高中英語語法之省略

英語中省略現象較為普遍，對省略的考查已成為高考中的熱點。句子成分的省略，可分為以

下幾種情況：

為了使話說得簡明扼要，英語句子中某個單詞、短語甚至從句或主句都能夠省去。

I、狀語從句中的省略用法

一、如果從句的主語和主句的主語一致，且從句的謂語含有be動詞的某種形式

(am/is/are/was/were),可同時省略從句的主語和be動詞的某種形式。

1、when,while引導的時間狀語從句

e.g.Dobecarefulwhen(youare)crossingthestreet.

When/While(Iwas)onmywaytowork,Imether.

2、if,unless,once引導的條件狀語從句

e.g.If(itis)properlytreated,wastewilldonoharmtotheenvironment.

rilnotgotothepartyunless(Iam)invited.

Once(youare)caughtstealinginasupermarket,youwillbepunished.

3、though,although,whether,nomatterwhether/what/how/who等弓|導的

讓步狀語從句

e.g.Hewashappy,though/although(hewas)poor.

Whether(sheis)sickorwell,sheisalwayscheerful.

Nomatterhow/Howeverhardthetask(is),wemustfulfillitintime.

(注：從句的主語和主句的主語不一致時，只省略從句中的be動詞形式)

4、asif,asthough引導的方式狀語從句

e.g.Herubbedhiseyesandyawnedasif/though(hewas)wakingupaftera

longsleep.

Hestoodupasif/though(hewanted)toleave.(asif/though+todo表示

一個將來的動作)

二、than,as引導的比較狀語從句中的省略用法：當不同的主語實行比較時，

一般省略從句中的謂語；當從句中的主語與謂語(be動詞除外)和主句中

的主語與謂語相同時，通常省略從句中的主語和謂語，只保留比較部分。

e.g.Heistallerthanhisbrother(is).

Ihaveasmuchasconfidenceinyouas(Ihaveconfidence)inhim.

三、以if從句為代表的狀語從句中的特殊省略用法：通常省略了itis,thatis,

thereis/are。

e.g.If(itis)possible/necessary,thisoldtemplewillberebuilt.

If(thatis)so,Iwillcallyoubackat5：00pm.

Thereareonlyafewbooksinourschoollibrary,if(thereare)any.

n、定語從句中的省略用法

關系詞的省略：關系代詞that,which,whom等在限制性定語從句中充當賓語且

不位于介詞之后時,能夠省略；inwhich或that在先行詞way后作方式狀語從句

時可省略。

e.g.Theman(that/who/whom)youvisitedlastnightismygrandpa.

Idon'tliketheway(inwhich/that)youtreatthegirl.

虛擬語氣中if及should的省略

1、當條件狀語從句中有were,had,should等時省略if,把它們提至句首，形

成倒裝句。

e.g.IfIwereateacher,Iwouldbestrictwithmystudents.

=WereIateacher,Iwouldbestrictwithmystudents.

2、Suggest,insist,order,require等表示建議、要求、命令的動詞后接的從句

中，謂語動詞常用“should+動詞原形"，should能夠省略。

e.g.Thedoctorsuggestedthathe(should)trytoloseweight.

IV、不定式符號to的省略

1、感官動詞see,hear,feel,watch等和使役動詞have,make,let等后接不定

式作賓語時，不定式省略to。(一感feel,二聽hear,listento,三讓have,let,make,

四看see,lookat,observe,watch)

2、donothingbut,can'thelpbut等結構常接省略to的不定式。

E.g.Wedidn'tdoanythingbutstayathomewatchingTVyesterday.

Hearingthenews,shecouldn'thelpbutcry.

3、在特定語境中為了避免重復，當不定式再次出現時，在want,wish,hope,

try,plan,like,love,hate后往往只保留to,而省略后面的動詞。但不定式

后有be,have時，也保留be和have。

E.g.Myparentsencouragedmetogotocollege,butIdidn'twantto.

V、So和not的替代性省略

用于避免重復前面所說過的內容，替代詞so/not替代肯定或否定的名詞性從句。

可與believe,do,expect,fear,guess,hope,say,speak,suppose,think,I'm

afraid等連用

e.g.-Doyousupposeheisgoingtoattendthemeeting?-1supposenot.

VI、日常交際中的省略

在情景會話中，答語常常省略不會引起歧義的主語、謂語或賓語部分，而只保留對方希望了

解的內容。在復合句或并列句中，也有省略主、謂、賓的情況。

e.g.-Howmanycopiesdoyouwant?—（Iwant）Threecopies,please.

-HaveyoueverbeentotheGreatWall?—No,（Ihave）never（beentotheGreatWall）.

省略句練習

1.Whenfirsttothemarket,theseproductsenjoyedgreatsuccess.（NMET2004全國卷

ID

A.introducingB.introducedC.introduceD.beingintroduced

2.Itshamesmetosayit,butItoldaliewhenatthemeetingbymyboss.（NMET

2004全國卷IV）

A.questioningB.havingquestionedC.questionedD.tobequestioned

3.Themanwefollowedsuddenlystoppedandlookedasifwhetherhewasgoingin

therightdirection.（NMET2003安徽春）

A.seeingB.havingseenC.tohaveseenD.tosee

4.Generallyspeaking,accordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffect.

（NMET2003上海卷）

A.whentakingB.whentakenC.whentotakeD.whentobetaken

5.Unlesstospeak,youshouldremainsilentattheconference.（NMET2003上海春）

A.invitedB.invitingC.beinginvitedD.havinginvited

6.When,themuseumwillbeopentothepublicnextyear.（NMET2002上海春）

A.completedB.completingC.beingcompletedD.tobecompleted

7.Thoughmoney,hisparentsman-agedtosendhimtouniversity.（NMET2002上海

卷）

A.lackedB.lackingofC.lackingD.lackedin

8.Theresearchissodesignedthatoncenothingcanbedonetochangeit.（NMET

2002）

A.beginsB.havingbegunC.beginningD.begun

9.一You'realwaysworking.Comeon,let'sgoshopping.

—youeverwanttodoisgoingshopping.（NMET2002北京、安徽、內蒙古春）

A.AnythingB.SomethingC.AllD.That

10.Isthisthereasonatthemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhiswork?（NMET2002上

海春）

A.heexplained

B.whatheexplained

C.howheexplained

D.whyheexplained

11.Whatsurprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbuthesaidit.（NMET2004湖北卷）

A.thewayB.inthewaythatC.inthewayD.thewaywhich

12.Itiseasytodotherepair.youneedisahammerandsomenails.（NMET2004天

津卷）

A.SomethingB.AllC.BothD.Everything

13.That'sanunpleasantthingtosayaboutyourfatherafterhe'sdoneforyou.

（NMET2004全國卷）

A.somethingB.anythingC.allD.that

14.Asyou*veneverbeentherebefore,Filhavesomeoneyoutheway.（MET1990上海:

卷）

A.toshowB.showC.showingD.showed

15.——I'llbeawayonabusinesstrip.Wouldyoumindlookingaftermycat?

—Notatall,.（NMET1995）

A.IhavenotimeB.TdrathernotC.I'dlikeitD.I*dbehappyto

16.一DoesyourbrotherintendtostudyGerman?

—Yes,heintends.（NMET1998上海卷）

A./B.toC.soD.that

17.一WouldyouliketogototheGrandTheatrewithmetonight?

—.（NMET1999上海卷）

A.Yes,I'dliketogototheGrandTheatre

B.I'dliketo,butIhaveanexamtomorrow

C.No,Iwon't

D.That'sright

18.—Youshouldhavethankedherbeforeyouleft.

一Imeant,butwhenIwasleavingIcouldn'tfindheranywhere.（NMET2000北

永春招卷）

A.todoB.toC.doingD.doingto

19.itraintomorrow,wewouldhavetoputoffthevisittotheYangpuBridge.（NMET

1994上海卷）

A.WereB.ShouldC.WouldD.Will

20.forthefreetickets,Iwouldnothavegonetothefilmssooften.（NMET1995

上海卷）

A.IfitisnotB.WereC.HaditnotbeenD.Iftheywerenot

21.1willknowwhatwasonhismindatthetime,norwill.（NMET2004江蘇卷）

A.anyoneB.anyoneelseC.nooneD.nooneelse

22.Ofthemakingofgoodbooksthereisnoend;neitheranyendtotheirinfluence

onman'slives.（NMET2004廣東卷）

A.thereisB.thereareC.isthereD.arethere

23.—Iwouldnevercometothisrestaurantagain.Thefoodisterrible!

—.（NMET2004全國卷III）

A.NoramIB.NeitherwouldIC.SamewithmeD.SodoI

Keys：

1—5BCDBA6—10AADCA11—15AACBD16—20BBBBC21—23BCB

1.省略主語，主謂語或謂語的一部分

a.主語

例句：1(I)Begyourpardon.2(It)Soundslikeagoodidea.

b.主謂語或謂語的一部分

例句：1(Isthere)AnythingIcandoforyou?2(Is)Anybodyhere?

2.不定式符號to的省略

3.不定式結構中動詞的省略

例句：1A：Wouldyouliketocometothepaety?B：I'dloveto(cometotheparty.)

2.Theydonotvisittheirparentysasmuchastheyoughtto(visittheirparents).

4.狀語從句中的省略

狀語從句的省略有以下幾種情況：

(1)在狀語從句中主語與主句的主語一致，同時從句中又含有動詞be則通?？墒∪?/p>

從句中的主語和動詞be,留下其余部分。

e.g.l.Shestoodatthegateasif(shewas)waitingforsomeone.她站在門口好像在等

人。

e.g.2.Don*tspeakuntil(youare)spokento.有人對你說話時你才說。

e.g.3.Becarefulwhile(youare)crossingtheroad.過馬路時要當心。

e.g.4.When(itis)heated,icecanturnintowater.冰經過加熱能變成水。

(2)若狀語從句中主語是it,動詞是系動詞be,則通?？墒∪ブ髡Zit及系動詞be,留

下其余部分。

e.g.1.Though(itwas)cold,hestillworeashirt.天氣雖然冷，他還穿一件襯衫。

e.g.2.Cometomorrowif(itis)possible.可能的話就明天來吧。

e.g.3.If(itis)so,youmustgetbackandgetit.如果這樣的話，你必須回去把它拿來。

e.g.4.r11buyaTVsetif(itis)necessary.如有必要，我就買一臺電視機。

(3)狀語從句中的部分內容若與主句的部分內容相同，可將從句中的此部分內容省去。

e.g.Hehasnomoney.If(hehas)any,hewillgiveus.他沒有錢，如果有，他會給我

們的。

讓我們先看下面幾道歷年高考試題：

1.When,themuseumwillbeopentothepublicnextyear.

A.completedB.completingC.beingcompletedD.tobecompleted(2002

年上海春季試題)

答案：Ao

分析：Whencompleted,是時間狀語從句的省略，其之間省略了itis,原

句可變?yōu)椋?/p>

Whenitiscompleted,themuseumwillbeopentothepublicnextyear.

2.Unlesstospeak,youshouldremainsilentattheconference.

A.invitedB.invitingC.beinginvitedD.havinginvited（2003年

上海春季試題）

答案：Ao

分析：Unlesstospeak,是條件狀語從句的省略，其之間省略了you

are,原句可變?yōu)椋?/p>

Unlessyouareinvitedtospeak,youshouldremainsilentatthe

conference.

3.Ifthesametreatmentagain,heissuretogetwell.

A.givingB.giveC.givenD.beinggiven（1998年上海高考試題）

答案：C。

分析：Ifthesametreatmentagain,也是條件狀語從句的省略，

其之間省略了heis,原句可變?yōu)椋?/p>

Ifheisthesametreatmentagain,heissuretogetwell.

4.Itshamesmetosayit,butItoldaliewhen_____atthemeeting

bymyboss.

A.questioningB.havingquestionedC.questionedD.tobe

questioned（2004年甘肅、青海等省市高考試題）

答案：CO

分析：…whenatthemeetingbymyboss.是時間狀語從句的省略，

其之間省略了Iwas,原句可變?yōu)?

Itshamesmetosayit,butItoldaliewhenIwasquestionedatthe

meetingbymyboss.

5.Whenfirsttothemarket,theseproductsenjoyedgreat

success.

A.introducingB.introducedC.introduceD.beingintroduced（2004

年吉林、四川等省市高考試題）

答案：Bo

分析：Whenfirsttothemarket,也是時間狀語從句的省略，其之

間省略了theywere,原句可變?yōu)椋?/p>

Whentheywerefirstintroducedtothemarket,theseproductsenjoyed

greatsuccess.

一.時間狀語從句的省略。這類從句主要由when,while,assoonas,once,

until等引導。例如：

1.When(hewas)stillaboyoften,hestartedworkingtosupport

himself.

2.Don，tleavethemachinetill(youare)toldto.

3.r11letyouknowassoonas(itis)arranged.

但要注意，before和after雖然也能夠用作連詞引導時間狀語從句，卻不

能用于這類省略主語和be的結構。例如：

Theplanshouldbediscussedonceagainbeforeitiscarriedout.

上句不能改為：

Theplanshouldbediscussedonceagainbeforecarriedout.

上句也能夠改為：

Theplanshouldbediscussedonceagainbeforebeingcarriedout.(句

中before不是連詞而是介詞，后面的beingcarriedout是V-ing形式短語作

介詞的賓語，整個句子是簡單句，而不是復合句。

二.地點狀語從句中的省略。主要由where,wherever引導。例如：

1.Heisalwaysreadytohelpotherswherever(heis)needed.

2.Youcanaddsomewordstoyourcompositionwhere(itis)necessary.

三.條件狀語從句的省略。主要由if,unless引導。例如：

1.Shewon，tgotohisbirthdaypartyunless(sheis)invited.

2.Thenewsisquiteimportanttous,if(itis)true.

但若if引導的是表示假設的虛擬條件句，雖具備條件，可不能用于這類省

略。這時如果if從句的謂語動詞中含有were,had,should,則能夠用倒裝省

略，即將were,had或should提到句首,而將連詞if省略。例如：

Wereitnotforyou,Iwouldalsogotherewiththem.

Hadyoucomehereearlier,youwouldhavemethim.

Shoulditbefinetomorrow,wewouldgoforanouting.

另外，當。nee作“一旦，一經''解，連接時間或條件狀語從句，其主語與主

句的主語相同或其主語為it+be時，常省略從句中的主語或it+be。例如：

Once(itwas)published,hisworkbecamefamousfortheabsenceof

rhymeattheendofeachline.

Once(you)loseconfidence,youcanneverexpecttodoyourworkwell.

四.讓步狀語從句的省略。主要由though,although,however,whatever,

evenif,eventhough,nomatterhow/what弓|導。例如：

1.Though(hehadbeen)defeatedmanytimes,hedidn，tloseheart.

2.Theyworkedveryhard,though(hewas)stillratherweak.

與if引導的虛擬條件從句不能用這類省略一樣，as引導的讓步狀語從句同樣不

能省略。不過如果讓步狀語從句由as引導時，從句中的表語(一般是形容詞或

名詞)或狀語必須提前到as前，構成倒裝。如果作表語的是單數可數名詞，則

還須省略不定冠詞。例如：

Poorashewas,hewashonest.

Hardashetried,hestillfailed.

MuchasIlikeher,Iwon'tmarryher.

Childasheis,hecanexpresshimselfingoodEnglish.

五.原因狀語從句的省略。主要由because引導。例如：

1.Hedecidednottowatchthefootballmatchbecause(hewas)not

himself.

2.Iforgettoposttheletterforyoubecause(Iwas)toobusy.

六.比較狀語從句的省略。主要由as,than引導。例如：

1.InwinteritismuchcolderinBeijingthan(itis)inShanghai.

2.Theprojectwascompletedearlierthan(itwas)expected.

3.Maryisnotsoshyas(shewas)ayearagowhenIfirstmether.

七.方式狀語從句的省略。主要由as,asif引導。例如:

1.Theoldmansatatthecorneralone,asif(hewas)thinkingof

something.

2.Englishisnotsodifficulttolearn,as(itis)generallysupposed.

綜上所述,不難發(fā)現:這些省略形式的狀語從句大都以〃從屬連詞+形容詞(副

詞、介詞短語、不定式短語、現在分詞或過去分詞)〃構成的。省略后的句子不

但意思清楚，不會引起誤解，而且結構緊湊，語言簡練流暢，讀起來明快生動。

5.定語從句中關系詞的省略

6.虛擬語氣中if和should的省略

7.考查not,so,neither,nor的“替代性”省略

練習

l.Theboywantedtoridehisb汰einthestreet,buthismothertoldhim.

A.nottoB.nottodoC.notdoitD.donotto

2.Thetraditionalgoalofscienceistodiscoverhowthingsare,nothowtheyought.

A.toB.tobeC.beD.havebeen

3.--Didyouworkinthelabeveryafternoon?一一No,butsometimes,IwishI.

A.hadtimetoB.hadtimetodoC.havetimetoD.havetime

4.--1hopethechildrenwon'ttouchthedog.——I'vewarnedthem.

A.notB.nottoC.nottouchD.notdo

5.SomestudentsaregoingtoChinainsummervacation,and.

A.somearetoAmericaB.somegoingtoAmericaC.sometoAmericaD.someAmerica

6.Theworkersdidall___goodcareoftheoldman.

A.theycouldtotakeB.theycouldtakeC.whichtheycouldtotakeD.whattheycouldtotake

7.Ofallthethingsintheworld,Ithinklifeandloveare____.

A.verymuchpreciousB.morethanpreciousC.thepreciousestD.themostprecious

8.Thephotographsofotherplanetstakenbysatelliteareclearthan_.

A.theearthB.thosetakenfromtheearthC.thoseoftheearthD.oftheearth

9.why_?Itisnotveryserious.

A.toworryB.worryC.notworryD.youareworried

10._theroad,don'tforgettolookbothways.

A.AscrossingB.WhileyoucrossC.WhilecrossingD.Cross

11.Chemistryisthescienceofsubstances_thescienceofenergy.

A.andisphysicsB.orisphysicsC.andphysicsD.orphysicsis

12.-Whobrokethewindow?―.

A.HimB.HeC.HebrokeD.Itishim

13.---Susan,goandjoinyoursistercleaningtheyard.--Why_?Johnissittingtheredoing

nothing.A.himB.heC.ID.me

14.--Howdoyoufindyourmissingpen?--一___.

A.QuitebyaccidentB.Ifounditinmydrawer.C.ItwriteswellD.Itwaswellkeptbymyself.

15.—Youmustobeyeverywordofmine.--Idon't.?

A.HowifB.WhatifC.SuchasD.Onlyif

16.When_,themuseumwillbeopentothepublicnextyear.

A.completedB.completingC.beingcompletedD.tobecompleted

17.Themanwefollowedsuddenlystoppedandlookedasifwhetherhewasgoinginthe

rightdirection.A.seeingB.havingseenC.tohaveseenD.tosee

18.1won'tgotohispartynexttime.Itcouldn'thavebeeninfact.

A.anybetterB.anyworseC.sobadD.thebest

19.—DoesBilldohisnewjobwell?

-hisoldjob.Iamafraidthereisnohopeforhim.

A.NotbetterthanB.NobetterthanC.NotsowellasD.Notaswellas

20.LeavingforShanghai????.

A.SoonB.LatelyC.TheotherdayD.Sooner

21.Therentisexpensive.TvegothalfthespaceIhadathomeandI'mpayinghere.

A.asthreetimesmuchB.asmuchthreetimesC.muchasthreetimesD.threetimesasmuch

22.—Waituntilwegetasatisfactoryone,willyou?-Icouldn'tagree_,Itsoundsgoodtome.

A.muchB.worseC.moreD.atall

23.rilbeawayonabusinesstrip.Wouldyoumindlookingaftermycat?

------Notatall.?

A.TvenotimeB.I'drathernotC.TdlikeitD.Fdbehappyto

24.Letmeintroducemyself.TmAlbert.------------------------------.

A.WhatapleasureB.It'smypleasureC.PleasedtomeetyouD.I'mverypleased

25.Doyoumindmytakingthisseat?---------------------------.

A.Yes,sitdownB.No,ofcoursenotC.Yes,takeitpleaseD.No,youcan'ttakeit

26.1usuallygotherebytrain.-----------Whynotbyboatforachange?

A.totrygoingB.tryingtogoC.totryandgoD.trygoing

27.Unlesstospeak,youshouldremainsilentattheconference.

A.invitedB.invitingC.beinginvitedD.havinginvited

28.Thoughmoney,hisparentsmanagedtosendhimtouniversity.

A.lackedB.lackingofC.lackingD.lackedin

29.Theresearchissodesignedthatoncenothingcanbedonetochangeit..

beginsBhavingbegunC.beginningD.begun

30.Themanwefollowedsuddenlystoppedandlookedasifwhetherhewasgoingin

therightdirection.A.seeingB.havingseenC.tohaveseenD.tosee

31.,hedoesn'twanttogotoschoolandkeepintouchwiththebadboys.

A.AsheisastudentB.HeisasstudentC.StudentasheisD.Asstudentsheis

32.------Theboysarenotdoingagoodjobatall,arethey?--------------------.

A.IguessnotsoB.Idon'tguessC.Idon'tguesssoD.Iguessnot

33.Inaway,Ithinkwebothwon：Ithegame,butcousinEdmy.

A.friendshi