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專題二

名詞命題點1名詞詞義辨析命題點2用名詞的適當形式填空命題點1名詞詞義辨析(必考:3~5道;單項填空、完形填空A)

中考解讀:分析江西近10年中考真題可知,名詞詞義辨析主要在單項填空和完形填空A中考查。單項填空中,除2020年外,每年考1道;完形填空A中,每年2~5道,共考查38次。

解題技巧:解答名詞詞義辨析類試題時,首先要明確各個名詞的含義,然后分析語境,找出關(guān)鍵詞或者前后的邏輯關(guān)系,確定正確答案。因此熟記各個名詞的含義是正確解答此類試題的關(guān)鍵。真題探究(

)1.(2021江西21題)

Your

leg

looks

really

bad!I

think

you

should

send

for

a

______

about

that.A.

pilot

B.

doctor

C.

singer

D.

postmanB【方法點撥】第①步:分析語境:你的腿看起來很嚴重!我認為你應該為此請一位

;第②步:分析選項:飛行員;醫(yī)生;歌手;郵遞員;第③步:結(jié)合前句及選項可知doctor符合語境。(

)1.(2018江西32題)I

live

near

a

big

______.

It

gets

very

noisy

on

match

days.A.

hospital

B.

store

C.

bank

D.

playgroundD(

)2.(2021安徽)—Have

you

ever

heard

“A

thousand-mile

journey

begins

with

the

first

______”?—Yes.

It’s

a

famous

Chinese

saying

by

Laozi.A.

class

B.

step

C.

break

D.

examB(

)3.(2021溫州)Mike,

a

7-year-old

boy,

has

a

great

talent

for

______.

He

can

draw

nice

pictures

though

he

has

never

learned

it.A.

art

B.

sport

C.

music

D.

scienceA(

)4.(2021昆明)Zhang

Guimei

started

the

first

free

senior

high

school

for

girls

to

help

them

get

an

______

in

Lijiang,

Yunnan.A.

education

B.

invitation

C.

information

D.

imaginationA(

)5.(2021撫順、本溪、遼陽)______

can

make

people

happy

and

want

to

make

greater

progress.A.

Fear

B.

Praise

C.

Doubt

D.

RegretB(

)6.(2021九江模擬)Jenny’s

birthday

is

coming

soon.

Her

father

will

take

her

to

see

a

new

movie

as

a

special

______.A.

pride

B.

treat

C.

example

D.

hopeB(

)7.My

cousin

and

I

often

walk

to

the

______

to

see

pandas

on

weekends.A.

bank

B.

zoo

C.

market

D.

hospitalB(

)8.Tom

has

lots

of

______

in

dealing

with

these

problems.

Go

and

ask

him

for

help.A.

courage

B.

trouble

C.

experience

D.

confidenceC(

)9.If

we

keep

bringing

air

pollution

to

the

______

of

people,the

environment

will

be

better.A.

ability

B.

agreement

C.

attention

D.

advantageC(

)10.It

is

accepted

by

everyone

that

knowledge

is

the

most

valuable

______

for

human

beings.A.

standard

B.

treasure

C.

invention

D.

educationB(

)11.Adam

wants

to

keep

writing

novels

but

he

has

too

much

homework.

He

has

difficulty

finding

a

______

between

his

hobbies

and

his

study.A.

balance

B.

possibility

C.

relationship

D.

suggestionA(

)12.Nowadays

schools

should

care

for

the

full

______

of

a

student’s

talents.A.

attention

B.

knowledge

C.

development

D.

purposeC(

)13.Nowadays

high-speed

trains

can

take

us

to

many

places.So

we

have

more

______

for

holidays.A.

jobs

B.

choices

C.

surveys

D.

servicesB(

)14.The

New

Silk

Road

will

offer

a

good

______

for

more

nations

to

communicate

with

each

other.A.

chance

B.

habit

C.

question

D.

positionA(

)15.—To

keep

our

city

clean

and

beautiful,

the

______

are

always

very

busy

in

the

street.—They

should

be

respected

by

all

the

people.A.

policemen

B.

drivers

C.

cleaners

D.

firemenC命題點2用名詞的適當形式填空(必考:2道;完形填空B)

中考解讀:分析江西近10年中考真題可知,用名詞的適當形式填空均在完形填空B中考查,每年考查2道,除2014年考查2道可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)外,其他幾年均考查1道不變形的單詞(不可數(shù)名詞/可數(shù)名詞單數(shù))及1道可數(shù)名詞變復數(shù),可數(shù)名詞變復數(shù)均為規(guī)則變化。

解題技巧:解答此類試題,考生可參考以下步驟:

【注:鋪灰內(nèi)容(名詞所有格)近10年未考查過,但是名詞所有格屬于名詞的常見變形,考生在確定符合該語境的詞是名詞后,也應結(jié)合上下文考慮是否填名詞所有格】

技巧一:如何判斷空處應填名詞還是名詞所有格

?填名詞的情況:

1.

位于句首,在句中作主語。如:

English

is

my

favorite

subject.英語是我最喜歡的科目。

2.

位于動詞或介詞后作賓語。如:

He

usually

goes

to

school

by

bike.他通常騎自行車去上學。

3.

位于形容詞后,在句中作主語、賓語或表語。如:

What

an

interesting

book

it

is!

多么有趣的一本書??!

4.

位于限定詞this,

these,

those,

many,

some,

any,

a

lot

of,

every,

the等后。如:She

likes

this

skirt

very

much.她非常喜歡這條裙子。

5.

位于數(shù)詞后。如:

I

am

the

second

son

in

my

family.我是家里的第二個兒子。

6.

其他情況:位于系動詞后作表語;冠詞、形容詞性物主代詞之后;名詞所有格及一些固定搭配中。如:

I

have

no

interest

in

playing

computer

games.我對玩電腦游戲沒有興趣。

?填名詞所有格的情況:

位于名詞前,表示所屬關(guān)系。如:

This

is

the

boy’s

book.

這是那個男孩的書。

技巧二:如何判斷符合語境的名詞是可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)名詞類別特點可數(shù)名詞①有單數(shù)和復數(shù)兩種形式,如:desk→desks;②前面可用基數(shù)詞、不定冠詞(a/an)及many等詞修飾,如:three

boys,

an

apple,

many

students。不可數(shù)名詞①沒有復數(shù)形式,作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。物質(zhì)名詞、專有名詞及抽象名詞為不可數(shù)名詞,如:tea,

Tian’anmen

Square,

courage;②前面可用much,

little等詞修飾,不可以被基數(shù)詞和不定冠詞(a/an)直接修飾;若表示數(shù)量,可用量詞來修飾、限定,如:a

piece

of

paper,

two

cups

of

tea。注意:英語中有一些名詞既可以作可數(shù)名詞,也可以作不可數(shù)名詞,但含義不同,名詞可數(shù)不可數(shù)名詞可數(shù)不可數(shù)chicken小雞雞肉exercise練習題;操鍛煉experience經(jīng)歷經(jīng)驗glass玻璃杯玻璃life生命;一生(泛指)生物light電燈光;光線orange橙子橙汁radio收音機無線電room房間空間time次數(shù);倍數(shù)時間wood樹林木頭;木材work作品工作常見的有:拓展

可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞的常見修飾語

1.

只修飾可數(shù)名詞的修飾語:few很少;幾乎沒有

a

few一些;幾個several幾個

different不同的a

couple

of兩個

many

(a)

很多a

number

of若干;許多a

great/large

number

of許多2.

只修飾不可數(shù)名詞的修飾語:little幾乎沒有

a

little少量much很多

a

good/great

deal

of很多a

bit

of有一點兒

a

large

amount

of大量的

3.

既可修飾可數(shù)名詞又可修飾不可數(shù)名詞的修飾語:some一些

a

lot

of很多l(xiāng)ots

of很多

plenty

of充足的most大多數(shù)的

all全部的the

rest

of剩下的

1.

不定冠詞a/an+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù);

2.

this/that/every/each/another/either/any

other等不定代詞+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù);

3.

基數(shù)詞one+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù);

4.

序數(shù)詞+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù);

5.

可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)(主語)+be動詞單數(shù)形式/實義動詞單三形式;

6.

上下文語境或者句中有對應的提示詞,如:it,its;

7.

專有名詞,如:the

Great

Wall。

技巧三:如何判斷應填可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)形式還是可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)形式

?填單數(shù)形式的判定方法:

?填復數(shù)形式的判定方法:

1.

other/these/those/many(of)/some(of)/several/few(of)/a

few(of)/both(of)/all(of)/either(of)/neither(of)/none(of)

+可數(shù)名詞復數(shù);

2.

many(a)/quite

a

few/one

of/a

pair

of/a

couple

of/a(great/large)number

of/different

kinds

of/all

kinds

of+可數(shù)名詞復數(shù);

3.

大于1的基數(shù)詞+可數(shù)名詞復數(shù);

4.

可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)(主語)+be動詞復數(shù)形式/實義動詞原形;

5.

上下文語境或句中有對應的提示詞,如:them,their;

6.

通常用復數(shù)或只有復數(shù)形式的名詞,如:chopsticks(筷子),clothes(衣服),glasses(眼鏡),scissors(剪刀),socks(襪子),trousers(褲子)。注意

名詞作定語時,其單復數(shù)的變化情況如下:

1.

被man/woman修飾的名詞變復數(shù)時,須將該名詞和man/woman均變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)形式。如:

a

man

doctor→two

men

doctors

a

woman

teacher→two

women

teachers

2.

被其他名詞修飾的名詞變復數(shù)時,只需把該名詞變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)。如:

a

girl

student→two

girl

students

a

birthday

gift→two

birthday

gifts

示例探究villager

country

week

sugar例1:

The

milk

is

very

sweet

with

much________in

it.

I

can’t

stand

it.sugar【方法點撥】第①步:結(jié)合very

sweet及備選詞可知此處表示“里面有許多糖”,sugar符合語境;第②步:sugar是不可數(shù)名詞,填原形。例2:

As

is

known

to

us

all,

knowledge

can

help

our__________develop

quickly.country【方法點撥】第①步:結(jié)合語境及備選詞可知此處表示“知識可以幫助我們國家快速發(fā)展”,country符合語境;第②步:country是可數(shù)名詞,根據(jù)常識可知,此處用單數(shù)。例3:

This

morning,Nancy

met

several__________in

the

countryside.

They

are

very

friendly.villagers【方法點撥】第①步:結(jié)合met、后句及備選詞可知此處表示“南希在農(nóng)村遇到了幾位村民”,villager符合語境;第②步:villager是可數(shù)名詞,several后接可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)形式。例4:

He

asked

for

a_________leave

to

look

after

his

sick

father.week’s【方法點撥】第①步:結(jié)合to

look

after

his

sick

father及備選詞可知此處表示“他請了一周假”,week符合語境;第②步:week是可數(shù)名詞,所填詞作定語,修飾leave,且表示“一周的假”,應用所有格形式,空前有a,此處用單數(shù)形式的所有格形式??枷?

名詞的數(shù)

?可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞【講解見P24】

?可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)變復數(shù)的變化表情況構(gòu)成方法示例一般情況加-ssign→signs

goal→goals以ce,se,ze,ge等結(jié)尾的詞加-sface→faces

license→licensesprize→prizes

orange→oranges1.

規(guī)則變化情況構(gòu)成方法示例以字母s,

x,

sh,

ch等結(jié)尾的詞加-esclass→classes

box→boxesbrush→brushes

watch→watches特例:stomach→stomachs以元音字母加-y結(jié)尾的詞加-skey→keys

holiday→holidays

monkey→monkeys以輔音字母加-y結(jié)尾的詞先變y為i,再加-esparty→parties

story→storiesfamily→families續(xù)表情況構(gòu)成方法示例以輔音字母加-o結(jié)尾的詞表示有生命的加-estomato→tomatoeshero→heroespotato→potatoes表示無生命的加-sphoto→photospiano→pianos以字母f(e)結(jié)尾的詞變f(e)為v,再加-esleaf→leavesknife→kniveswife→wives特例:belief→beliefs續(xù)表2.

不規(guī)則變化構(gòu)成方法舉例元音字母發(fā)生變化改a為e型man→men

woman→women特例:German→German

shuman→humans改oo為ee型foot→feet

tooth→teeth單復數(shù)同形sheep→sheep合成詞將主體詞變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)passer-by→passers-by表示“……國人”單復數(shù)同形Chinese→ChineseJapanese→Japanese構(gòu)成方法舉例表示“……國人”詞尾加-sGerman→GermansAmerican→Americans變man為menEnglishman→EnglishmenFrenchman→Frenchmen其他特殊形式mouse→micechild→children續(xù)表

?不可數(shù)名詞的量化表達情況方法示例具體的量數(shù)詞+表數(shù)量的名詞+of+不可數(shù)名詞a

piece

of

paper一張紙大概的量表示數(shù)量的限定詞+不可數(shù)名詞(用some,

much,

a

little/little,

a

lot

of/lots

of,

plenty

of等表示)some

water一些水a(chǎn)

little

money一點兒錢

?集合名詞

集合名詞常分為以下兩類:

1.

形式為單數(shù),

但意義可以為單數(shù)或復數(shù),

如:family,

team,

group,

class,

government,

army,

audience等。當它們作主語時,

如果強調(diào)一個整體,

謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式;如果強調(diào)集體中的每一個成員,

謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。

2.

形式為單數(shù),

但意義永遠為復數(shù)。如:people,

police等,

這類詞只有單數(shù)形式,

但表示復數(shù)意義,不與a/an連用,

可與the連用,謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式??枷?

名詞所有格情況構(gòu)成方法示例有生命的單數(shù)名詞加-’sthe

boy’s

toy

那個男孩的玩具有生命的復數(shù)名詞以s結(jié)尾的加-’parents’

help

父母的幫助不以s結(jié)尾的加-’schildren’s

idea

孩子們的主意表時間、距離、路程、度量、國家等無生命的單數(shù)名詞單數(shù)加-’sa

day’s

work

一天的工作以s結(jié)尾的復數(shù)加-’20

minutes’

walk

步行20分鐘的路程情況構(gòu)成方法示例表≥2人共同所有最后一個名詞加-’sKelly

and

Joe’s

aunt

凱莉和喬(共同)的姑姑表≥2人各自所有每個名詞后都加-’schildren’s

and

men’s

shoes

孩子和男士的鞋無生命名詞的所有格用of

表達the

door

of

the

room

房間的門續(xù)表拓展

1.

基數(shù)詞+連字符+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),一般用作定語修飾名詞,它相當于“基數(shù)詞+名詞所有格”。如:

a

two-day

trip=a

two

days’

trip兩天的旅行

2.

在表示“店鋪”“某某家”“診所”“辦公室”的名詞所有格后,一般省去被修飾的表示地點的名詞。如:

at

the

doctor’s

在診所

go

to

my

uncle’s去我叔叔家

3.

很多節(jié)日的表達都用的是’s所有格形式。如:

Teachers’

Day

教師節(jié)

of所有格

通常用來表示無生命事物的名詞的所屬關(guān)系,其形式為:名詞+of+名詞。如:

the

door

of

the

room

房門注意

of所有格有時也用于人或有生命的東西,表示所屬關(guān)系,特別是當這些所有者有較長的定語時,如:

the

name

of

the

brave

young

girl

這個勇敢的年輕女孩的名字。一、小題試練world

volunteer

sadness

pride

Thursday

woman

progress

hobby

secret

poem16.(2021自貢改編)Speak

English

as

much

as

possible

and

you’ll

make

great__________in

spoken

English

one

day.progress17.(2021眉山改編)More

than

200____________in

our

university

are

sent

to

teach

in

the

poor

areas

every

year.volunteers18.(2021臨沂改編)In

1920,

the_________first

three-color

traffic

light

was

put

to

use.world’s19.In

most

countries,

Thanksgiving

is

always

on

the

fourth___________in

November.20.Jenny

has

two__________—playing

the

piano

and

collecting

stamps.hobbies21.Don’t

ask

the

old

woman’s

age.

It

is

a________.secret22.Bob’s

mother

took________in

him

because

he

helped

an

old

man

yesterday.pride23.The

six-year-old

American

girl

has

learned

hundreds

of

Chinese_________.poems24.We

sensed

a

strong__________and

pain

under

the

strangely

beautiful

music

made

by

Abing.sadness25.These_________in

beautiful

dresses

will

have

a

party

this

evening.womenThursday二、語篇提升article

way

friend

advice

sentence

Chinese

skill

speed

knowledge

language

I’m

very

happy

to

hear

from

you.

From

your

letter,

I

know

you’ve

fallen

in

love

with

26.__________.

You

want

me

to

give

you

some

useful

27._________on

how

to

learn

it

well.

The

following

are

some

tips.

First,

you

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