冶金工程專業(yè)英語金焱10/10//00:00:00第1頁范文講解：Part1FundamentalsofIronandSteelmakingPart2IronmakingPart3Steelmaking/05:49:54第2頁Part1FundamentalsofIronandSteelmakingGlobalsteelindustryNewdevelopmentinEuropeFundamentalofironmakingReductionofironoxidesFundamentalofsteelmakingFundamentalsofLadleMetallurgicalReactions/05:49:54第3頁Part2IronmakingSinterplantSinterqualityBlastFurnaceBlastfurnacegassystemandhotblaststovesPulverizedcoalinjectiontechnologyBlastfurnaceInstrumentationandControlCOREXplantHIsmelt/05:49:54第4頁Part3SteelmakingHotmetalDesulfurizationTechnologyHotmetalpretreatmentprocessBasicOxygenFurnaceProcesscontrolstrategiesofBOFElectricArcFurnaceDirectCurrentElectricArcFurnaceLadleFurnace,TankDegasser,RH,andCAS-OBContinuousCasting/05:49:54第5頁Unit1Globalsteelindustry10/10//00:00:00第6頁1.OverviewTheglobalsteelindustryishighlycyclical,verycompetitiveandstillfragmentedintermsofmarketshare.Currentlytheindustryisattheheightofthebusinesscycleandisgoingthroughaconsolidationphase,whichmightresultinthesmallerplayersbeingacquiredbythelargerones.1.cyclical:周期；輪轉，循環(huán)。2.fragment:(使)成碎片，(使)分裂。3.marketshare:市場份額。4.consolidation:合并。5.acquire:取得，取得。/05:49:54第7頁Thetotaloutputfromtheindustryexceeds1.4billiontonsin,mostofitaugmentedbytheincreaseinoutputfromChina.Thisisexpectedtoincreasefurther,makingsteeloutputfromChinaamongthelargestintheworld.6.output:產(chǎn)量；生產(chǎn)，出產(chǎn)，產(chǎn)品。7.augment:(使)擴張，擴大；擴編；(使)增大，增加。/05:49:54第8頁Thesteelindustrydemonstratesahighdegreeofvariability,bothintermsofearningsandproduction.Thefactorsattributablefordrivingthisvariabilityareglobaleconomicconditionswithaparticularsensitivitytotheperformanceoftheautomotive,construction,capitalgoodsandotherindustrialproductsindustries.8.variability:改變性；變異性。9.earning:利潤。10.factor:要素，原因。11.attributable:由…引發(fā)。12.sensitivity:敏感(性)。13.capital:主要，資本。/05:49:54第9頁Thecommoditynatureofsteel,theproducersandconsumerslimitedcontrolonprice,andthedemandandsupplydisparityhavemadesteelpricesvolatile.Significantincreasesinpricesformetalsandenergyoverthepasttwoyearshavealsocontributedtoincreasedvariabilityintheindustry.14.commodity:〔常pl.〕商品。15.disparity:不一樣，不等。16.volatile:易變，重復無常。/05:49:54第10頁2.BriefCompanyOverviews(1)Arcelor-Mittal:Thefive-monthlongduelbetweenNetherlands-basedMittalandLuxembourg-basedArcelorhasconcluded.Mittal’sunprecedentedtakeovervictoryinthebattlefortheglobalsteelgianthasbroughtthefive-monthbattletoahalt,afterthefinalshareholderapproval.InthenewArcelor-MittalcombinetheMittalfamilycollectivelyholdsa43.5percentshare.17.duel:競爭，斗爭。18.conclude:結束，終止。19.unprecedented:沒有前例。20.takeover:接收。21.giant:巨人；大漢。/05:49:54第11頁Thenewsteelcompanywillhaveabout334,000employeesworld-wide,andrevenuescloseto$70billion.Arceloriswell-positionedinWesternEuropeandcateringthehigh-gradeautoandconstructionindustry.22.halt:暫停前進。23.shareholder:股東。24.approval:同意。25.combine:集團。26.collective:集合。27.revenue:(國家)歲入；〔pl.〕總收入。/05:49:54第12頁Mittalwithmillsspreadoutthroughthefourcontinentsinlow-costlocationssuchasCzechRepublic,Mexico,andKazakhstan,producingmostlybasicsteelproducts.StilltherearethingstobesettledbetweenArcelorandMittal.Forexample,thefateoftheCanadiansteelmakerDofascoacquiredinAprilbyArcelorisyettobedecided.28.well-positioned:很好定位。29.cater:為(宴會等)供給酒菜；供給；迎合，投合。30.cost:費用；代價，價格；成本。31.Kazakhstan:哈薩克斯坦〔亞洲國名〕。/05:49:54第13頁Mittal’saggressivebusinessmodelhashelpedthecompanycreateaprofitableenterpriseincountries

thatwerenotregardedasobviousinvestmenttargets(suchasUkraineandIndonesia).Ithastrackrecordofbuyingloss-making,bankruptorunder-producingsteelcompanies,andturningthemaroundbyrestructuring,costcuttingandlayoffs,therebycreatingleanerandmorecompetitiveoperations.32.Ukraine:烏克蘭。33.Indonesia:印度尼西亞。34.profitable:有利可圖，。35.trackrecord:成績紀錄。36.under-producing:半停產(chǎn)。37.layoffs:暫時辭退；停工；停頓活動。/05:49:54第14頁Thecompanyhasproductionunitsin17countries.Incontrast,Arcelorholdsfrontrunningpositionsinitsmainmarkets:automotive,construction,householdappliancesandpackagingaswellasgeneralindustry.ArceloristhenumberonesteelproducerinEuropeandLatinAmerica.Takingadvantageofitsnowdominantposition,Arcelor-Mittalhasambitionstofurtherexpandinternationallyinordertotakeadvantageofthegrowthpotentialofdevelopingeconomiesandoffertechnologicallyadvancedsteelsolutionstoitsglobalcustomers.38.lean:精干。39.householdappliance:家庭用具。40.dominant:最有力，占優(yōu)勢。/05:49:54第15頁Arcelor-Mittalismorethanthreetimeslargerintermsofproductionofandrevenuefromsteel,thanitsnearestrivalNipponSteelCorp.ofJapan.Thecombinedcompanywillnowhaveasignificantadvantageinsettingpricesandnegotiatingthetermsofvariouscontractswithkeycustomers.Thenewsteelindustrytitanwillbebetterequippedtocombatthevolatilenatureofthesteelindustry.Thisisduetothefactthatitwillhavegloballydiversifiedoperationsandadiversifiedproductlinegivingitthepowertonegotiatewithlargecustomer.41.rival:競爭者，對手。42.titan:巨頭。43.diversified:多樣化。/05:49:54第16頁

(2)NipponSteelCorporation:

NipponSteelCorporationisJapan’sNo.1steelmakerandtheworld’sthirdlargest,intermsofcrudesteelproduction,withannualconsolidatedoutputofapproximately33milliontons.Itisbackedbyasolidbusinessfranchisesupportedbydiverseproductlineswithafocusonhighvalueaddedproducts,outstandingproductdevelopmentcapability,aswellasastrongcustomerbase.TheCompanyhasalsosecuredasolidpresenceoverseas,fueledbydistinctiveresearchanddevelopmentcapabilitiesandstrategicalliances.44.consolidated:加固；整理過，統(tǒng)一。45.franchise:某種特許權。46.diverse:各種多樣。47.presence:存在。48.fuel:(給…)加[供給]燃料。49.distinctive:獨特。50.strategic:戰(zhàn)略(上)。51.alliance:同盟。/05:49:54第17頁(3)Posco:ThePohangIronandSteelCompanybasedinPohang,SouthKorea,itisoneofthetopsteelproducers.PoscooperatestwosteelcompaniesinSouthKorea,oneinPohangandtheotherinGwangyang.Inadditiontothis,PoscooperatesinajointventurewithUSSteelwithnameofUSS–Posco,locatedinPittsburgh.52.jointventure:合資(企業(yè))。/05:49:54第18頁InJune,PoscosignedamemorandumofunderstandingwiththeStateGovernmentofOrissa,Indiaandplanstoinvest$12billiontoconstructaplantwithfourblastfurnaces,anelectricityplant,housing,andanannualproductioncapacityof12milliontonsofsteelandisexpectedtostartproductionin.53.memorandum:統(tǒng)計；備忘錄；便箋[函]；通知書；寄售物品通知書。54.blastfurnace:高爐，鼓風爐。55.housing:房屋；住宅。/05:49:54第19頁

(4)Severstal:SeverstalisthelargestRussiansteelproducer,withannualsteelproductionof17.1milliontons.Inaddition,SeverstalownsSeverstalNorthAmerica,thefifthlargestintegratedsteelmakerintheU.S.withproductionof2.7milliontons,andLucchini,Italy’ssecondlargeststeelgroupwithproductionof3.5milliontons./05:49:54第20頁Severstalisoneoftheworld’slowestcostandmostprofitablesteelproducers,withEBITDAofapproximately150eurosperton.Severstal-Resource,itsownsubsidiaryowns70yearsofironorereservesand84yearsofcoalreserves,revenueandEBITDAwereapproximatelyEUR1.12billionandEUR506million,respectively.Severstal-Resourceproducescokingcoal,thermalcoal,ironorepelletsandironoreconcentrate.56.EBITDA:未計利息、稅項、折舊及攤銷前利潤。57.euro:歐元。58.subsidiary:子企業(yè)。59.reserve:貯備。60.respectively:各自。61.cokingcoal:煉焦煤。62.thermalcoal:動力煤。63.ironore:鐵礦石。64.pellet:球團礦。65.ironoreconcentrate:鐵精礦。/05:49:54第21頁(5)Corus:Corusisacustomerfocused,innovativesolutionsdrivencompany,whichmanufactures,processesanddistributesmetalproductsaswellasprovidingdesign,technologyandconsultancyservices.Thecompany’sheadquartersareinLondon,withfourDivisionsandoperationsworldwide.66.innovative:創(chuàng)新。67.manufacture:(大量)制造，加工。68.consultancy:咨詢，顧問服務。69.headquarters:總部。70.division:政府或企業(yè)一個部分位。/05:49:54第22頁Corusranksamongthe10largeststeelproducersintheworld,withabout18milliontonnesofcrudesteelproductionin.Activitiesincludecarbonsteelproductionwhichare90%ofsalesandaluminumsmelting,rolling,andextrusion10%ofsales.Thegroup'smainproductionbasesaretheU.K.,theNetherlands,Sweden,Germany,France,Belgium,andtheU.S.Itisoftenspokenaboutasapossibletakeovercandidate.71.crudesteel:粗鋼。72.carbonsteel:碳素鋼。73.smelt:精煉。74.roll:軋鋼。75.extrusion:擠壓成型。76.takeover:接收；接管。

/05:49:54第23頁3.GlobalSteelIndustry

ThesteelindustryintheEuropeanUnionisstructureddifferentlythanthesteelindustryintheUnitedStates.Thekeydifferenceistheconsolidationoftheindustry.Arcelor-Mittal,ThyssenKrupp,andCorusenjoysubstantialmarketshareinalargelyconsolidatedmarketplace./05:49:54第24頁ThesteelindustryintheUnitedStatesiscompletelydifferentcomparedtootherindustriesglobally.UScorporatebondissuershaveahigherhistoricaldefaultratethananyothersteelproducerglobally.77.bond:契約；聯(lián)盟；證券，。78.issuer:發(fā)行者。79.default:不推行；違約；拖欠；不推行債務；缺席。/05:49:54第25頁ThisreflectshighlyleveragedcapitalstructuresoftheUSsteelproducerscomparedtotheEuropeancounterpartswhoholdhighercashbalancesplacingsignificantimportancetoacautiousapproachtoliquidity.ThehighdefaultrateintheUSsteelindustrycanbeattributedtoanelevatedlevelofshareholderpressureforhighshort-termreturns,whichthenforcesthemanagementtodeployhigher-riskstrategies.80.leverage:為…提供杠桿裝置；以“杠桿收購法”投資于(某個基金)。81.liquidity:流動性，流暢。/05:49:54第26頁OversupplyinChina,particularlyincommoditybasedflatproductsandlongproducts,andtheinventorybuild-upinAsiancountriesarepressuringtheregion’sprofitabilityandcashflowandthuscontributingtothevariabilityintheglobalsteelindustry.Anewrecordhighwassetforworldtradeinsteel,whichgrew8%intoabout1.3billiontons.82.oversupply:過分供給。83.commodity:商品。84.flatproduct:扁平材產(chǎn)品。85.longproduct:長材產(chǎn)品。86.inventory:存貨。87.build-up:上升，升高。/05:49:54第27頁ThelargeststeelexportingcountriesinwereEU32.4milliontons,Japan32milliontons,Russia30.9milliontons,Ukraine27.3milliontonsand,enteringthetop5forthefirsttime,China27.4milliontonsupasolid37percent.ThelargestimportingcountrieswereChina27.5milliontons,theEU25.1milliontonsandJapan13.2milliontons.ThemajorexportersofironoreinwereAustralia239milliontonsandBrazil224milliontons.88.break-up:明細表。/05:49:54第28頁ImportsintoChinaincreasedby32%in,comparedto,importsintotheEUandJapanactuallyfellby2%.ImportsintoChinafromAustraliainwere112milliontons,anincreaseof34milliontonson.ImportsfromIndia,at68.5milliontons,wereupby18milliontonsonwhichmeansthatimportsfromIndiahaveincreasedtenfoldsince1998.ImportsintoChinafromBrazilreached55milliontons,andincreaseof8milliontons.Thebreak-upofChineseimportsbycountryoforiginshowsthatAustraliasupplied41%,India25%andBrazil20%,othercountriessuchasSouthAfricacontributetotheremaining14%./05:49:54第29頁(1)China:InsteelproductioninChinawas349milliontonsup25%from.Incomparison,productioninwas280milliontons,was222milliontonsand182milliontons.Importsinfell18%to27.3milliontonsfrom33.2milliontonsin./05:49:54第30頁Importshadpreviouslyrisensignificantlyintoreach43milliontons.Exportsgrew36%intoreach27milliontonscomparedwith20milliontonsinand8milliontonsin.SinceSeptemberexportshaveexceededimportstomakeChinaanetsteelexporteralthoughthiswasreversedfromJuly.However,inDecember,exportsagainexceededimports.RealGDPinChinaisexpectedtobearound10percentinandwillmostlikelyremainhighinintherun-uptotheBeijingOlympics,hencefeedingdemand./05:49:54第31頁China,whichisamajorproducerandconsumerglobally,isanetexporterofsteelanditsincreasedsupplyofproductsmightfinditswaytotheNorthAmericamarkets.ThesuddenincreaseinsteelimportsfromChinaisnotonlyfueledbytheBeijingOlympicsscheduledfor,butalsobecauseoftheincreaseindomesticdemandforinfrastructureignitedbytherapidindustrializationinChina.CurrentlytherearenumeroussmalllocalsteelcompaniesinChina,andingeneralviewtheChinesesteelindustryisripeforarapidconsolidationphase.AfterBeijingOlympicsin,thereareprospectsofaslowdownintheindustry.89.infrastructure:基礎設施。90.ignite:點燃。91.ripe:成熟。92.beripefor:…時機成熟。/05:49:54第32頁(2)UnitedStates:TheUS,whichistraditionallyasteelimporter,recordedimportsof30.2milliontonsinadropof8%on.Thekeyimportedproductsweresemis6.3milliontons,hotrolledcoil3.7milliontons,weldedtubes3.6milliontonsandwirerod2.8milliontons.KeysupplyingcountriesincludetheNAFTAmembersCanada5.6milliontonsandMexico3.8milliontonsfollowedbyBrazil2.4milliontonsandChina2.3milliontons.USsteelmillexportsinwere9.4milliontonscomparedwith7.8miliiontonsin.93.appetite:胃口。94.semis:半成品。95.hotrolledcoil:熱軋鋼卷。96.weldedtube:焊管。97.wire:鋼絲。98.rod:線材。99.NAFTA:NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定。100.steelmill:鋼廠。/05:49:54第33頁(3)EuropeanUnion:

EUimports,afterreachingtheirhighestleveleverinQ1at8.7milliontons,fellbacksharplyinthesecondquartertodownto7.7milliontonsandalsoinquarter3downto5.3milliontons.Henceinthefirst9monthsimports,at21.7milliontonswere11%downonthesameperiod./05:49:54第34頁Consequently,overthefirst9monthstheEUhasresumeditspositionasanetsteelexporterwithasurplusof2milliontonsimports21.7milliontonsandexports23.7milliontons.KeyproductsimportedbytheEUincludesemis,hotrolledcoil,wirerod,galvanizedsheet,hotrolledplatesandcoldrolledsheet.KeyimportsourcesincludeRussia3.9milliontons,Turkey2.1milliontons,Ukraine2.2milliontons,China1.5milliontons,India0.9milliontonsandBrazil1.1milliontons.101.resume:拿回。102.surplus:盈余。103.galvanizedsheet:鍍鋅薄板。104.hotrolled:熱軋。105.plate:（中厚板）。106.coldrolled:冷軋。107.sheet:薄板。/05:49:54第35頁Readingmaterial1:NewdevelopmentinEurope10/10//00:00:00第36頁1.SteelproductioninEuropeSteelisaglobalproduct,andduetotherapidinformationtransferworldwidetherearenofundamentaldifferencesregardingtheproductionprocesses.Nevertheless,therearedistinctionsinthetechnologiesapplied,causedbytherawmaterialsandenergysituation,consumerorientation,andalsocausedbythespeedoftheintroductionofinnovationsandnewprocessdevelopmentsinoperationalapplication.1.distinction:區(qū)分,分清。2.orientation:定位熟悉。3.innovation:革新,創(chuàng)新。/05:49:54第37頁TheEuropeanUnion(EU)isoneofthemostimportanteconomicblocksintheworld.ThetreatyonthefoundationoftheEuropeanCoalandSteelCommunity(ECSC),establishedin1952,wasoneoftheoriginsoftheEuropeanUnionwhichtodaycomprises15memberstates.Thisregionhasabout376millioninhabitants;in1999theproductionofcrudesteelamountedto155milliont.4.economicblock:經(jīng)濟板塊。5.theEuropeanCoalandSteelCommunity:歐洲煤鋼聯(lián)營體。/05:49:54第38頁Geographically,EuropecontainsseveralothersteelproducingcountriesoutsidetheEU.WithoutconsideringtheshareoftheCISmemberstates,thereisanadditionalcrudesteelproductionofabout50milliont.AnoverviewofthesteelproductionlocationsinEuropehavingacapacityofmorethan4milliont/yearcrudesteelrevealsthatthecityofDuisburginGermanyistheareawiththehighestproductionlevel.6.CIS:CommonwealthofIndependenceStates獨聯(lián)體。/05:49:54第39頁Theshareofbasicoxygenfurnacesteelmakinginintegratedplantsisheadingtowards60%,andthatofscrapbasedelectricsteelmakingtowards40%.Today,andinthefuture,onlythoseproductionprocesseswhichachievehighproductivity,costefficiency,andalsoeasyandsufficientenvironmentalcontrolwillhaveachancetosurvive.Therefore,theBasicBessemerandOpen-Hearthprocesseshavebeenphasedout.7.basicoxygenfurnace:堿性氧氣轉爐。8.integratedplant:鋼鐵廠。9.scrap:廢鋼。10.electricsteelmaking:電爐煉鋼。11.BasicBessemer:堿性貝塞麥轉爐煉鋼法。12.Open-Hearthprocess:平爐工藝。13.phaseout:分階段停頓使用。/05:49:54第40頁SinteristhemainferrousburdencomponentfortheblastfurnacesintheEuropeanUnion.TheaverageburdencompositioninEUcountriesis62.4%sinter,26.1%pelletsand11.5%lumporesandothers.OnlySwedenhasshutdownallitssinterplants.14.sinter:燒結物；燒結礦。15.burden:含鐵原料。16.blastfurnace:高爐。17.lumpore:塊礦。2.Sinterplants/05:49:54第41頁Intheothercountries,theshareofsinterrangesfromabout45to85%.In1999,41sinterplantswereoperatedintheEUproducing100milliontofsinter.Over50%aremediumtolargeplantswith200to500m2effectivesuctionarea–thelargestbeingstrandNo.3atSollacDunkerquewith525m2.18.effectivesuctionarea:有效抽風面積。/05:49:54第42頁SinterplantsintheEUarefocusingonreducingdioxinemissionstoextremelylowlevels.Therefore,severalactivitiestoreducedioxinemissionsarecarriedout.UreaisaddedtothesinterplantinLlanwern,UnitedKingdom.Thisresultedinadecreaseindioxinemissions.Onepossiblemechanismforthedioxinreductionusingureaisthereductionofchlorinelevels.Theaveragedioxinemissionlevelscouldbedecreasedto0.6ngTEQ/m3(s.t.p.)inthewastegas.19.dioxin:二惡英。20.emission:散發(fā)。21.urea:尿素。22.chlorine:氯。23.TEQ:因為環(huán)境二惡英主要以混合物形式存在，在對二惡英毒性進行評價時，國際上常把不一樣組分折算成相當于2,3,7,8-TCDD量來表示，稱為毒性當量(ToxicEquivalentQuantity，簡稱TEQ)。24.s.t.p.標準溫度和壓力。/05:49:54第43頁AtCorusinIjmuiden,theNetherlands,halfofthewastegasquantityisrecycledviahoodstothesinterstrand,whilsttheresidualgasiscleanedusingthewetscrubbingAirfinesystem.ThiscombinationofEOS(EmissionOptimisedSintering)andAirfineenabledthereductionofdioxinemissionstoapprox.0.20to0.24ngTEQ/m3(s.t.p.).TheauthoritiesintheNetherlandsprescribeamaximumallowableemissionvalueof0.5ngTEQ/m3(s.t.p.).25.hood:煙罩。26.strand:（燒結機）一臺；（連鑄機）一流。27.residual:殘余，剩下。28.scrub:(使)(氣體)凈化；(從氣體中)分離出，提出。29.wetscrubbing:濕法噴淋。/05:49:54第44頁WithintheframeworkofaEuropeanconsortium,adrygascleaningsystemtoreducedioxinemissionswasdiscussedwiththeGermanauthorities.ThesystemwastobetestedataThyssenKruppStahlsinterplant,withtheaimtoreachavalueof0.1ngTEQ/m3(s.t.p.).Twomethodshavebeentesteduptonow:Theinjectionoflignitecokedustintothewastegasinfrontoftheelectrostaticprecipitatorandtheuseofcatalystsinfrontofthestack.ForthefutureofsinterplantsinGermanyitisessentialtoclarifythehealthrelevanceofadioxinemissionvalueof0.1ngTEQ/m3(s.t.p.).30.consortium:(國際)財團。31.drygascleaningsystem:干法氣體清洗系統(tǒng)。32.lignite:褐煤。33.coke:焦(炭)。34.electrostaticprecipitator:靜電除塵器。35.catalyst:觸媒，催化劑。/05:49:54第45頁3.Blastfurnaces72blastfurnaces(BF)areoperatedintheEU,producing91millionthotmetal(HM)peryear.Mostofthefurnacesareintherangeof9to13mhearthdiameter,6furnaceshaveahearthdiameterofover13m.Averageannualproductionperblastfurnace,isapprox.1.26millionthotmetal;thelargestfurnace,SchwelgernNo.2ofThyssenKruppStahl,producesover4milliont/a.36.hotmetal:鐵水。37.hearth:(平爐)爐床；(高爐)爐膛，爐缸。38.hearthdiameter:（高爐）爐缸直徑。/05:49:54第46頁Highestproductivitiesachievedareintherangeof3.0t/m3workingvolumeper24h.TotalreductantrateoftheEUfurnaceshasonaverageremainedatalowlevelduringthelasttenyears(approx.485kg/tHM).Therelativedistributionofreducingagentshaschangedremarkably.Averagecokeratesdecreasedby60kg/tHMto358kg/tHM,resultinginasavingofcokecapacitiesofaround5.5milliont/a.39.productivity:生產(chǎn)率；生產(chǎn)能力；（高爐）利用系數(shù)。40.workingvolume:有效容積。41.totalreductantrate:總還原劑比。42.reducingagent:還原劑。43.cokerate:焦比。44.HM:hotmetal簡稱。/05:49:54第47頁Thesesavingsincokewerebasicallyachievedbyincreasingtheaveragecoalinjectionrate.In1999thehighestcoalinjectionratesachievedbysomeblastfurnaceswereintherangeof190to200kg/tHM.Astodaycertainblastfurnacesarealreadyconstantlyoperatedatacokerateof300kg/tHMandbelow,itcanbeexpectedthattheaveragecokelevelcanbedecreasedfrom358kg/tHMtoapprox.320kg/tHMbytheyear.45.injectionrate:噴吹比。46.coalinjection:煤粉噴吹。/05:49:54第48頁Thiscanberealizedbyfurtherincreasingtheinjectionratesandbyreplacingoilinjectionbycoalinjectioniftheoilpriceremainsatahighlevel.Toimprovecoalgasificationatthelancetipduringinjectionathighrates,ademonstrationprojectfortheinjectionofpreheatedpulverizedcoalisbeingcarriedoutwithintheECSC.47.lancetip:噴槍端部。48.pulverizedcoal:煤粉。/05:49:54第49頁Atthreeblastfurnaces,alllocatedinGermany,processedwasteplasticsareinjectedasareplacementforoil.Plasticinjectionrateswereupto44kg/tHM,andtheevaluatedoilreplacementratiowas1:1.Theblastfurnacesusingtheseplasticsarepaidanagreedpremiumbytheplasticsrecyclingindustry.49.replacementratio:置換比。50.premium:獎賞，獎勵；獎金；獎狀，獎品；獎分。/05:49:54第50頁Theplasticsusedhavetofulfillextremelyexactingrequirementsregardingchemicalcompositionandgrainsizedistribution.In1999,104000tofplasticswereinjectedintotheseblastfurnaces.AfurtherincreaseofplasticsinjectioninEuropeisnotlikelyatthemoment.51.grainsize:顆粒粒度。/05:49:54第51頁Inthefieldofblastfurnaceplantequipment,newdevelopmentsincoolingtechnologyshouldbehighlighted.Inadditiontocastironcoolingstaves,thenewlydevelopedcopperstavesarebecomingincreasinglyestablishedinthemiddleshaftareadowntotheheartharea.Comparedwithcastironstaves,copperstavesenablesignificantlyhigherheatremoval.52.castiron:鑄鐵。53.coolingstave:冷卻壁。54.copperstave:銅冷卻壁。55.middleshaftarea:（高爐）爐身中部區(qū)域。56.heatremoval:散熱。/05:49:54第52頁Theyareconsiderablythinner,thusincreasingthefurnacevolumewithoutchangingtheshellsize.Itisadvisabletoinstallcopperstaveswithoutrefractorybrickworkinthelowershaftandbellyarea,becauseduetotherapidheatremovaldepositsareformedontheirsurfaceandprotectthestavesagainstabrasivewear.BlastfurnaceNo.2StahlwerkeBremen(12.0mhearthdiameter)wasthefirstfurnaceintheworldequippedwithcoppercoolingstavesinthehearthduringitsreliningin1999.57.furnacevolume:爐容。58.shell:爐殼。59.refractory:耐火材料。60.brickwork:磚砌體。61.lowershaft:（高爐）爐身下部。62.belly:（高爐）爐腹。63.deposit:淤積[沉積]物。64.abrasive:有磨損力。65.wear:磨損。66.reline:（換襯）大修。/05:49:54第53頁4.BasicoxygenfurnacesteelmakingThetotalEUbasicoxygenfurnace(BOF)productionofabout100milliont/ahasremainednearlyconstantduringthelastl0years,althoughtheshareofthisprocesslineisslightlydecreasing.ThestrongincreaseinvacuumtreatmentcapacitiesintheEUreflectsthedemandforhighqualitysteelgrades.ThelastfewyearshavebeencharacterizedbythetrendofintegratingladlefurnacesinBOFshopstoenablelowertappingtemperaturesandindependenttemperaturemanagement.67.basicoxygenfurnace(BOF):堿性氧氣轉爐。68.vacuumtreatment:真空處理。69.steelgrade:鋼種。70.ladlefurnace:鋼包爐。/05:49:54第54頁HighqualityflatproductsaremainlyproducedbytheBF-BOFsteelmakingrouteinintegratedsteelplants.Scrapbasedflatsteelproductionrequiresscrappreparationandselection,andhighamountsofvirginmaterialslikeDRIandhotmetal.Thecomparisonoflongandflatproductionandthescrap/hotmetalsituationintheworldandintheEU，makesitobviousthatthehighshareofflatproductsintheEU，andespeciallyinGermany,islinkedwithahighhotmetalinputforsteelmaking.71.BF:blastfurnace簡稱，高爐。72.virginmaterials:純凈原料。73.DRI:DirectReducedIron簡稱，直接還原鐵。/05:49:54第55頁"Extreme"situationscanbeidentifiedinJapanandtheUnitedStates，theformerbeingcharacterizedbyverylowscrapinputandthelatterbyhighscrapinput(alsoforflatproduction).InsomeEuropeancountriesthespecificscrapinputinBOFsteelmakinghasbeendecreasedsincel980；thesecountrieshavestillsomepotentialforloweringCO2emissionsbyincreasingscrapconsumption./05:49:54第56頁Ameasuretoincreasescrapconsumptionintheconverteristheachievementofahighdegreeofpost-combustion.Pilottrialsusingajetofhotairat1200℃,bottomblowingofoxygenandfinecoal,haveledtopost-combustiondegreesof60to65%andexcellentheattransfertothemelt.Successfultrialswitha10tconverterhaverecentlybeenperformedatNeueMaxhfutteinGermany.74.converter:煉鋼爐，轉爐。75.post-combustion:二次燃燒。76.finecoal:煤粉。/05:49:54第57頁DevelopmentsinBOFsteelmakinginEuropearemainlyaimedatimprovingproductivity.DynamicBOFmodelsandstandardizingtheblowingoperationareundercontinuousdevelopment.Neuralnetworksforprocessconditionpredictionofferagreatpotential,particularlywhererelationshipsarenon-linearorinputdataaremissing.Withhighscraprates,strictdemandsconcerningtheresidualelementsareanecessity.TheproductivityofEuropeanBOFvesselsisabout400to550t/hworkingtimefor280to380tvessels.Topproductivityismostlyobtainedinsteelshopsworkingwithonevesseloutoftwo.77.neuralnetwork:神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡78.non-linear:非線性。79.scraprate:廢鋼比。80.residualelement:殘余元素。81.steelshop:煉鋼車間。82.onevesseloutoftwo:（轉爐車間）二吹一操作。/05:49:54第58頁Regardingthequalityoftheproducedsteel,