialfactorunion,thenwillrealizethedutywhichthedesignsystemwillhavetocomplete.Thesystematizeddesignthoughtproposedtothe70'sbyGermanscholarPahlandProfessorBeitzthat,theytakethesystemtheoryasthefoundation,drewupthedesigngeneralpattern,theinitiativedesignworkshouldhaveorderliness.Germanengineertheassociationinthisdesignthoughtfoundation,drawsupstandardVDI2221"thetechnicalsystemandtheproductdevelopmentdesignmethod.Theformulationmechanicalproductplandesignadvancementpattern,basicallyhascontinuedtousetheGermanstandardVDI2221designway.Inaddition,ourcountrymanydesignedthescholarwhencarriedontheproductplandesignalsotoprofitfromandtoquoteotherdevelopedcountriessystematizeddesignthought,inwhichhadrepresentativelyis:(1)Theuserdemandtooktheproductfunctioncharacteristicidea,thestructuraldesignandthecomponentsdesign,thecraftplan,thejobcontrolandsoonthefoundation,embarksfromtheproductdevelopmentmacroscopicprocess,theusequalityfunctionarrangementmethod,systematicallyreasonablyandeffectivelytransformstheuserdemandinformationfortheproductdevelopsvariousstagesthetechnicalgoalandthejobcontrolregulationsmethod.(2)regardsastheproductintheorganismlevelthelifesystem,anddrawssupportthelifesystemtheory,dividestheproductdesignprocessthefunctiondemandlevel,therealizationfunctionrequestconceptlevelandtheproductconcretedesignlevel.Simultaneouslyusedthelifediagramsymbolabstractlytoexpresstheproductthefunctionrequest,formedtheproductfunctionalsystemstructure.(3)themachinedesigninthesystemsscienceapplicationinductionistwobasicquestions:One,theproductwhichmustdesigntookasystemprocessing,bestdeterminesitsconstituent(unit)andit’sthereciprocity;Twoisregardsastheproductdesignprocessasystem,accordingtodesignsthegoal,iscorrect,reasonablydeterminesinthedesigneachaspectworkandeachdifferentdesignstage.Becauseeachdesignerstudiesthequestiontheangleaswellastheconsiderationquestionemphasispointisdifferent,carriesonwhentheplandesignusestheconcreteresearchtechniquealsohasthedifference.Underintroducedsomehavetherepresentativesystematizeddesignmethod.1.1DesignselementsLawwithfivedesignselements(function,effect,effectcarrier,shapeelementandsuperficialparameter)describes"theproductsolution",afterthoughtaproductfivedesignselementsvaluedetermination,productallcharacteristicsandthecharacteristicvaluenamelyhaddetermined.Ourcountryalsohaddesignsthescholartousethesimilarmethoddescriptionproductoriginalunderstanding.1.2GraphsmodellingsLawdevelopment"thedesignanalysisandthehomingsystem"KALEIT,describestheproductfunctionstructureanditsthecorrelationabstractinformationwiththelevelcleargraph,hasrealizedthesystemstructure,thefunctionrelationsgraphmodelling,aswellasbetweenfunctionleveljoint.Willdesigndelimitsdividesintotheassistancemethodandtheexchangeofinformationtwoaspects,couldusethegraphmarkusingtheNijsseninformationanalysismethod,havethecontentrichsemanticsmodelstructure,maydescribetheintegratedcondition,maydividetherestrainttype,mayrealizerelationalcharacteristicandsoonwilfullyunion,willdesignthemethodsolutionandtheinformationtechnologycarriesontheintegration,hasrealizedinthedesignprocessduringthedifferentabstractleveltheinformationrelationsgraphmodelling.Theliterature[11]supposesthesemanticstheachievementtodesignthetool,supposesinASKinitsdevelopmentactivesemantics,usesthepointandthelinecompositionnetworkdescriptiondesign,thepointexpressionpartunit(forexampledesignduty,function,componentorprocessingequipmentandsoon),thelineusestoadjustandbetweenthedefinitionpointthedifferentsemanticrelations,fromthisestablishesthemodelinadvancefordesignprocessinallactivitiesandtheresult,causestheearlydesignrequestthedefinitioneachstructureconcretedescriptiontobepossiblebytherelationaldefinitionexpression,realizedthecomputer-aideddesignprocessfromtoabstracttotheconcreteleap.1.3"idea"—"design"lawDividesinto"theidea"theproductplandesignand"thedesign"twostages."Theidea"thestagedutyisseeks,thechoiceandthecombinationsatisfiesthedesignmissionrequirementtheoriginalnunderstanding."Thedesign"thestageworkistheconcreterealizationideastageoriginalunderstanding.Theplan"theidea"theconcretedescriptionis:Accordingtotheappropriatefunctionstructure,seekssatisfiesthedesignmissionrequirementtheoriginalunderstanding.Namelyinafunctionstructureminutefunctionby"thestructuralelement"therealization,and"thestructuralelement"thephysicaljointwilldefineas"thefunctioncarrier","thefunctioncarrier"and"thestructuralelement"themutualfunctionhasformedthefunctionschematicdrawing(mechanicalmovementdiagram).Theplan"thedesign"isaccordingtothefunctionschematicdrawing,firstqualitativedescribesall"thefunctioncarrier"and"thestructuralelement",thenquotadescriptionall"structuralelement"andjoint("functioncarrier")theshapeandtheposition,obtainthestructureschematicdrawing.Roper,H.Usingthechartlogictheory,withtheaidoftodefinesbyhim"alwaysdesignstheunit(GE)","thestructuralelement(KE)","thefunctionstructuralelement(FKE)","thejointstructuralelement(VKE)","theconstructionaldetail(KT)","thestructuralelementcomponents(KET)"andsoontheconcept,aswellasdescriptionstructuralelementsize,positionandtransmissionparameterreciprocitycertainkindofdiagrams,designedtheexperttodependontheintuitiondesignthemethodtodotheformalizeddescription,formedeffectivelyhasappliedtheexistingknowledgethemethod,andapplieditto"theidea"and"thedesign"thestage.Willembarkfromthedesignmethodologyviewpoint,afterwillbeclearaboutthedesigndutydesignworktodivideintothreestep:1)gainsthefunctionandthefunctionstructure(iscalledas"function");2)seekstheeffect(tobecalledas"effect");3)seeksthestructure(tobecalledas"configurationrule").Anddescribesthemechanicalproductideastageworkflowwiththefollowingfourkindofstrategies:Strategy1:Separatelyconsiders"thefunction","theeffect"and"theconfigurationrule".Therefore,mayseparatelyfoundtheaberrationplanineachworkstep,fromthishasthewidespreadoriginalunderstandingspectrum.Strategy2:"Theeffect"and"theconfigurationrule"(rulewhichfoundsincludingdesigner)isconnected,aloneconsideredthefunction(isusualanddesigndutycorrelation).Thistime,distinguishesthemodeltheconfigurationtoberegularanditstherespectiveeffectneedstohavetherichexperience,producestheplanspectrumisshortbyfartothestrategy1planspectrum.Strategy3:"Function","effect","configurationrule"threeclosecorrelations.Issuitabletothefunction,theeffectandtheconfigurationrulehasnotchosentheleeway,hasthespecialrequestthedomain,likethesubminiaturemachinery,theextralargetypemachinery,thevaluehighfunctioncomponents,aswellashavespecialfunctionrequestsparepartandsoon.Strategy4:Carriesonthestructuresolutioninviewofthedesignrequest.Thisstrategyfromthecomponentswhichhasembarked,throughcomponentsbetweendifferentarrangementandconnection,obtainstheanticipatedfunction.1.4MatricesdesignslawUses"therequest□function"intheplandesignprocessthelogicaltree("withor"tree)describesbetweentherequest,thefunctionreciprocity,obtainsfunctionaldesignsolutioncollectionwhichanswersthepurpose,formsthedifferentdesignproposal.Againactsaccordingto"therequest□function"thelogicaltreeestablishment"therequest□function"theincidencematrixs,describesanswersthepurposeneedsbetweenthefunctionthecomplexrelations,expressestherequestandthefunction11correspondingrelations.Kotaetalthematrixtookthemechanicalsystemplandesignthefoundation,decomposesthemechanicalsystemdesignspaceintothemeritspace,eachstaturespaceonlyexpressedaplandesignmodule,inabstractstagehighlevel,eachdesignmodulemaycarryontheoperationwiththemovementtransformationmatrixandtherestraintvectorrepresentation;Intheabstractstageunderlyingbed,eachdesignmoduleexpressesfortheparametermatrixandaequationofmotion.1.5LinkageschartslawWillcomposethesystempartthefunctiontodivideintohastheenergy,theexpendedenergy,thetransformationenergyform,thetransmissionenergyandsooneachkindoftype,andwillborrowthelinkagecharttoexpressthepartthefunctionsolution,hopedbasedonthefunctionmodelandthelinkagechartunion,betweentherealizationfunctionstructureautomaticproductionandthefunctionstructureandthelinkagechartautomaticswitching,willseekbythelinkagecharthasmanydesignproposalmethod.2StructuremodulationdesignmethodProposedfromtheplanproductanglethat,Whendefinitiondesigndutytakethefunctionproductstructureasthefoundation,thequotationtheproductsolutionwhichhad(forexamplecommonpartspartandsoon)describedthedesignduty,namelywhendecompositiondutyconsideredwhethereachdutydidhavecorrespondingtheproductsolution,likethis,couldintheproductplanstagethecontradictionwhichpossiblyexistedontheeliminationdesigndutyin,theearlyforecastproductivity,theexpense,aswellasinthedevelopmentdesignprocessplannedmaytheadjustment,fromthistheenhancementratedcapacityandthedesignreliability,simultaneouslyalsoreducedthenewproductthecost.Feldmannwilldescribethedesigndutyfunctionproductstructuretodivideintofour,(1)product->(2)functioncomposition->(3)mainfunctionmodule->(4)functionpart.Andusesfacetheapplicationstructurecharacteristictableofcontents,carriesonmoreconcretequalitativeandthequotadescriptiontothefunctionpart.SimultaneouslydevelopssuitstotheproductdevelopmentearlytimeanddesigninitialperiodusetoolsoftwareSTRAT.Thoughtinthespecial-purposemachinerythemostfunctionsmayusealreadytheproductsolutionwhichhas,buthasthenewsolutionthespecial-purposefunctionisonlyminority,therefore,usesthefunctioninthespecial-purposemachinedesignproductstructure,regardingtheappraisalspecial-purposemachinerydesign,themanufactureriskisextremelyadvantageous.Advocatedintheproductfunctionalanalysisfoundation,decomposestheproducthassomekindoffunctionorseveralmodularbasicstructures,throughchoosesandcombinesthesemodularbasicstructuregroupstocompletethedifferentproduct.Thesebasicstructuresmaybethecomponents,thepart,evenisasystem.Theidealmodularbasicstructureshouldhavestandardizedtheconnection(jointandcoordinationdepartment),andistheseriation,theuniversalization,theintegration,thelevel,isagile,theeconomy,hastheinterchangeability,thecompatibilityandtherelevance.OurcountryunifiesthesoftwarecomponenttechnologyandtheCADtechnology,willdistortdesignsandcombinesthedesigntounify,accordingtowillgradethemodularprinciple,willprocessthecentralenginebedfrombigtoslightlytodivideintoproducesthegrade,thepartlevel,themodulelevelandthepartlevel,andwillsynthesizeusingtheexpertknowledgeandtheCADtechnologytheirgroupthedifferentvariety,thedifferentspecificationfunctionmodule,againwillsynthesizethedifferentprocessingcenteroverallplanbythesefunctionmodulegroups.Takedesignsasthetableofcontentstookthechoicevariationmechanismthetool,proposedwilldesignthesolutionelementwillcarryontheintegrity,thestructurearrangement,willformXieJitodesignthetableofcontents.AnddesignsinthetableofcontentsinXieJitolistcommentseachsolutiontheattachmentinformation,extremelyhasfavorprojectengineertochoosethesolutionelement.Accordingtothemechanicalsparepartjointcharacteristic,inducesitfourkindoftypes:1)betweenthepartdirectlylocates,andhasfromtheadjustmentpart;2)inthestructurehasgeneralcharacter;3)hasinlaysthemodelstructureandinlaysthemodelpartthejoint;4)hasthemodularstructureandthemodularpartjoint.Andusesconnectionrulebetweentheaccuratesymbolicrepresentationtypicalpartandthepart,fromthisrealizesthealgorithmwhichbetweenthepartjoinsandtheconceptvisible.Incarriesonthemechanicalsystemintheplandesign,themodulecarriesonthedecompositionwith"thefunctionestablishment"tothefunction,andthestipulationfunctiondecomposesbest"thegranulation"thedegreeisthefunctionandtheorganizationpattern11correspondences."Thestructureestablishment"themoduletakesthefunctionsolutionthechoiceobjectinordertorealizationmappingalgorithm.3.BasedonproductcharacteristicknowledgedesignmethodBasedontheproductcharacteristicknowledgedesignmethodmaincharacteristicis:Languagedescriptionproductcharacteristicanditsdesigndomainexpert'sknowledgeandexperiencecandistinguishwhichwiththecomputer,establishesthecorrespondingknowledgelibraryandtheinferencemachine,againusesalreadythedomainknowledgeandtheestablishmentinferencemechanismrealizationcomputerassistanceproductplandesignwhichsaves.Themechanicalsystemplandesignmainlyrestsonthecharacteristicwhichtheproducthas,aswellasthedesigndomainexpert'sknowledgeandtheexperiencecarriesonpushesthequantityandthedecision-making,completestheorganization,thenumberiscomprehensive.Wantstorealizethisstagecomputer-aideddesign,muststudytheknowledgetheautomaticgain,theexpression,theintegration,thecoordination,themanagementandtheuse.Therefore,thedomesticandforeigndesignsscholarhasdonethemassiveresearchworkinviewofmechanicalsystemplandesignknowledgeautomatedprocessing,usesthemethodmayinduceintothefollowingseveralkinds.3.1Codelaw"Transformsthefunctionaccordingtothemovement"(abbreviationfunctionYuan)tocarryontheorganizationtheclassification,andusingthecodedescriptionfunctionYuanandtheorganizationcategory,fromthisestablishes"theorganizationsystemplantodesigntheexpertsystem"theknowledgelibrary.Inthisfoundation,unifiestheduallogicalinferenceandthefuzzysynthesisjudgmentprinciple,hasestablishedthis"theexpertsystem"theinferencemechanism,andusesinfourlocationsspecialpurposemachinesplandesign.Usingthebiologicalevolutiontheory,andcausestheprinciplethroughthenaturalselectionwhichtheorganismcanevolve,intheorganizationplandesign,discussesthemethodusingthenetworkcharttheorganizationstructureexpressionistheanalysissituschart,againthroughthecodetechnology,transformstheorganizationstructureandtheperformanceastheindividualchromosomebinarynumberstring,andaccordingtodesignstherequestestablishmentadaptionvalue,theutilizationbiologyevolutiontheorycontrolreproductionmechanism,throughchoice,methodandsoonoverlapping,suddenvariation,eliminationadaptionvaluelowunsuitableindividual,obtainsthecompatiblemostsuperiorindividualbytheextremelyquickevolutionprocess,namelymostconformstothedesignrequestorganizationplan.

機械產品方案的現代設計方法及發(fā)展趨勢摘要：根據目前國內外設計學者進行機械產品設計時的主要思維特點，將產品方案的設計方法概括為系統化、結構模塊化、基于產品特征知識和智能四種類型。指出四種方法的特點及其相互間的有機聯系，提出產品方案設計計算機實現的努力方向。引言科學技術的飛速發(fā)展，產品功能要求的日益增多，復雜性增加，壽命期縮短，更新換代速度加快。然而，產品的設計，尤其是機械產品方案的設計手段，則顯得力不從心，跟不上時代發(fā)展的需要。目前，計算機輔助產品的設計繪圖、設計計算、加工制造、生產規(guī)劃已得到了比較廣泛和深入的研究，并初見成效，而產品開發(fā)初期方案的計算機輔助設計卻遠遠不能滿足設計的需要。為此，作者在閱讀了大量文獻的基礎上，概括總結了國內外設計學者進行方案設計時采用的方法，并討論了各種方法之間的有機聯系和機械產品方案設計計算機實現的發(fā)展趨勢。

根據目前國內外設計學者進行機械產品方案設計所用方法的主要特征，可以將方案的現代設計方法概括為下述四大類型。

1、系統化設計方法

系統化設計方法的主要特點是：將設計看成由若干個設計要素組成的一個系統，每個設計要素具有獨立性，各個要素間存在著有機的聯系，并具有層次性，所有的設計要素結合后，即可實現設計系統所需完成的任務。

系統化設計思想于70年代由德國學者Pahl和Beitz教授提出，他們以系統理論為基礎，制訂了設計的一般模式，倡導設計工作應具備條理性。德國工程師協會在這一設計思想的基礎上，制訂出標準VDI2221“技術系統和產品的開發(fā)設計方法。

制定的機械產品方案設計進程模式，基本上沿用了德國標準VDI2221的設計方式。除此之外，我國許多設計學者在進行產品方案設計時還借鑒和引用了其他發(fā)達國家的系統化設計思想，其中具有代表性的是：

(1)將用戶需求作為產品功能特征構思、結構設計和零件設計、工藝規(guī)劃、作業(yè)控制等的基礎，從產品開發(fā)的宏觀過程出發(fā)，利用質量功能布置方法，系統地將用戶需求信息合理而有效地轉換為產品開發(fā)各階段的技術目標和作業(yè)控制規(guī)程的方法。

(2)將產品看作有機體層次上的生命系統，并借助于生命系統理論，把產品的設計過程劃分成功能需求層次、實現功能要求的概念層次和產品的具體設計層次。同時采用了生命系統圖符抽象地表達產品的功能要求，形成產品功能系統結構。

(3)將機械設計中系統科學的應用歸納為兩個基本問題：

一是把要設計的產品作為一個系統處理，最佳地確定其組成部分(單元)及其相互關系；二是將產品設計過程看成一個系統，根據設計目標，正確、合理地確定設計中各個方面的工作和各個不同的設計階段。由于每個設計者研究問題的角度以及考慮問題的側重點不同，進行方案設計時采用的具體研究方法亦存在差異。下面介紹一些具有代表性的系統化設計方法。

1.1設計元素法

用五個設計元素(功能、效應、效應載體、形狀元素和表面參數)描述“產品解”，認為一個產品的五個設計元素值確定之后，產品的所有特征和特征值即已確定。我國亦有設計學者采用了類似方法描述產品的原理解。

1.2圖形建模法

研制的“設計分析和引導系統”KALEIT，用層次清楚的圖形描述出產品的功能結構及其相關的抽象信息，實現了系統結構、功能關系的圖形化建模，以及功能層之間的聯接。

將設計劃分成輔助方法和信息交換兩個方面，利用Nijssen信息分析方法可以采用圖形符號、具有內容豐富的語義模型結構、可以描述集成條件、可以劃分約束類型、可以實現關系間的任意結合等特點，將設計方法解與信息技術進行集成，實現了設計過程中不同抽象層間信息關系的圖形化建模。

文獻［11］將語義設計網作為設計工具，在其開發(fā)的活性語義設計網ASK中，采用結點和線條組成的網絡描述設計，結點表示元件化的單元(如設計任務、功能、構件或加工設備等)，線條用以調整和定義結點間不同的語義關系，由此為設計過程中的所有活動和結果預先建立模型，使早期設計要求的定義到每一個結構的具體描述均可由關系間的定義表達，實現了計算機輔助設計過程由抽象到具體的飛躍。

1.3“構思”—“設計”法

將產品的方案設計分成“構思”和“設計”兩個階段?！皹嬎肌彪A段的任務是尋求、選擇和組合滿足設計任務要求的原理解?！霸O計”階段的工作則是具體實現構思階段的原理解。

將方案的“構思”具體描述為：根據合適的功能結構，尋求滿足設計任務要求的原理解。即功能結構中的分功能由“結構元素”實現，并將“結構元素”間的物理聯接定義為“功能載體”，“功能載體”和“結構元素”間的相互作用又形成了功能示意圖(機械運動簡圖)。方案的“設計”是根據功能示意圖，先定性地描述所有的“功能載體”和“結構元素”，再定量地描述所有“結構元素”和聯接件(“功能載體”)的形狀及位置，得到結構示意圖。Roper，H.利用圖論理論，借助于由他定義的“總設計單元(GE)”、“結構元素(KE)”、“功能結構元素(FKE)”、“聯接結構元素(VKE)”、“結構零件(KT)”、“結構元素零件(KET)”等概念，以及描述結構元素尺寸、位置和傳動參數間相互關系的若干種簡圖，把設計專家憑直覺設計的方法做了形式化的描述，形成了有效地應用現有知識的方法，并將其應用于“構思”和“設計”階段。從設計方法學的觀點出發(fā)，將明確了設計任務后的設計工作分為三步：1)獲取功能和功能結構(簡稱為“功能”)；2)尋找效應(簡稱為“效應”)；3)尋找結構(簡稱為“構形規(guī)則”)。并用下述四種策略描述機械產品構思階段的工作流程：策略1：分別考慮“功能”、“效應”和“構形規(guī)則”。因此，可以在各個工作步驟中分別創(chuàng)建變型方案，由此產生廣泛的原理解譜。