主謂一致詳解

【基礎知識】

主謂一致指“人稱”和“數(shù)”方面的一致關系。對大多數(shù)人來說，往往會在掌握主語和隨后

的謂語動詞之間的一致問題上遇到困難。一般情況下，主謂之間的一致關系由以下三個原則

支配：

語法一致原則(grammaticalconcord)

意義一致原則(notionalconcord)

就近原則(principleofproximity)

(一)語法一致原則

用作主語的名詞詞組中心詞和謂語動詞在單、復數(shù)形式上的一致，就是語法一致。也就是說,

如果名詞中心詞是單數(shù)，動詞用單數(shù)形式；如果名詞中心詞是復數(shù)，動詞用復數(shù)形式。例如:

Thistableisagenuineantique.

Bothpartieshavetheirownadvantages.

Herjobhassomethingtodowithcomputers.

Shewantstogohome.

Theyaredivorcingeachother.

Marywaswatchingherselfinthemirror.

Thebirdbuiltanest.

Susancomeshomeeveryweek-end.

(二)意義一致原則

有時，主語和謂語動詞的一致關系取決于主語的單、復數(shù)意義，而不是語法上的單、復數(shù)形

式，這樣的一致關系就是意義一致。例如：

Democraticgovernmentgraduallytaketheplaceofanall-powerfulmonarchy.

Abarrackswasattackedbytheguerilla.

Mumpsisakindofinfectiousdisease.

TheUnitedStatesisadevelopedcountry.

Itistheremainsofaruinedpalace.

Thearchiveswaslost.

Thispairoftrouserscostsfiftydollars.

（三）就近原則

有時，謂語動詞的單、復數(shù)形式?jīng)Q定于最靠近它的詞語。

例如：

Eithermygrandsonsortheirfatheriscoming.

Nooneexcepthisdaughtersagreewithhim.

Maryandhersistersarebakingacake.

NeitherRichardnorIamgoing.

二、以集合名詞做主語的主謂一致問題

有些集合名詞，

ommittee,council,crew,crowd,family,gang,government,group,mob,staff,team,union等，在

意義上是復數(shù)，但在語法形式上是單數(shù)，這類名詞作主語的主謂一致問題往往遵循“語法一致”

或“意義一致”原則。例如:

Thecommitteehas/havedecidedtodismisshim.

Acouncilofeldersgovernsthetribe.

Thepresentgovernmentistryingtocontrolinflation.

Theschoolstaffareexpectedtosuperviseschoolmeals.

（一）通常作復數(shù)的集體名詞

包括police,people,cattle,militia,vermin等，這些集體名詞通常用作復數(shù)。

例如：

TheBritishpolicehaveonlyverylimitedpowers.

Themilitiawerecalledouttoguardtheborderland.

Itseemsthecattleonthesidesofthedikesweretheonlylivingcreaturesinthese

desolatesurroundings.

（二）通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞

通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞，包括poultry,foliage,machinery,equipment,furniture,

merchandise等，這類名詞后的動詞用單數(shù)形式。

例如：

Poultryisexpensiveatthistimeofyear.

Thatgreenfoliagewasrestful.

Themerchandisehasarrivedundamaged.

AllthemachineryinthefactoryismadeinChina.

Thesuiteoffurnitureheboughtwasofcontemporarystyle.

Theequipmentofthephotographicstudiowasexpensive.

（三）可作單數(shù)也可作復數(shù)的集體名詞

可作單數(shù)也可作復數(shù)的集體名詞，包括audience,committee,crew,family,governmentjury

等。

例如：

Theaudiencewas/wereenthusiasticontheopeningnightoftheplay.

Thecommitteehas/havedecidedtodismisshim.

Thejuryis/areabouttoannouncethewinners.

Thegovernmenthas/havediscussedthematterforalongtime.

三、acommittee,etcof+復數(shù)名詞的主謂一致問題

如果主語是由acommitteeof/apanelof/a（the）boardof+復數(shù)名詞構成，隨后的動詞通常

用單數(shù)。

例如:

Acommitteeoftwelvemenistodiscussthematter.

Apanelofexpertshasconsideredthesituation.

Theboardofmanagersisresponsibleforthefirm.

四、以-s結尾的名詞作主語的主謂一致問題

英語可數(shù)名詞的規(guī)則復數(shù)形式是在詞尾加-s或-es,但是有一些以-s結尾的名詞并不是可數(shù)

名詞。它們用法多樣，造成了實際使用上的困難，以下詳述了以-s結尾的名詞作主語的主謂

一致問題。

（一）以-s結尾的疾病名稱作主語的主謂一致問題

（-）以-S結尾的游戲名稱作主語的主謂一致問題

（三）以-S結尾的地理名稱作主語的主謂一致問題

（四）以-ics結尾的學科名稱作主語的主謂一致問題

（五）其它以-s結尾的名詞的主謂一致問題

（-）以-s結尾的疾病名稱作主語的主謂一致問題

以-S結尾的疾病名稱作主語的主謂一致問題，如：

arthHtis,bronchitis,diabetes,mumps,phlebitis,rickets,這類以-s結尾的疾病名稱作主語時,謂

語動詞通常用作單數(shù)。

例如：

Arthritiscausesgreatpaininthejointsofthepatient.

Thediabetesisakindofchronicdisease.

Measlesusuallyoccursinchildren.

Phlebitisisaswollenconditionofthebloodvessels.

（二）以-s結尾的游戲名稱作主語的主謂一致問題

以?s結尾的游戲名稱作主語時，謂語動詞通常用作單數(shù)。

例如：

Dartsisbasicallyaeasygame.

Marblesisnotconfinedtochildren.

Skittlesisnotfashionablenowadays.

Draughtsisnotverydifficulttolearn.

但當Darts,Marbles等的意義為游戲器具而非游戲名稱時，謂語動詞通常用作復數(shù)。

例如：

Threedartsarethrownateachturn.

Allnineskittleswerebroughtdownbythegoodthrow.

（三）以?s結尾的地理名稱作主語的主謂一致問題

某些以?s結尾的地理名稱,如果是國名，theUnitedStates,theNetherlands因其

是單一政治實體，所以謂語動詞用作單數(shù)。

例如:

TheUnitedStateswashitbytheGreatDepressionin1930s'.

InearlyJanuary1996theNetherlandswashitbyitsworststormsince1976.

但如果是群島、山脈、海峽、瀑布等地理名稱作主語，謂語動詞用作復數(shù)。

例如:

TheWestIndiesarecommonlydividedintotwoparts.

TheHimalayashaveamagnificentvarietyofplant.

TheStraitsofGibraltarhavenotlosttheirstrategicimportance.

TheNiagaraFallsareperhapsthemostsplendidwaterfallintheworld.

（四）以?ics結尾的學科名稱作主語的主謂一致問題

某些以?ics結尾的學科名稱作主語時,如physics,mathematics,mechanics,optics,

acoustics,politicsstatistics,economics,linguistics,athletics等，謂語動詞通常用作單數(shù)。

例如：

Physicsisafundamentalsubjectinscience.

Thethirdworldeconomicsispromising.

Acousticsstudiesthescienceofsound.

Mathematicsisaninterestingsubject.

Athleticsisarequiredcourseforstudentsofallgrades.

但如果這類名詞表示學科以外的其它含義，可作復數(shù)用。

例如：

Athleticshavebeengreatlyencouragedatthiscollege.

Theacousticsofthenewconcerthallareperfect.

Theeconomicsoftheprojectarestillatissue.

（五）其它以?s結尾的名詞的主謂一致問題

A.以-s結尾的由兩部分組成的物體名稱作主語

英語中有一些通常以-s結尾的由兩部分組成的物體名詞，如glasses,

pincers,pliers,scissors,shorts,suspenders,trousers這類名詞做主語，如果不帶“一把”、

“一副”等單位詞，謂語動詞通常用復數(shù)。

例如：

Mary'sglassesarenew.

John'strousersareblack.

如果帶有單位詞，則由單位詞決定動詞的單、復數(shù)形式。

例如：

Onepairofpincersisn'tenough.

Twopairsofscissorsaremissingfrommytoolbox.

B.其他以?s結尾的名詞

英語中還有一些以-s結尾的名詞,如archives,arms,clothes,contents,eaves,fireworks,

goods,minutes,morals,remainsstairs,suburbs,thanks,wages這類名詞作主語時，謂語動

詞通常用復數(shù)。

例如：

ThearchivesofthecountryarekeptintheDepartmentofSecurity.

Thecontentsofthebookaremostamusing.

Highwagesoftenresultinhighprices.

Mythanksaresincere.

五、如果句子的主語是并列結構，其主謂一致問題通常遵循以下原則：

（一）由and/both...and連接的并列主語的主謂一致問題

（二）由or/nor/either…or連接的并列主語的主謂一致問題

（三）主語+asmuchas,etc的主謂一致問題

（一）由and/both...and連接的并列主語的主謂一致問題

由and/both...and連接的并列結構作主語，可根據(jù)主語的意義決定謂語動詞的單、復數(shù)形式。

例如：

Pancakesandsyrupisatastybreakfast.

ThenumberanddiversityofBritishnewspaperisconsiderable.

Goodandbadtasteareinculcatedbyexample.

Fishandchipsaregettingveryexpensive.

Atruckandacarwereintheditch.

BothCathyandherdaughterLidahavegonefishinginCanada.

當and連接的并列名詞詞組帶有each,every,或者manya等限定詞時，謂語動詞通常用

單數(shù)。

例如：

Eachmanandeachwomanthereisaskedtohelp.

Everyflowerandeverybushistobecutdown.

Everychangeofseason,everychangeofweather,indeedeveryhouroftheday,

producessomechangeinthemagicalhuesandshapesofthesemountains.

Manyaboywasdisappointedafterseeingthefilm.

（二）由or/nor/either...or連接的并列主語的主謂一致問題

由or,nor,either...or,neither...nor,notonly...butalso連接的并列結構作主語,隨后的動詞形

式通常按照“就近原則”處理。

例如：

NeitherLucynorCarolhasanymoneyleft.

NeithersleetnorsnowstopshimfromdrivinghisnewMercedes-Benz.

EitherTinaorCarolissuretoknowtheanswer.

Neithermyfathernormybrothersarelikelytobeattheater.

NeithertheKansascoachnortheplayerswereconfidentofvictory.

Notonlyone,butallofusarehopingtobethere.

Notonlytheswitchesbutalsotheoldwiringhasbeenstolen.

（三）主語+asmuchas,etc的主謂一致問題

當主語后面跟有由asmuchas,ratherthan,morethan,nolessthan等引導的從屬結構，

或跟有由aswellas,inadditionto,with,alongwith,togetherwith,except等引導的詞組時，

其后的動詞形式取決主語的形式。

例如：

Thevessel,withitsentirecrewandcargowaslost.

Theocean,aswellasthegulfandthebay,providesgoodfishing.

John,ratherthanhisroommates,istoblame.

Hugh,aswellashistwosisters,isvacationinginWyomingthissummer.

Someoftheemployeesasmuchasthemanagerwereresponsibleforthefailure.

Myhusband,morethananyoneelseinthefamily,islongingtogothereagain.

Billy,togetherwithhissisters,waswoundedintheaccident.

Nooneexcepttwogirlswaslateforschool.

六、以表示數(shù)量概念的名詞詞組作主語的主謂一致問題

數(shù)量概念分兩類：一類是確定數(shù)量，如twoyears,fiveseconds,threekilos,另一類是非

確定數(shù)量，如allof...,someof...,noneof...。如果用這類表示數(shù)量概念的名詞詞組作主語,

會產(chǎn)生主謂一致問題。

（一）以表示確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組作主語的主謂一致問題

（二）以表示非確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組作主語的主謂一致問題

（一）以表示確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組作主語

當主語為表示確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組時，如果數(shù)量概念被看做一個整體，動詞用單數(shù)，如果被

看做組成該數(shù)量的個體，動詞用復數(shù)。

例如：

Thetreasurerconsideredthattwentydollarswasnottoomuchtoask.

*'Twomonthsistooshortatime,'*Generalmanagerwarned,"wemusthurryup."

Threeweeksisneededtocompletethetask.

Thereweresixsilverdollarsineachofthestockings.

Threepintsisnotenoughtogethimdrunk.

Atotalof50,000newbicycleswasregisteredintheyear.

如果作主語的名詞詞組是由“分數(shù)/百分數(shù)+of”詞組構成，其動詞形式取決于of詞組中名詞

的類別。

例如：

Two-thirdsofthepeoplepresentisagainsttheplan.

Three-fourthsofthesurfaceoftheearthiscoveredbysea.

Overtwentypercentofthecitywasdestroyedinthewar.

Forty-fivepercentofthedoctorswerewoman.

兩數(shù)相減或相除，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；兩數(shù)相加或相乘，謂語動詞可用單數(shù)，也可用復數(shù)。

例如：

Sixtyminusseventeenleavesforty-three.

Forty-twodividedbysixisseven.

Sixandeightmakes/makefourteen.

Sixtimeseightis/areforty-eight.

如果主語由"onein/oneoutof+復數(shù)名詞”構成，在正式語體中，動詞用單數(shù)。

例如：

Oneintenstudentshaspassedtheexamination.

Oneoutoftwelvebottleswasleftintact.

（二）以表示非確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組作主語的主謂一致問題

如果主語由"aportionof,aseriesof,apileof,apanelof+名詞”或由"akind/sort/typeof,

thiskind/sort/typeof+名詞”構成，謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)。

例如:

ApanelofushasdecidedtohireaboatandtravelthroughHollandbycanal.

Apileofapplelogswassetbesidethehearth.

Aportionofreportsisdeceiving.

Thiskindofcarsisratherexpensive.

Thistypeofwomenisdangerous.

Thattypeofmachinesisup-to-date.

如果主語是由“manya+名詞”或“morethanone+名詞”構成，隨后的動詞遵循“語法一致”

原則，用單數(shù)。

例如:

Manyapersoninthesecircumstanceshashopedforalongbreak.

Manyamanhashisownresponsibility.

Morethanonestudenthasfailedtheexam.

Morethanoneshipwaslostthisyear.

如果主語是allof,someof,noneof,halfof,mostof,lotsof,loadsof,plentyof,等表示非確定

數(shù)量的名詞詞組，謂語動詞的單、復數(shù)形式根據(jù)of詞組中名詞類別而定。

例如：

MostofthemoneywasrecoveredbyDeputyPlayer.

Allofthecargowaslost.

Someofthebookswerebadlytorn.

Noneofmyfriendsevercometoseeme.

Halfofthebuildingwasdestroiedduringthewar.

Halfofthestudentsareeagertoleavenow.

Lotsofpeoplearewaitingoutside.

Loadsofappleshavebeendistributedamongthechildren.

Plentyofwaterwaspreparedforirrigation.

【模擬試題】

一.單項填空

1.—Wouldyoudomethefavortocarrytheboxforme?

A.NotatallB.NevermindC.WithpleasureD.Yes,ifsreallysorry

2.inorout,healwaysclosesallthewindows.

A.EitherB.NeitherC.WhetherD.Both

3.He'llattendthemeetinginBeijingnextmonth.

A.heldB.tobeheldC.holdingD.hold

4.TheheadmasteraskedhisstudentswhattheythemselvesonSaturday.

A.didwithB.dealtwithC.madeupD.tookup

5.Suchfineweatherisunusualchanceforusalltogofora

picnic.

A.a;anB.the;anC.a;theD./；an

6.TherewasatalkbetweenKoreaandTheUSlastweek.

A.friendB.friendlyC.friendshipD.friendless

7.Ifstoolatetogotothecinemanow.,it'sstartingtorain.

A.BesidesB.HoweverC.MeanwhileD.Anyhow

8.一Whydon'tyougohome?

一111dosowhenImyhomework.

A.shallfinishB.willfinishC.havefinishedD.finished

9.Myclassteacheraswellasotherteachersverykindtome.

A.areB.isC.doD.does

10.Infrontofmyhousetothesea.

A.ariverliesB.ariverlieC.lieariverD.liesariver

11.—Themaninthephotoisjustlikeyourbrother.

—Well,ifs.

A.aphotoofmybrotherB.aphotoofmybrother's

C.oneofmybrotherD.ofmybrother

12.一HaveyouanytroublefindingyourwayinShanghai?

—Yes,Itriedtofindmywaytotheairportbut.

A.hasbeenlostB.getlostC.lostD.gotlost

13.Today,manypollutedriverscleanerandcleaner.

A.becameB.arebecomingC.havebecomeD.become

14.Wasitwhenhewasayoungmanhejoinedthearmy?

A.whoB.whatC.thatD.and

15.一Sorry,Ican'tgotoyourparty.

-Whatcanyoudoingthat?

A.keep;/B.protect;fromC.pretend;fromD.prevent;from

二.完形填空

ProfessionalsportsareverypopularintheUnitedStatesandtheyarebigbusiness.

Themostpopularsportsarebasketball,footballandbaseball.___16___hasitsown

season.And___17___supporters.Professionalteamsarenamedforthecities___18___

theyarelocated.Whenateamplaysinachampionshipgame,mostpeopleinthecity

___19___thegamewithinterestandenthusiasm.Basketballis___20___aroundthe

world.ProfessionalbasketballgamesintheUS___21___indoorsduringwintermonths.

FromNovembertoApril___22___canfindaprofessionalbasketballgameseveralnights

aweekinmostlarge___23___cities.BasketballisanAmericansport.It___24___the

nationalpastime.

Thegameisplayedintheevening___25___everynightoftheweekand___26___

weekendsaswell.TheseasonbeginsinApriland___27__intheOctober.Football

___28___mostpopularprofessionalsportintheUS.Itisplayedon_Sundays___29___the

fallfromAugusttoJanuary.Americanfootballisdifferent__30internationalfootball,

___31___Americanscalledsoccer.Bothgamesrequire___32___andspecializedskills.

Professionalplayersarevery___33___.Themostfamousplayers___34___millionsof

dollarsfortheirplayingskill.Americanbestplayershavehigher___35___thanthe

country'spresident.

16.A.EveryB.BothC.EachD.AII

17.A.millionB.millionsC.m川ionofD.millionsof

18.A.whenB.whereC.whoD.whose

19.A.followB.walkC.runD.jump

20.A.well-knownB.wellC.knownD.fame

21.A.playedB.isplayedC.playsD.areplayed

22.A.somebodyB.oneC.anyoneD.everybody

23.A.AmericaB.EnglandC.AmericanD.English

24.A.wascalledB.hasbeencalledC.iscalledD.becalled

25.A.nearlyB.closeC.closelyD.near

26.A.atB.inC.onD.during

27.A.finishB.finishingC.finishedD.finishes

28.A.becameB.isbecomeC.isbecomingD.hasbecome

29.A.duringB.whileC.onD.at

30.A.ofB.fromC.withD.about

31.A.whenB.thatC.whereD.which

32.A.strongB.strengthC.strengthenD.stronger

33.A.wellpayB.goodpayC.wellpaidD.goodpaid

34.A.makeB.hadC.gotD.received

35.A.moneyB.salariesC.payD.wage

三.閱讀理解

A

Itisnotunusualtoseeyourdesk-mateyawn（打呵欠）ashecomplainsthathedidn't

haveagoodsleepthenightbefore.Manyteensdon'tgetenoughsleepbecausetheyhave

toomuchhomework,whichkeepsthemupatnight.Someteenscannotsleepatnighteven

whentheywantto.

Studiesshowthatduringyourteenageyears,thebody'sbiologicalclockisreset,

tellingyoutosleeplateratnightandwakeuplaterinthemorning.

Butchangesinthebodyclockaren'ttheonlyreasonteenslosesleep.Lotsofpeople

haveinsomnia（失眠）.Themostcommoncauseofinsomniaisstress.Butallsortsofthings

canleadtoinsomnia.Theseincludephysicaldiscomfort,emotionaltroublesandeven

sleepingenvironment.Ifscommonforeveryonetohaveinsomniafromtimetotime.Butif

itlastsforamonthormoregoandseeadoctor.

Somepeoplehaveaconditionthatcausesstomachacid（酸）tomovebackward

towardsthechest.Thisproducestheuncomfortable,burningfeelingcalledheartburn.So

evenifthepersondoesn'tnoticethefeelingsofheartburnbecauseheissleeping,hemay

feeltiredthenextday.

Mostteenshavenightmaressometimes.But,iftheyarefrequent,aperson'ssleep

patterncanbeseriouslyaffected.Themostcommoncauseofnightmaresisemotional

problems,suchasstress（壓力）oranxiety.Ifyouhavethemalot,ifsagoodideatotalkto

adoctor.

Doctorsencourageteenstomakelifestylechangestodevelopgoodsleepinghabits.

Youprobablyknowthatcoffeecankeepyouawake,butdidyouknowthatplayingvideo

gamesorwatchingTVdoesthesame?

36.Themainideaofthefirstparagraphis.

A.Thereisaproblemthatteenagerscan'tgetenoughsleep.

B.Sleepingproblemshavedifferentcauses.

C.Yawningisagoodwaytogetridofsleep.

D.Teenagerscaretoomuchforhomework.

37.TheTeenagers7biologicalclock.

A.easilymakesteenagersleadtoinsomnia

B.istheoriginoftheirinsomnia

C.providesthemwithplentyoftimeatnight

D.ishelpfultoimprovetheirconcentration（注意力）

38.Whatdoesthewritersayabout“nightmares”?

A.Itisnothingandshouldn'tbetakenseriously.

B.Itcanreleasetheirstressoranxiety.

C.Emotionalproblemsaretheonlywaytoformnightmares.

D.Peoplewillsufferfromsleepiffrequent.

39.Whichwaycanhelptogetridofinsomnia?

A.Drinkingsomecoffeebeforegoingtobed.

B.PlayingvideogameorwatchingTVfromtimetotime.

C.Turningtoadoctorforhelp.

D.Eatingmuchmedicineforinsomnia

B

Russiantraditionordersthatmenshouldkisseachotherthreetimesonthecheeksat

officialfunctions.Now,anewrulinginMoscowiscallingforpoliticiansinthecapitaltostick

totheoldhandshake.AccordingtoBritain'sTheTelegraphnewspaper,politiciansin

Moscowhavebeentoldtostopkissingeachotherwhentheymeetbecausethe"kissing

ceremony^^takessolong.

LeonidBrezhnev,thegeneralsecretaryoftheCommunistPartyfrom1964to1982,

wasfamousfortreatingmalecolleaguestoafulllip-lock.Onephotographofhimkissing

EricHonecker,theleaderoftheDemocraticRepublicofGermany,wasusedforaprotest

paintingontheBerlinWallwiththecaption:"Oh,God,helpmesurvivethisdeadlylove^^.

KissingthreetimesonthecheeksatofficialoccasionsisaRussiantradition.The

practicehasbeenrevivedamonghigh-rankingofficialsinpastyears.Inthedistantpast,a

kissfromthetsar(emperor)wasthehighestsignofrecognition.TheMoscowruling,

however,haspromptedauthoritiesinothercitiestoconsiderbanningthepractice.

AlexeiKleshko,aparliamentmemberinSiberia,said:"Single-sexkissesshouldbe

avoided,includingatofficialmeetings.Ifsenoughtoshakehands.Ofcourse,ifoneis

talkingaboutalongfriendshiporfatherlyrelations,itmightbeOKtoembrace.Butthafs

themaximumthatshouldbeallowed.

AnotherMPVladimirGorlov,saidheonlyallowedhimselftokissthehandofawoman

atwork:"ThereareinformalrelationsandtherearemeetingsgovernedbyprotocolJhe

said.“Whenamaniskissinganothermanatanofficialevent,Ihaveanegativeattitude

towardsit.Therearerulesofdecency.,,

40.Moscowiscallingforpoliticianstosticktohandshakebecause.

A.itispopularathomeandabroad

B.itistheirtradition

C.itsavestime

D.Russianwomenhaveastrongloveofit

41.BymentioningBrezhnev,theauthor.

A.wantstoshowhisrespecttoBrezhner

B.admiresBrezhnevforhisskillsatkissing

C.justshowsthemediamadefunofpicturesofpoliticianskissing

D.praisesBrezhnev'sgoodrelationwithHonecker

42.IfthetsarkissedaRussianwoman,shewouldfeel.

A.nervousB.proudC.shamefulD.curious

43.Wecaninferfromthelasttwoparagraphsthat.

A.Kleshkoisstronglyagainstanykindofkiss

B.Kleshkoisamanoutofdate

C.GorlovesharesthesameviewwithKleshkoissingle-sexkisses

D.Gorlovewon'tkissanymaninanyform

C

HaveyoueverdreamedofvisitingaplanetintheMilkWay?Whilethetripsounds

exciting,itwouldtakeyearsandyearstoreachyourdestination.Sointhefuture,bedtime

forastronautsmaybemorethanafewhoursofregularshut-eye.Theywouldhavetosleep

foryears.

Europeanresearchersarenowconductinghibernationexperiments.Thestudymay

helpthemunderstandwhetherhumanscouldeversleepthroughtheyearsitwouldtakefor

aspaceflighttodistantplanets.therewasaneffectivetechnology,itcouldmake

deep-spacetravelareality,saidMarkAyreoftheEuropeanSpaceAgencylastmonth.

Whatseemslikesciencefictionisnotcompletelyunlikely.Researchershavebeen

abletousechemicalstoputlivingcellsintoasleep-likestatewheretheydon'tage.They

havenowmovedontosmall,non-hibernatingmammalslikerats.Theresultswillbeoutby

theendof2004.

Amajorchallengeisthefactthatcellscanbeverysimplesystems,whereasbody

organsarefarmorecomplex.

“It'slikemovingfromasimpleApplecomputertoasupercomputer,saidMarco

Biggiogera,ahibernationresearcheratItaly'sUniversityofPavia.

Justlikebearsandfrogs,thehibernationofhumanbeingswouldcauseaperson's

metabolism（新陳代謝）tolowersotheywouldneedlessenergy.

Medicalresearch,however,isjusthalfofaspaceflighthibernationsystem.

Thereisthechallengeofdesigningasuitableprotectiveshelter.Suchashelterwould

providetheproperenvironmentforhibernation,suchasthepropertemperature.Itwould

alsohavetomonitor（監(jiān)控）lifefunctionsandservethephysiologicalneedsofthe

hibernator.

AccordingtoAyre,thesixpersonHumanOuterPlanetsExplorationMissionto

Jupiter^moon（木星的衛(wèi)星）Callisto,couldbeanopportunitytousehumanhibernation.

Themissionaimstosendsixhumansonafive-yearflighttoCallisto,wheretheywillspend

30days,in2045.

44.Europeanresearchersareconductinghibernationexperimentsto.

A.ensureastronautstogetacompletesleep

B.findthesecretofsomecreatures

C.makepreparationsforthejourneytoJupiter'smoonCallisto

D.knowifmancansleepforyears

45.Thesentence“Whatseemslikesciencefictionisnotcompletelyunlikely^^means

A.Sciencefictionispeople'simagination.

B.Sciencefictionisimaginative,butitcanberealized.

C.Thingsseemimpossiblemaycometrue.

D.Thingsdescribedinsciencefictionaresuretobecometrue.

46.Thepassageisimpliedbutdoesn,tstatesthat.

A.puttinglivingcellsintoasleep-likestateisfulloffailure

B.Biggiogeraisconfidentwiththeexperiment

C.human'shibernationneedsnoenergy

D.medicalresearchisthekeytospaceflighthibernationsystem

47.Bydesigningasuitableprotectiveshelter,astronautscan.

A.haveagoodhibernation

B.lessenthepressureoftravelinginspace

C.feedthemselvesinspaceship

D.monitortheirbodychanges

48.Whafsthebesttitleforthepassage?

A.SixhumanstoflytoCallisto

B.Humanhibernationimproveshealth

C.Spacetravelattractspeople

D.Deepsleepfordeepspacetravel

【試題答案】

一.單項填空

1.C。當對方向你求助時,表示肯定的回答有:“Fmgladto"；“Why,ofcourse''；''With(great)

pleasure”等。

2.C弄清題意是解答此題的關鍵：無論是在家還是不在家，他總是關著窗戶。答案非C莫

屬。

3.B。空缺處的非謂語動詞應該是既表示被動，又表示將來，所以答案只能選B。

4.Aodowith常與what連用，dealwith則常與how連用。

5.Doweather是不可數(shù)名詞，而chance是可數(shù)名詞，unusual讀音的第一個音標是元音

音素，所以之前要用不定冠詞an。

6.B。少數(shù)名詞后加-ly構成形容詞，并非副詞。如：fatherly,motherly,brotherly,comradely

等。

7.A?從題干結構看，空缺處填入however也可，但從題干意思看，后面句子很明顯是對

句子意思的遞進，所以答案選A,而不選B。

8.Co空缺處前面的主句是一般將來時態(tài)，when引導的時間狀語從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時代替

一般將來時。此處用現(xiàn)在完成時表示將來完成時的意義。

9.Bo題干的主語是myclassteacher,aswellasotherteachers是修飾語。

10.Do當?shù)攸c狀語位于句首時，句子要部分倒裝。

11.A從題意看，照片上的人就是我弟弟本人，所以答案選A。

12.D?but前面的分句是過去時態(tài)，那么but分句也肯定要用過去時態(tài)，而且是被動語態(tài),

排除A、B項，get型被動語態(tài)常帶有不愉快、不順利的意味，答案自然凸現(xiàn)。

13.B。從題意看，“許多被污染了的河流變得越來越干凈”，“變