第05講閱讀理解主旨大意題、推理判斷題學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)內(nèi)容要求閱讀理解閱讀理解主旨大意題解題方法閱讀理解推理判斷題解題方法閱讀理解說(shuō)明文語(yǔ)議論文解題思路知識(shí)講解知識(shí)講解一、閱讀理解推理判斷題推理判斷題是閱讀理解試題中的重要題型之一，包括推理和判斷兩個(gè)方面，是考生失分率較高的題型?？疾榭忌高^(guò)文章表面文字信息推測(cè)文章陷含意思，進(jìn)行邏輯推理，對(duì)文章的細(xì)節(jié)、作者的態(tài)度、意圖作出正確推理判斷的能力。1：推斷隱含意義解題技巧：1）．Scanning，找到相關(guān)信息點(diǎn)2）．Studyreading，不但理解表層，而且要由表及里、由淺入深地分析3）．推理，以文中提供的信息為依據(jù)，結(jié)合常識(shí)，作出符合邏輯的推斷2：推斷觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度解題技巧：根據(jù)作者在文中的措辭，尤其是表達(dá)感情色彩的形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞及所舉的例子，推斷出作者的弦外之音。3：推斷寫作目的QuestionForms:解題技巧：1）.

找主旨2）.

看文體――根據(jù)文章結(jié)構(gòu)和措辭(1)toentertainreaders常見(jiàn)于故事類的文章(2)topersuadereaders常見(jiàn)于廣告類的文章(3)toinformreaders/offerinformation/tips多見(jiàn)于科普類﹑新聞報(bào)道類﹑文化類或社會(huì)類的文章.4：推斷文章出處QuestionForms:解題技巧：這類問(wèn)題應(yīng)從文章的內(nèi)容或結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)判斷其出處:A.報(bào)紙:前面會(huì)出現(xiàn)日期、地點(diǎn)或通訊社名稱。B.廣告:因其格式特殊,容易辨認(rèn)。C.產(chǎn)品說(shuō)明:器皿、設(shè)備的使用說(shuō)明會(huì)有產(chǎn)品名稱或操作方式,而藥品的服用說(shuō)明會(huì)告知服用時(shí)間、次數(shù)、藥量等。D.網(wǎng)站：文中會(huì)出現(xiàn)click(點(diǎn)擊)，online(在線),web(網(wǎng)絡(luò)),website(網(wǎng)址)等字眼。5：推斷下續(xù)內(nèi)容解題技巧：1）．把握作者寫作思路2）．把握文章結(jié)構(gòu)，注意最后一段內(nèi)容，特別是最后幾句話。典例一（2023·湖南高二湖南師大附中?？计谥校〥isordersofthebrainareagrowingworry.Twelvemental—healthconditionsaffectabout970millionpeoplearoundtheworldaccordingtotheGlobalBurdenofDiseaseProject:morethanoneintenofthepopulation.Thisfigurecouldwellbeanunderestimate.Neurological(神經(jīng)學(xué)的)problemssuchasstroke,migraine(偏頭痛),Parkinson’sandbraininjuryarecollectivelytheleadingglobalsourceofdisability.Ageingpopulationswithunhealthywaysoflifearelikelytomakethisproblemmuchworseeverywhere.Inanidealworld,sciencewouldbeingtotherescue.Butthebrainisaplexorgansometimesdescribedasthemostplexstructureintheknownuniverse.Aprivatepanyspentanestimated$43bnonresearchintotherapiesforAlzheimer’sdiseasebetween1998and2017andcameupempty—handed.Thatbigfailureisperhapsthebiggestreasonwhy,inthe2010s,manydrugfirmsabandonedorcutbackonneuroscience(神經(jīng)科學(xué))research.Happily,therearesignsofachange.InourTechnologyQuarterlythisweekwereportonarenaissance(復(fù)興)inneuroscience,withmanydrugpanies,someofthembigones,showingrenewedinterestinthefield.Thisfreshenergyisingfromavarietyoftechniquesandideas.Moreprecisediagnosisandwell—confirmedbiomarkerswhichrevealthecourseofdisease,areimprovingclinicaltrials.Newkindsoftreatmentsuchasgenetherapy,areexpandingtherangeofdiseasesthatcanbetackled.Otheradvancesareanincreasingamountofdata,whichisprovingcriticaltounderstandingthebiologicalrootsofneurologicalproblems.Ashopesrisefortacklingthisfinalfrontierofbio—medicine,itisworthrememberingthatthesecretstoahealthybrainarenotonlygoingtoefromapillorpsychotherapist’streatments.Thehealthofthebrainisinfluencedbywhatgoesonoutsideitsuchasnutrition,exercise,theabuseofalcohol,education,socialconnectionsandpollution.Noneofthisshouldbesurprising:Thehealthofthebrainistiedtothehealthandthewell—beingofthebodythatitsitsin.Effortstoensurebetterbrainhealthareaninvestmentthatwillkeepbringingadvantagestoindividuals,andtosocieties,fordecadestoe.12．Whatdoesthewritersuggestinboththefirstandlastparagraphstopreventbraindiseases?A．Lessworry. B．Morefinancialaid.C．Magicmedicine. D．Healthylifestyles.13．Whatcontributetotherenewedinterestinneuroscienceresearch?A．Profitsandfame. B．Advancesintechnology.C．Largerrangeofdiseases. D．Moreclinicaltrials.14．Whatismostlikelytobethewriter’sjob?A．Ajournaleditor. B．Alibrarian.C．Asponsor. D．Aclinicaldoctor.15．Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A．plexbrainhealth. B．Anepicresearchfailure.C．Renewedneuroscienceresearch. D．Defeatingbraindisorders.【答案】12．D

13．B

14．A

15．C【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展以及新的治療手段的出現(xiàn)，人們重燃對(duì)神經(jīng)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域研究的興趣。12．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句“Ageingpopulationswithunhealthywaysoflifearelikelytomakethisproblemmuchworseeverywhere.(生活方式不健康的老齡化人口可能會(huì)使這一問(wèn)題在各地變得更加嚴(yán)重。)”以及后一段第二句“Thehealthofthebrainisinfluencedbywhatgoesonoutsideitsuchasnutrition,exercise,theabuseofalcohol,education,socialconnectionsandpollution.(大腦的健康受到外界因素的影響，如營(yíng)養(yǎng)、鍛煉、酗酒、教育、社會(huì)關(guān)系和污染。)”可知，健康的生活方式可以預(yù)防腦部疾病。故選D。13．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“Inour

TechnologyQuarterly

thisweekwereportonarenaissance(復(fù)興)inneuroscience,withmanydrugpanies,someofthembigones,showingrenewedinterestinthefield.Thisfreshenergyisingfromavarietyoftechniquesandideas.(在本周的《科技季刊》中，我們報(bào)道了神經(jīng)科學(xué)的復(fù)興，許多制藥公司，其中一些是大公司，對(duì)這一領(lǐng)域重新表現(xiàn)出興趣。這種新鮮的能量來(lái)自于各種各樣的技術(shù)和想法。)”可知，科技的進(jìn)步有助于重新激發(fā)對(duì)神經(jīng)科學(xué)研究的興趣即科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展促使人們對(duì)神經(jīng)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域重新表現(xiàn)出興趣。故選B。14．推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中“

Inour

TechnologyQuarterly

thisweekwereportonarenaissance(復(fù)興)inneuroscience,withmanydrugpanies,someofthembigones,showingrenewedinterestinthefield.

(在本周的《科技季刊》中，我們報(bào)道了神經(jīng)科學(xué)的復(fù)興，許多制藥公司，其中一些是大公司，對(duì)這一領(lǐng)域重新表現(xiàn)出興趣。)”可知，在本周的《科技季刊》中，作者的雜志報(bào)道了神經(jīng)科學(xué)的復(fù)興，許多制藥公司，其中一些是大公司，對(duì)這一領(lǐng)域重新表現(xiàn)出興趣。由此可知，作者的身份與該雜志有關(guān)系，同時(shí)作者對(duì)神經(jīng)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的研究做了較為客觀的敘述。因此，作者的職業(yè)很可能是某期刊的編輯，負(fù)責(zé)文章的編輯和整理工作。故選A。15．主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，文章主要介紹了隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展以及新的治療手段的出現(xiàn)，人們重燃對(duì)神經(jīng)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域研究的興趣。故選C。 二、

閱讀理解主旨大意題 閱讀理解對(duì)文章的主旨大意進(jìn)行命題，旨在考查考生通過(guò)對(duì)原文快速瀏覽正確獲取語(yǔ)篇的大意，并對(duì)文章的主題、標(biāo)題、段落、中心思想加以歸納理解以及辨別主要信息和次要信息的能力。要求考生在閱讀短文時(shí)，能夠提煉文章的中心情節(jié)，體會(huì)作者的主要意圖，充分運(yùn)用邏輯概括能力，透過(guò)字里行間獲取文章最具代表性的觀點(diǎn)、中心論點(diǎn)及作者的情感傾向。1、利用主題段來(lái)概括標(biāo)題主題段一般在文章的第一段和最后一段，一般來(lái)說(shuō)第一段經(jīng)常提出文章的主題或最后一段總結(jié)文章的主題，知道了文章的主題也就知道了文章的中心，把中心概括成一句話或一個(gè)短語(yǔ)——文章的標(biāo)題。2、利用主題句來(lái)概括標(biāo)題解題的關(guān)鍵是要抓住每一段的首尾句，要注意貫穿文章始終的詞語(yǔ)。通過(guò)尋找文章的主題句，并對(duì)主題句進(jìn)行概括和提煉，從而確定文章的標(biāo)題。做此類題時(shí)，要避免以下三種錯(cuò)誤：(1)概括不夠(多表現(xiàn)為部分替代整體，從而縮小了范圍)；(2)過(guò)度概括(多表現(xiàn)為人為擴(kuò)大范圍)；(3)以事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)替代文章大意。規(guī)律方法2：如何概括文章大意？1.

做概括文章大意題時(shí)，有效的方法就是辨認(rèn)主題句。主題句具有簡(jiǎn)潔性、概括性的特點(diǎn)，文章的中心思想往往是每段主題句的綜合。若文章無(wú)主題句，這就需要我們依據(jù)文中的事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)、觀點(diǎn)去進(jìn)行分析、推斷和歸納，從而概括出文章大意。2.

在選擇答案時(shí)，根據(jù)自己總結(jié)的大意，就可以用排除法將干擾項(xiàng)逐個(gè)排除。規(guī)律方法3：如何總結(jié)段落大意？段落大意即某一段的中心思想，通常中心思想會(huì)在首句體現(xiàn)出來(lái)，這就是常說(shuō)的段落主題句。主題句具有鮮明的概括性，句子結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，段落中其他句子均用來(lái)解釋、支撐或擴(kuò)展主題句所表達(dá)的主題思想。主題句通常位于段首，也可位于段尾、段中。有時(shí)作者沒(méi)有寫出明顯的主題句，要學(xué)會(huì)根據(jù)段落內(nèi)容去概括主題句。典例二（2023·福建福州·高二福建省福州外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)校校考期中）Formanyyearsthere’sbeenadebateaboutrewardingourchildren.Doesitwork?Isiteffective?Somepeoplethinkweshouldestablishastandardwithourkidsandgivethemsomethingformeetingthisstandardasareward.Punishmentisgivenoutinmuchthesameway,butit’susedwhencertainstandardsofperformance,behavior,etc.havenotbeenmet.Kidswilloftenbeemoredutifulwhenthreatenedwithpunishment,andworkharderwhenpromisedavaluablereward.Theproblemiswhathappenswhenyouaren’taround.Todevelopresponsible,selfdisciplined(自律)kids,parentsneedtopromotecertainideas.Oneoftheseideasisthateveryonejoinsinandhelpsinyourfamily.Anotherideaisthattherecanbeenjoymentindoinganytaskifwechoosetomakeitso.Whenataskisforaworthycause(ourfamilycanenjoythehousemorebecauseIhelpedcleanit),thismessagecanhaveabigimpact.Thisishowwehelpourkidsdevelopasenseofresponsibility.Whenourchildrendevelopthisresponsibility,they’llbemoredisciplined,andthey’llcontroltheiremotionsbetter.Whenwegiverewardstoourkids,wereducethesenseofresponsibility.Wealsocreatechildrenwhomaytemporarilyperformtoacertainstandard,butwhoaren’tlikelytocontinuetheperformancewithoutthecarrothanginginfrontofthem.“Rewardsandpunishmentcanchangebehaviorforawhile,buttheycannotchangethepersonwhoengagesinthebehavior,”saidAlfieKohn,authorofPunishedbyRewards.“Goodvalueshavetobegrownfromtheinsideout.”Parentscanhelpgivetheirchildrenasenseofsharedresponsibilityanddisciplinewhichcanlastalifetime.Therealrewardsthatyourchildrenreceivewillbetheirreadinessfortheplexanddemandingworldthatwaitsforthem—aworldthatrewardsthosewhohavelearnedthesecretsofdisciplineandresponsibility.Sokeepthoseshinyrewardingtoyourself,andletyourkidsfindtheirownrewards.35．Accordingtothepassage,whenchildrenarethreatenedwithpunishment,________.A．theymayloseinterestintheirwork B．theymayappeartobewellbehavedC．theymaychangetoanotherperson D．theresultswillbeworsethanusual36．Theunderlinedpart“thecarrot”inParagraph4probablyrefersto________.A．rewards B．a(chǎn)ims C．a(chǎn)pologies D．doubts37．Accordingtothepassage,AlfieKohnwouldagreethatparentsshould________.A．neverpayattentiontothewaytheirchildrendothingsB．showtheirchildrenhowtobehavebyexampleC．neverpunishtheirchildrenD．helptheirchildrenestablishgoodvalues38．What’sthebesttitleforthepassage?A．Doyouoftenrewardyourchildren?B．Shouldparentsrewardtheirchildren?C．Whenshouldparentsrewardtheirchildren?D．Whatcanparentsrewardtheirchildrenwith?【答案】35．B

36．A

37．D

38．B【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇議論文。主要討論了父母該如何獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)孩子的話題。并提出了父母應(yīng)該幫助孩子設(shè)立正確的價(jià)值觀。35．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Kidswilloftenbeemoredutifulwhenthreatenedwithpunishment,andworkharderwhenpromisedavaluablereward.”（當(dāng)受到懲罰的威脅時(shí)，孩子們通常會(huì)變得更加盡職盡責(zé)，當(dāng)?shù)玫接袃r(jià)值的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)時(shí)，孩子們會(huì)更加努力學(xué)習(xí)。）可知，當(dāng)孩子們受到懲罰的威脅時(shí)，他們可能表現(xiàn)得很乖。故選B項(xiàng)。36．詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第四段中“Whenwegiverewardstoourkids,wereducethesenseofresponsibility.”（當(dāng)我們給孩子獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)時(shí)，我們減少了責(zé)任感。）以及劃線單詞句中“Wealsocreatechildrenwhomaytemporarilyperformtoacertainstandard,butwhoaren’tlikelytocontinuetheperformance…”（我們還創(chuàng)造了一些孩子，他們可能暫時(shí)表現(xiàn)得符合某種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)……他們不太可能繼續(xù)表現(xiàn)下去。）可知，根據(jù)上文提到的rewards以及上下文句意關(guān)系可知，當(dāng)給孩子獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)時(shí)，他們暫時(shí)表現(xiàn)得符合某種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，但是當(dāng)不給獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)時(shí)，他們不太可能繼續(xù)表現(xiàn)下去，故可猜測(cè)，劃線單詞thecarrot指的是“獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)”。故選A項(xiàng)。37．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中“Rewardsandpunishmentcanchangebehaviorforawhile,buttheycannotchangethepersonwhoengagesinthebehavior,”saidAlfieKohn,authorofPunishedbyRewards.“Goodvalueshavetobegrownfromtheinsideout.”Parentscanhelpgivetheirchildrenasenseofsharedresponsibilityanddisciplinewhichcanlastalifetime.”（《獎(jiǎng)賞的懲罰》一書的作者阿爾菲·科恩說(shuō)：“獎(jiǎng)懲可以在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)改變行為，但它們無(wú)法改變做出這種行為的人?！薄傲己玫膬r(jià)值觀必須由內(nèi)而外培養(yǎng)?！备改缚梢詭椭麄兊暮⒆优囵B(yǎng)一種共同的責(zé)任感和紀(jì)律感，這種責(zé)任感和紀(jì)律感會(huì)伴隨孩子一生。）可知，阿爾菲·科恩同意父母應(yīng)該幫助他們的孩子建立良好的價(jià)值觀。故選D項(xiàng)。38．主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章大意以及第一段“Formanyyearsthere’sbeenadebateaboutrewardingourchildren.Doesitwork?Isiteffective?”（多年來(lái)，關(guān)于獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)孩子的問(wèn)題一直存在爭(zhēng)論。這有用嗎？有效嗎？）和最后一句“Sokeepthoseshinyrewardingtoyourself,andletyourkidsfindtheirownrewards.”（所以，把那些閃亮的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)留給自己，讓你的孩子自己去尋找。）可知，這篇文章作者最終探討的是家長(zhǎng)是否該給孩子獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。故文章最好的標(biāo)題是“父母應(yīng)該獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)孩子嗎？”。故選B項(xiàng)。鞏固練習(xí)鞏固練習(xí)一、（2324高二上·遼寧·開(kāi)學(xué)考試）Tiredofstandinginline?Waitabitlonger,andyoumayneverhavetoagain.Amazonhasopened24ofitsAmazonGostores,whichusecamerasandartificialintelligence(AI)toseewhatyou’vetakenoffshelvesandchargeyouasyouwalkout.SomepaniesarecloselycopyingAmazon’sapproachtousingAlpoweredcamerasfixedinceilings.Butothersaretryinganentirelydifferentwaytoskipthecheckout:smartshoppingcarts,panieshaveaddedcamerasandsensorstothecarts,andareusingAItotellwhatyou’veputinthem.Customerspaybyenteringacreditcard,orthroughanonlinepaymentsystem.Whenacustomerexitsthestore,agreenlightontheshoppingcartshowsthattheirorderisplete,andthey’recharged.Thepaniesbehindthesmartcarts,includingCaperandVeeve,sayit’smucheasiertoaddtechnologytotheshoppingcartthantoanentirestore.Amazom’sGostoresrelyonhundredsofcamerasintheceiling.Theshelvesalsoincludesensorstotellwhenanitemisremoved.AhmedBeshry,cofounderofCaper,believesthetechnologytorunGoistooexpensivetouseinalargeformatgrocerystore.NeitherCapernorVeevehavesaidhowmuchtheirsmartshoppingcartswillcost,makingitdifficulttoparethedifferentformats.ShariqSiddiqui,CEOofVeeve,said,“We’realwayshappywhenAmazonisdoingsomething.Theyforceretailerstogetoutoftheiroldschoolthinking.”Eachtimeabusinessusesartificialintelligenceandcameras,itraisesquestionsaboutcustomers’privacyandtheeffectonjobs.Beshrynotesthatthecamerasinhisshoppingcartpointdownintothecart,soonlyacustomer’shandandpartoftheirarmwillbecaptured(拍攝)oncamera.1．Whatdoweknowaboutthesmartshoppingcarts?A．Theyarelinkedtothecamerasfixedintheceilings.B．Theyarenotabletorecognizegoodsputinthem.C．Theyflashthegreenlightwhentheorderisfinished.D．Theycantellcustomerswheretofindwhattheywant.2．WhatdoesBeshrythinkofthetechnologyusedinAmazon’sGostores?A．Itmayreducethecostofrunningastoregreatly.B．Itislikelytohelpretailerstothinkdifferently.C．Ithasattractedmanymoreretailersthanbefore.D．Itcostsmuchmorethantheirshoppingcarts.3．WhenitestoAIandcameras,whatmakesthepublicworriedmost?A．Thatgoodsinthestoresmaybemoreexpensive.B．Thattheycanonlybuygoodsonline.C．Thatsomebodymayknowtheirprivacy.D．Thattheyhavetowaitinalineforalongertime.4．Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A．Thenewtechnologyimprovesretailsale.B．Smartshoppingcartswillletyouskiptheline.C．Alpoweredcamerasareusedinretailstores.D．Artificialintelligenceaffectsthefutureofjobmarket.【答案】1．C2．D3．C4．B【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要說(shuō)明了一項(xiàng)新科技——智能購(gòu)物車。它可以讓人們免去長(zhǎng)時(shí)間排隊(duì)等待結(jié)賬。1．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Whenacustomerexitsthestore,agreenlightontheshoppingcartshowsthattheirorderisplete,andthey’recharged.(當(dāng)顧客離開(kāi)商店時(shí)，購(gòu)物車上的綠燈顯示他們的訂單已經(jīng)完成，他們已經(jīng)結(jié)賬了。)”可知，訂單一完成，購(gòu)物車就會(huì)亮綠燈。故選C。2．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“AhmedBeshry,cofounderofCaper,believesthetechnologytorunGoistooexpensivetouseinalargeformatgrocerystore.(Caper的聯(lián)合創(chuàng)始人AhmedBeshry認(rèn)為，運(yùn)行Go的技術(shù)太貴，無(wú)法在大型雜貨店使用。)”可知，Beshry認(rèn)為把運(yùn)用到Go商店的技術(shù)應(yīng)用到大型雜貨店里太昂貴了。故選D。3．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Eachtimeabusinessusesartificialintelligenceandcameras,itraisesquestionsaboutcustomers’privacyandtheeffectonjobs.(每當(dāng)一家企業(yè)使用人工智能和攝像頭時(shí)，就會(huì)引發(fā)有關(guān)客戶隱私和對(duì)就業(yè)的影響的問(wèn)題。)”可知，當(dāng)提到AI技術(shù)和攝像機(jī)時(shí)，公眾最擔(dān)心的是隱私問(wèn)題和對(duì)工作的影響。故選C。4．主旨大意題。第一段“Tiredofstandinginline?Waitabitlonger,andyoumayneverhavetoagain.(厭倦了排隊(duì)？再等一段時(shí)間，你可能再也不用等了。)”引出下文解決排隊(duì)問(wèn)題的新發(fā)明。第二段中的But引出本文的說(shuō)明對(duì)象，根據(jù)第三句“Butothersaretryinganentirelydifferentwaytoskipthecheckout:smartshoppingcarts,panieshaveaddedcamerasandsensorstothecarts,andareusingAItotellwhatyou’veputinthem.(但其他人正在嘗試一種完全不同的方式來(lái)跳過(guò)結(jié)賬：智能購(gòu)物車，公司在購(gòu)物車中添加了攝像頭和傳感器，并使用人工智能來(lái)判斷你在里面放了什么。)”可知，智能購(gòu)物車可以讓你免去長(zhǎng)時(shí)間排隊(duì)等待的問(wèn)題。再通讀全文可知，文章圍繞智能購(gòu)物車展開(kāi)，B項(xiàng)“智能購(gòu)物車會(huì)讓你跳過(guò)排隊(duì)”符合文意。故選B。二、（2324高二上·福建開(kāi)學(xué)考試）Afternearly70yearsofspaceexploration,Earthisnowsurroundedbyspacejunk.Recently,anaccidentmadethecleanupmoredifficulttostart.AccordingtotheEuropeanSpaceAgency(ESA),scientistsplanontestingtheir“junktruck”,ClearSpace1,in2025.It’saspacecraftwithfourarmsthatcancatchdebris(碎片)andbringitbacktoEarth.TheyhavechosentobringbackVESPA,a113kilogram,twometerwiderocketpart.However,inAugust,itwashitbyanotherpieceofspacejunk,creatingnewpieces.TheESAisnowrevisingitscleanupplan.MostsatellitestodayaresentintoEarth’sloworbit,whichreachesuptoaround2,000kilometersabovetheEarth.There,spacecraftaremostlikelytocrashwitheachother.Theremaybeasmanyas170millionpiecesofspacejunkinorbit.Bigorsmall,anyofthepiecescancauseharmtoaspacecraft.Intermsofthecleanup,scientistshavesomeotherideas.Onepopularplanistoequipaspacecraftwithharpoons(叉)andmagnets(磁鐵).Thecraftwouldshoottheharpoontostickintothedebrisbefore“throwing”itbacktoEarth.Magnetscouldmovethedebris,changingitsdirection.ThedebriswouldburnafterenteringEarth’satmospheresotherewouldn’tbemuchleftwhenitreachesEarth.Scientistsarealsoconsideringshootinglasers(激光)fromspacecrafttoheatupthedebris’surface,creatingasmallpushthatwouldchangethedebris’orbit.ThischangewouldallowthedebristobecaughtbyEarth’sgravity.Spacejunkcanbeverydangerous,andspaceagenciesaroundtheworldaretestingandplanningthecleanup.Butwhyhaven’ttheydoneanythingyet?Onereasonistheexpense.Itwouldtakebetween$4,000and$60,000perkilogramtocatchonepieceofdebrislargerthan10cm.Andaround$300millionisneededtodevelopthelasertechnology.5．What’sthemissionofClearSpace1?A．TomarkEarth’sloworbit. B．Tomonitorspacedebris.C．Tostudytheharmofspacejunk. D．TobringVESPAbacktoEarth.6．Howdolasersworkincleaningupspacedebris?A．Byburningitupinspace. B．Bypushingitintodeeperspace.C．Bymovingittowardsaspacecraft. D．Byredirectingitintotheatmosphere.7．What’sadisadvantageofthecleanupaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?A．It’splex. B．It’srisky. C．It’scostly. D．It’schangeable.8．Whatmightbeasuitabletitle?A．EscapingfromCrowdedSpace B．LookingforWaystoCleanupSpaceC．DangerousSpaceDebris D．ExceptionalSpaceExploration【答案】5．A6．D7．C8．B【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。主要介紹了經(jīng)過(guò)近70年的太空探索，地球現(xiàn)在被太空垃圾包圍，歐洲航天局為了帶回太空垃圾碎片VESPA準(zhǔn)備發(fā)射ClearSpace1，它是一艘?guī)в兴闹粰C(jī)械臂的航天器，可以捕捉太空垃圾并將其帶回地球。然而最近發(fā)生的一起事故使得清理工作變得更加困難。5．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段中“AccordingtotheEuropeanSpaceAgency(ESA),scientistsplanontestingtheir“junktruck”,ClearSpace1,in2025.It’saspacecraftwithfourarmsthatcancatchdebris(碎片)andbringitbacktoEarth.TheyhavechosentobringbackVESPA,a113kilogram,twometerwiderocketpart.(據(jù)歐洲航天局稱，科學(xué)家計(jì)劃在2025年測(cè)試他們的“垃圾卡車”ClearSpace1。它是一種有四個(gè)臂的航天器，可以捕捉碎片并將其帶回地球。他們選擇帶回VESPA，一個(gè)113公斤，兩米寬的火箭部件。)”可知，ClearSpace1的任務(wù)是把VESPA帶回地球，故選A項(xiàng)。6．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第四段中“Scientistsarealsoconsideringshootinglasers(激光)fromspacecrafttoheatupthedebris’surface,creatingasmallpushthatwouldchangethedebris’orbit.ThischangewouldallowthedebristobecaughtbyEarth’sgravity.(科學(xué)家們還在考慮從航天器發(fā)射激光來(lái)加熱碎片的表面，從而產(chǎn)生一個(gè)小小的推動(dòng)力，從而改變碎片的軌道。這種變化將使碎片被地球引力捕獲。)”可知，激光通過(guò)加熱太空垃圾的表面，改變其軌道，使其進(jìn)入地球大氣層，所以激光是通過(guò)將太空垃圾重定向進(jìn)入地球大氣層來(lái)清理太空垃圾，故選D項(xiàng)。7．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后兩段“Spacejunkcanbeverydangerous,andspaceagenciesaroundtheworldaretestingandplanningthecleanup.Butwhyhaven’ttheydoneanythingyet?Onereasonistheexpense.Itwouldtakebetween$4,000and$60,000perkilogramtocatchonepieceofdebrislargerthan10cm.Andaround$300millionisneededtodevelopthelasertechnology.(太空垃圾可能非常危險(xiǎn)，世界各地的航天機(jī)構(gòu)正在測(cè)試和計(jì)劃清理工作。但為什么他們還沒(méi)有做任何事情呢？一個(gè)原因是費(fèi)用。每公斤需要4，000到60，000美元才能捕獲一塊大于10厘米的碎片。開(kāi)發(fā)激光技術(shù)需要大約3億美元。)”可知，清理太空垃圾的一個(gè)缺點(diǎn)是費(fèi)用高昂，故選C項(xiàng)。8．主旨大意題。根據(jù)整篇文章內(nèi)容可知，文章主要討論了太空垃圾問(wèn)題以及清理太空垃圾的方案和困難性，因此B項(xiàng)“LookingforWaystoCleanupSpace(尋找清理太空垃圾的方法)”最適合作為標(biāo)題，故選B項(xiàng)。三、（2324高二上·湖南·期中練習(xí)）Thespecificculturalvaluesofacountrymaydeterminewhetherconcernaboutenvironmentalissuesactuallyleadsindividualstoengageinenvironmentallyfriendlybehaviors,accordingtoresearchpublishedinPsychologicalScience.KiminEom,apsychologicalscientistoftheUniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara,wasinspiredtoinvestigatethelinksbetweenculture,environmentalconcern,andenvironmentalactionafternoticingthatbothpublicdiscussionandacademicresearchonenvironmentalbehaviortypicallyfocusonpeoplefromWesterncountries.ItisworthnoticingbecauseWesterncountriestendtohaveculturalvaluesthatprioritizeindividuals’ownattitudesandbeliefsandencourageexpressionofthem.“Thetheoryseemedtobethatonceindividualsareledtobelieveintheurgencyofenvironmentalissuesandhavestrongerconcernsaboutsustainability(持續(xù)性),theywillchangeandacttoaddresstheissues,”explainsEom.Butthisrelationshipmightnotholdforindividualslivinginmorecollectivistic(集體主義的)societies,whichplacemoreemphasisonsocialharmonyanduniformitythanonselfexpression,Eomandhisteamassumed.Toexaminewhatdrivesenvironmentalactioninindividualisticandcollectivisticcultures,theresearchersconductedastudywithparticipantsfromtheUnitedStates(anindividualisticculture)andJapan(acollectivisticculture).Theyfoundenvironmentalconcernwascloselyconnectedwithenvironmentalbehavior—inthiscase,choosingenvironmentallyfriendlyproducts—butonlyamongAmericanparticipants.Ontheotherhand,believingthatalargepercentageofpeopleengageinenvironmentallyfriendlybehaviorswasassociatedwithmakingecofriendlychoicesamongJapaneseparticipants,butnotAmericanparticipants.Thefindingssuggestthatpersonalconcernsaremorelikelytomotivatepeopletotakeenvironmentalactioniftheyliveinindividualisticcountries,whilesocialnorms(準(zhǔn)則)aremorelikelytodrivepeopletoengageinenvironmentallyfriendlybehavioriftheyliveincollectivisticcountries.“Gettingcitizensactivelyengagediscriticaltoaddressingurgentsocialchallenges,suchasclimatechange,”saysEom.“Ourresearchsuggeststhatscientists,policymakers,andactivistsneedtounderstandhowcultureshapesthepsychologicalfactorsofactiontodeveloppolicies,campaigns,andinterventions(干預(yù))thataddressimportantsocialissues.”9．WhatdoesEomfindaboutpreviousresearchonenvironmentalbehavior?A．Itsstudyparticipantsaretoolimited.B．Itsresultsneedawhiletobeachieved.C．Itprioritizesindividuals’attitudesandbeliefs.D．Itdrawsmuchevidencefrompublicdiscussion.10．UnderwhichconditionwillaJapanesemanmostlikelytakeenvironmentalaction?A．Ifheseesmanyothersdoso.B．Ifheisaffectedbycollectivisticvalues.C．Ifhemovestoanindividualisticcountry.D．Ifheworriesabouttheenvironmentpersonally.11．WhatdoesEomsayabouttheirresearchinthelastparagraph?A．Itfailstotakeparticipants’psychologicalfactorsintoaccount.B．Itencouragesscientistsandpolicymakerstomakejointefforts.C．Ithasafurtherstudydirectiontowardsurgentsocialchallenges.D．Itprovidesinsightsintopromotingpublicengagementinsocialissues.12．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．SocialNormsPlayaPartinAddressingPollutionB．EnvironmentalIssuesOriginatefromNationalCulturesC．MotivatingEcoFriendlyBehaviorsDependsonCulturalValuesD．MoreEnvironmentalConcernsUsuallyMeanMoreGreenAction【答案】9．A10．A11．D12．C【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。一項(xiàng)研究表示，一個(gè)國(guó)家的特定文化價(jià)值觀可能決定人們對(duì)環(huán)境問(wèn)題的關(guān)注是否會(huì)促使個(gè)人做出環(huán)保行為。9．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的“KiminEom,apsychologicalscientistoftheUniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara,wasinspiredtoinvestigatethelinksbetweenculture,environmentalconcern,andenvironmentalactionafternoticingthatbothpublicdiscussionandacademicresearchonenvironmentalbehaviortypicallyfocusonpeoplefromWesterncountries.(加州大學(xué)圣芭芭拉分校的心理科學(xué)家KiminEom注意到，關(guān)于環(huán)境行為的公眾討論和學(xué)術(shù)研究通常都集中在西方國(guó)家的人身上，因此受到啟發(fā)，開(kāi)始調(diào)查文化、環(huán)境關(guān)注和環(huán)境行動(dòng)之間的聯(lián)系。)”可知，KiminEom注意到之前關(guān)于環(huán)境行為的公眾討論和學(xué)術(shù)研究通常都集中在西方國(guó)家的人身上，由此可推測(cè)出，這些研究的對(duì)象具有局限性。故選A。10．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中的“Ontheotherhand,believingthatalargepercentageofpeopleengageinenvironmentallyfriendlybehaviorswasassociatedwithmakingecofriendlychoicesamongJapaneseparticipants,butnotAmericanparticipants.(另一方面，在日本參與者中，相信很大一部分人進(jìn)行環(huán)保行為與做出環(huán)保選擇有關(guān)，但在美國(guó)參與者中則不然。)”可知，在日本參與者當(dāng)中，當(dāng)他們相信有很大一部分人做出了環(huán)保行為，他們也會(huì)做出環(huán)保選擇。由此可推測(cè)出，當(dāng)一個(gè)日本人看到許多其他人采取環(huán)保行動(dòng)，那么他也會(huì)這么做。故選A。11．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Ourresearchsuggeststhatscientists,policymakers,andactivistsneedtounderstandhowcultureshapesthepsychologicalfactorsofactiontodeveloppolicies,campaigns,andinterventions(干預(yù))thataddressimportantsocialissues.(我們的研究表明，科學(xué)家、政策制定者和活動(dòng)家需要了解文化如何塑造行動(dòng)的心理因素，以制定解決重要社會(huì)問(wèn)題的政策、運(yùn)動(dòng)和干預(yù)措施。)”可推測(cè)出，該研究為促進(jìn)公眾參與解決社會(huì)問(wèn)題提供了見(jiàn)解。故選D。12．標(biāo)題歸納題。通讀全文可知，第一段“Thespecificculturalvaluesofacountrymaydeterminewhetherconcernaboutenvironmentalissuesactuallyleadsindividualstoengageinenvironmentallyfriendlybehaviors,accordingtoresearchpublishedinPsychologicalScience.(根據(jù)發(fā)表在《心理科學(xué)》上的研究，一個(gè)國(guó)家的特定文化價(jià)值觀可能決定對(duì)環(huán)境問(wèn)題的關(guān)注是否真的會(huì)導(dǎo)致個(gè)人進(jìn)行環(huán)保行為。)”引出主題，即一個(gè)國(guó)家的特定文化價(jià)值觀可能決定人們對(duì)環(huán)境問(wèn)題的關(guān)注是否真的會(huì)促使個(gè)人做出環(huán)保行動(dòng)，所以C項(xiàng)“激勵(lì)生態(tài)友好行為取決于文化價(jià)值觀”最適合作本文標(biāo)題。故選C。四、（2324高二上·浙江寧波·月考）Threedimensionalprinting,atechnologythatcreatesobjectslayerbylayer,hasrevolutionized(變革)thewaywemakethings.Recently,agroupofChinesescientiststookthingsastepfurtherbyusingthistechnologytocreaterealisticreplicas(復(fù)制品)ofhumanorgans.Previously,itwaschallengingtocreateasinglematerialthatcouldprintdifferenthumanorgansduetotheirplexity.TheresearchteamfromChineseAcademyofSciencesstartedbyusinghydrogel(水凝),asoftgellikematerialasthemainingredient.Humanorganshavevarioustextures(質(zhì)地),withourbrainsbeingthesoftest.Toreplicatethehardnessofmaterialslikebone,theresearchersaddedmetallicelementstothehydrogelandadjustedtheirratio(比例)tocreatethetextureofeachorgan.Besides,tomakesuretheprintingresultsarecorrect,theteamusedlightcuring(光固化)technologyinthe3Dprintingprocess.Aspeciallampwasplacedundertheprintingmachine,causingthegeltobeesolidrightafteritwasprinted.Accordingtotheteam’spaperpublishedinthejournalAdvancedFunctionalMaterials,theyareabletoproduceorganmodelsincludingthebrain,lungs,andintestines(腸).These3Dprintedorganmodelsareessentialformedicalresearches,suchastestingmedicalequipmentanddemonstratingsurgeries.paredtoliveorgansandanimalmodels,theyarealsoethically(倫理上)acceptablesincetheyareprintedartificially.Theycanhelpresearchersdevelopnewtreatmentsmoreefficiently,duetotheirlowerrelativecost,mentedtheAllianceofAdvancedBiomedicalEngineeringwebsite.However,thismethodisstilldeveloping,andexpertsarehopingitwillbeusedinthemedicalfieldwithinadecade,accordingtoCNN.13．Whatwasthemainchallengeinprintinghumanorgans?A．Theplexityofhumanorgans. B．Thevarioustexturesofhumanorgans.C．Thedifficultyincreatingpropermaterials. D．Thelackofappropriateprintingtechnology.14．Howdidtheresearchteamensuretheaccuracyoftheprintingresults?A．Bycontrollingthenumberofmetallicelements.B．Byusinglightcuringtechnologybeforeprinting.C．Bysolidifyingthegelimmediatelyafterprinting.D．Byputtingaspeciallampontheprintingmachine.15．Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A．Thistechnologyisstillintheperiodoftheory.B．3Dprintedorgansareofgreatmedicalsignificance.C．Theprintedorgansaremoreeffectiveinthetreatment.D．Liveorgansandanimalmodelsaremoreacceptableethically.16．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．ThePowerof3DPrinting B．PrintingtheBodyPartsC．RevolutionaryTechnology D．FindingNewMaterialsforOrgans【答案】13．A14．C15．B16．B【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹一組中國(guó)科學(xué)利用三維打印技術(shù)制造出了逼真的人體器官?gòu)?fù)制品的過(guò)程和意義。13．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Previously,itwaschallengingtocreateasinglematerialthatcouldprintdifferenthumanorgansduetotheirplexity.(以前，由于不同人體器官的復(fù)雜性，制造一種可以打印不同器官的單一材料是具有挑戰(zhàn)性的。)”可知，打印人體器官的主要挑戰(zhàn)是人體器官的復(fù)雜性。故選A項(xiàng)。14．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“Besides,tomakesuretheprintingresultsarecorrect,theteamusedlightcuring(光固化)technologyinthe3Dprintingprocess.Aspeciallampwasplacedundertheprintingmachine,causingthegeltobeesolidrightafteritwasprinted.(此外，為了確保打印結(jié)果的正確性，團(tuán)隊(duì)在3D打印過(guò)程中使用了光固化技術(shù)。在印刷機(jī)下面放置一盞特殊的燈，使凝膠在打印后立即變成固體。)”可知，研究團(tuán)隊(duì)通過(guò)在打印后立即固化凝膠來(lái)保證打印結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性。故選C項(xiàng)。15．推理判斷題。由文章最后一段“Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?Thistechnologyisstillintheperiodoftheory.3Dprintedorgansareofgreatmedicalsignificance.Theprintedorgansaremoreeffectiveinthetreatment.Liveorgansandanimalmodelsaremoreacceptableethically.(根據(jù)該團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)表在《高級(jí)功能材料》雜志上的論文，他們能夠制造出包括大腦、肺和腸道在內(nèi)的器官模型。這些3D打印器官模型對(duì)于醫(yī)學(xué)研究至關(guān)重要，例如測(cè)試醫(yī)療設(shè)備和演示手術(shù)。