非謂語動(dòng)詞——不定式非謂語動(dòng)詞分為三種形式：不定式，動(dòng)名詞和分詞（分詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞）。不定式與動(dòng)詞原形同形，但它前面一般要帶有一個(gè)不定式的符號(hào)“to”，也叫小品詞，無詞性，有時(shí)不定式也不帶to?！皌o”是不定式符號(hào)還是介詞，下列短語中的to都是介詞。agreetoobjecttocloseto,cometo,leadto,referto,equalto,familiarto,pointto,thankto,devoteto,nextto,belongto,beusedto,lookforwardto非謂語動(dòng)詞形式時(shí)態(tài)/語態(tài)主動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式不定式一般式todotobedone完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone進(jìn)行式tobedoing×完成進(jìn)行式tohavebeendoing×否定形式：not+不定式1.不定式作主語當(dāng)作不定式的主語較長時(shí)，常用it作形式主語而將真正的主語（不定式）放在謂語之后。常見的帶形式主語it的句型有：主要句型：Itiseasy(difficult,hard,important,possible,impossible,comfortable,necessary,better,right,wrong,foolish,wise,kind,cruel,nice,thefirst,thenext,thelast,thebest,toomuch,toolittle,notenough)todo…..動(dòng)詞不定式邏輯主語是由for作為標(biāo)記的。但是有時(shí)用of.區(qū)別：當(dāng)使用for時(shí)，句中形容詞修飾的是不定式,通常是一些表示可能性、難易程度、必要性等含義的形容詞；而用of時(shí)，句中形容詞修飾邏輯主語。It’snecessaryforyoutostudyhard.（necessary修飾tostudyhard，表示學(xué)習(xí)努力是有必要的）It’sfoolishofhimtodoit.（foolish修飾邏輯主語him）for與of的辨別可用以下方法：用介詞后面的代詞作主語，用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語，造個(gè)句子。如果道理上通順用of，不通則用for。如：Youarenice.（通順，所以應(yīng)用of）Heishard.（人是困難的，不通，因此應(yīng)用for）2.不定式作表語不定式可放在系動(dòng)詞如：be,remain,appear,get等后面后面，形成表語。例如：Myworkistocleantheroomeveryday.Hisdreamistobeadoctor.Nottograspfirmlyisnottograspatall.WhatIwanttodoseemstotellyousomething.比較：主語（事物）+be+不定式（作表語）表示主語的具體內(nèi)容主語（人）+be+不定式（作表語）表示時(shí)態(tài)（將來時(shí)），為“即將”之意。Heistocleantheroom.他即將去打掃房間。Hisplanistocleantheroom.他的計(jì)劃是打掃房間。3.不定式作賓語A.動(dòng)詞+不定式afford,aim,appear,agree,arrange,ask,be,decide,bother,care,choose,come,dare,demand,desire,determine,expect,elect,endeavor,hope,fail,happen,help,hesitate,learn,long,mean,manage,offer,ought,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,seem,tend,wait,wish,undertakeB.動(dòng)詞+疑問詞+to動(dòng)詞不定式作動(dòng)詞tell,show,understand,explain,teach,learn,advise,discuss等詞的賓語時(shí)，前面常帶疑問詞。即：疑問詞（how,when,where,what,who）…+todo例如：Heshowedushowtodothework.Pleasetelluswhattodonext.C.介詞賓語動(dòng)詞不定式在介詞but,except,besides后面時(shí)，如果介詞之前有行為動(dòng)詞do的某種形式，那么這些介詞后的不定式不帶to，否則就要帶to。另外在can’tchoosebut和can’thelpbut等后面的不定式也省略to。例如：Wecoulddonothingbutwait.Wehadnothingtodobutwait.Wehavenochoicebuttowait.4.不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)省略to的情況：若不定式前的謂語動(dòng)詞是使役動(dòng)詞make，let，have（表示“讓、使”）、感官動(dòng)詞see，watch，lookat，observe，notice，hear，listento，feel時(shí)，不定式符號(hào)to可以省略。這些動(dòng)詞亦可總結(jié)為口訣：“五看三使兩聽一感覺”。例如：Let's（to）go！走吧！Hesawthethief（to）stealalady’scellphone.注：改為被動(dòng)句時(shí)要把to還原，例如：Thethiefwasseentostealalady’scellphone.5.不定式作定語不定式有時(shí)修飾前邊的名詞或代詞，在句子擔(dān)當(dāng)定語，通常要放在被修飾的詞后。例如：Ihavealotofworktodo.Heislookingforaroomtolivein.（名詞是todo的邏輯上賓語）作定語的不定式如果是不及物動(dòng)詞，或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的地點(diǎn)、工具等，不定式后面須有相應(yīng)的介詞。例如：Thereisnothingtoworryabout.Pleasegivemeaknifetocutwith.當(dāng)作定語的不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式既可以用主動(dòng)語態(tài)，也可用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，但其含義有所不同。試比較：Haveyouanythingtosend?（不定式tosend的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者是“你”）Haveyouanythingtobesent?（動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者是“我”或“別人”）6.不定式作狀語目的狀語Hesatdowntohavearest.（表目的）結(jié)果狀語：表結(jié)果，表事先沒有預(yù)料到的，不定式要放在句子后面。不定時(shí)經(jīng)常和only,never連用，強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果和失望的情緒。Ihurriedtogetthereonlytofindhimout.Afterthatdaytheywereseparated,nevertoseeeachotheragain.原因狀語：1不定式可以在表示感情的形容詞后面來修飾該形容詞，表示原因。常用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的形容詞和過去分詞有：happy,glad,delighted,pleased,sorry,eager,anxious,lucky,fortunate,proud,foolish等。I’mgladtoseeyou.2.修飾表示情感以外的形容詞用于這類結(jié)構(gòu)中，常用的形容詞有：easy,difficult,hard,comfortable,pleasant。在帶有enough或too的句子里，也常用不定式作狀語，表示程度。例如：Hewastooexcitednottosayafewwords.Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.7.不定式在句中作為獨(dú)立成分不定式在句中作為獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)，用來說明說話人的態(tài)度?？捎霉潭ㄔ~組和固定搭配來運(yùn)用。Totellyouthetruth,Ihavegotnomoneyaboutme.Tobehonest,Iknownothingaboutit.1．Havingfinishedherproject,shewasinvitedbytheschooltothenewstudents. A．speaking B．havingspoken C．tospeak D．tohavespoken2．Johnhasreallygotthejobbecauseheshowedmetheofficialletterhimit. A．offered B．offering C．tooffer D．tobeoffered3.We'vehadagoodstart,butnext,moreworkneeds____toachievethefinalsuccess.A.beingdoneB.doC.tobedoneD.tobe4.Beforeyouquityourjob,______howyourfamilywouldfeelaboutyourdecision.A.considerB.consideringC.toconsiderD.considered5.We’rehavingameetinginhalfanhour.Thedecision______atthemeetingwillinthefutureofourcompany.A.tobemadeB.beingmadeC.madeD.havingbeenmade6.______toworkovertimethatevening,Imissedawonderfulfilm.A.HavingbeenaskedB.ToaskC.HavingaskedD.Tobeasked7.Thismachineisveryeasy.Anybodycanlearntouseitinafewminutes.A.operatingB.tobeoperatingC.operatedD.tooperate8.Ilookedupandnoticedasnake______itswayupthetreetocatchitsbreakfast.A.towindB.windC.windingD.wound9.Beforedrivingintothecity,youarerequiredtogetyourcar____.A.washedB.washC.washingD.towash高66610.________inalongqueue,wewaitedforthestoretoopentobuyaNewiPad. A.Standing B.Tostand C. Stood D.Stand11.Ifhetakesonthiswork,hewillhavenochoicebut______anevengreaterchallenge.A.meetsB.meetingC.meetD.tomeet12.Onelearnsalanguagebymakingmistakesand______them.A.correctsB.correctC.tocorrect D.correcting13._______withcare,onetinwilllastforsixweeks.A.Use B.Using C.Used D.Touse14.Theoldmansatinfrontofthetelevisioneveryevening,happy____anythingthathappenedtobeon.A.towatchB.watchingC.watchedD.tohavewatched15.Tonylentmethemoney,______thatI’ddoasmuchforhim.A.hopingB.tohopeC.hopedD.havinghoped16.Birds’singingissometimesawarningtootherbirds________away.A.tostayB.stayingC.stayedD.stay17Hegotuplateandhurriedtohisoffice,_________thebreakfastuntouched.A.leftB.toleaveC.leaving D.havingleft18.Filmhasamuchshorterhistory,especiallywhen_suchartformsasmusicandpainting.A.havingcomparedtoB.comparingtoC.comparetoD.comparedto19.Thepartywillbeheldinthegarden,weather.A.permittingB.topermitC.permittedD.permit20.Aftercompletingandsigningit,pleasereturntheformtousintheenvelope________.

A.providing B.provided C.havingprovided D.provide21.Georgereturnedafterthewar,only_______thathiswifehadlefthim.

A.tobetold B.telling C.beingtold D.told22.ChinarecentlytighteneditswaterscontrolsneartheHuangyanIslandtopreventChinesefishingboatsfrom intheSouthChinaSea.A.attackingB.havingattackedC.beingattackedD.havingbeenattacked23.Pressedfromhisparents,and______thathehaswastedtoomuchtime,theboyisdeterminedtostopplayingvideogames.A.realizing B.realizedC.torealizeD.beingrealized24"It'sasuchniceplace,"Mothersaidasshesatatthetable________forcustoms.A.tobereservedB.LivingreservedC.reserving D.reserved25．IthinkTom,astheheadofabigdepartment,shouldeitherst