高考英語二輪復習題型專練（新高考）33概要寫作內(nèi)涵轉(zhuǎn)換策略【概要寫作語言優(yōu)化攻略】概要寫作的評分原則之一是“對各要點表達的獨立性情況”，即要用自己的語言表述原文要點，不能照抄原文的語句。同時各要點之間應(yīng)注意利用恰當?shù)倪^渡銜接詞匯，使所寫的句子連貫流暢。一、優(yōu)化你的語言1.替換單詞、短語在找出文中的要點后，利用替換單詞、短語等方法來增強語言表達的獨立性。①利用同義詞(短語)或近義詞(短語)代替原文單詞或短語。②將原文動詞短語轉(zhuǎn)換為介詞短語、名詞短語替換成動詞短語、動詞轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞、形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換為副詞等。2.調(diào)整句式除了用替換單詞、短語等方式增強語言表達的獨立性外，還可以采用靈活調(diào)整句式的方式達到語氣目標。(1)長變短：壓縮長的句子和詞組，使其變得短小精悍，如兩個簡單句整合為一個并列句或主從復合句；復合句或并列句簡化為簡單句、從句簡化為介詞短語或者分詞短語等。(2)主動變被動：主動句變?yōu)楸粍泳涫剑鷦痈嫌⒄Z表達。(3)善用定語從句、名詞性從句、狀語從句、倒裝句、強調(diào)句、省略句等豐富的句型結(jié)構(gòu)等。二、恰當過渡銜接概要寫作的評分標準之一是上下文的連貫性，要求你有效運用一定的銜接手段。3種使上下文連貫的銜接手段①詞匯銜接：運用原詞、近義詞或反義詞、上下義詞等的復現(xiàn)。②邏輯銜接：利用表邏輯關(guān)系的過渡詞銜接上下文，如besides,inaddition,therefore等，在選用過渡銜接詞時，應(yīng)考慮前后句子之間的內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系。③語法銜接：常見的語法銜接有替代和省略。替代：用代詞替代前面的名詞(短語)和句子，用助動詞代替前面的動詞(短語)。省略：在語境表達清晰的情況下，為了表達簡潔，省略上文或下文的某個詞句?！静呗匝菔尽块喿x下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。(2019年6月，浙江高考)Parentseverywherepraisetheirkids.JennBerman,authorofTheAtoZGuidetoRaisingHappyandConfidentKids,says,“We'vegonetotheoppositeextremeofafewdecadesagowheneq\a\vs4\al(parentstendedtobemorestrict).”Bygivingkidsalotofpraise,parentsthinkthey'rebuildingtheirchildren'sconfidence,when,infact,itmaybejusttheopposite.eq\a\vs4\al(Toomuchpraisecanbackfire)and,whengiveninawaythat'sinsincere,makekidsafraidtotrynewthingsortakeariskforfearofnotbeingabletostayontopwheretheirparents'praisehasputthem.Still,don'tgotoofarintheotherdirection.eq\a\vs4\al(Notgivingenoughpraise)eq\a\vs4\al(canbejustasdamagingasgivingtoomuch).Kidswillfeellikeeq\a\vs4\al(they'renot)eq\a\vs4\al(goodenoughorthatyoudon'tcare)and,asaresult,mayseenopointintryinghardfortheiraccomplishments.Sowhatistherightamountofpraise?Expertssaythateq\a\vs4\al(thequality)eq\a\vs4\al(ofpraiseismoreimportantthanthequantity).Ifpraiseissincereandfocusedontheeffortnottheoutcome,youcaneq\a\vs4\al(giveitasoftenasyour)eq\a\vs4\al(childdoessomethingthatdeservesaverbalreward).“Weshouldespeciallyrecognizeourchildren'seffortstopushthemselvesandworkhardtoachieveagoal，”saysDonahue,authorofParentingWithoutFear:LettingGoofWorryandFocusingonWhatReallyMatters.“Onethingtorememberisthatit'stheprocessnottheendproductthateq\a\vs4\al(matters).”Yoursonmaynotbethebestbasketballplayeronhisteam.Butifhe'soutthereeverydayandplayinghard,youshouldpraisehiseffortregardlessofwhetherhisteamwinsorloses.eq\a\vs4\al(Praisingtheeffortandnot)eq\a\vs4\al(theoutcome)canalsomeanrecognizingyourchildwhenshehasworkedhardtocleantheyard,cookdinner,orfinishabookreport.Butwhateveritis,praiseshouldbegivenonacase-by-casebasisandbeproportionateeq\a\vs4\al(相稱的totheamountofeffortyourchildhasputintoit).__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【思路點撥】第1步讀懂原文，明確篇章結(jié)構(gòu)本文是議論文，提出當前父母對孩子進行過度贊揚和不表揚是同樣有害的，正確的做法是找到其閃光點進行適度的表揚，以培養(yǎng)其自信樂觀的心態(tài)。文章四個自然段，就是4個意義段，對應(yīng)4個要點。第一段：指出過度表揚不利于孩子的成長。第二段：對孩子的表揚不足同樣有害。第三段：對孩子的表揚要恰當而且適時。第四段：關(guān)注孩子的努力，不必太過關(guān)注結(jié)果。第2步去次留精，提煉關(guān)鍵信息本文關(guān)鍵信息已在文中用畫線和陰影形式體現(xiàn)，其中畫線詞為與主題句相關(guān)的關(guān)鍵詞，其他則為次要信息。第3步歸納要點，合理轉(zhuǎn)換表達采用同義轉(zhuǎn)述、句式轉(zhuǎn)換等方法靈活準確歸納要點，如：①第一段主題句可歸納為要點1：該要點中的“theopposite”可利用同義表達改為contraryto；“stayontopwheretheirparents'praisehasputthem”(指的是父母對孩子過度表揚而設(shè)定的目標)可轉(zhuǎn)換為unrealisticgoals。②第二段主題句可歸納為要點2：該要點中的“Notgivingenoughpraise”可轉(zhuǎn)換為inadequatepraise;“they'renotgoodenoughorthatyoudon'tcare”可轉(zhuǎn)換為theyarenotdoingwellortheyareignored。第4步句式多樣，注意過渡銜接句式要多樣，可利用非謂語動詞、定語從句和名詞性從句，歸納整合要點。要點1指出過度表揚不利于孩子的成長，而要點2說明對孩子的表揚不足同樣有害，由此前兩個要點為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，可利用however銜接；第3個要點說明要給予恰當適時的表揚，由此可知該要點與前兩個要點是因果關(guān)系可利用therefore銜接；第3個要點中的恰當適時的表揚與第4個要點中的表揚努力為并列關(guān)系，可利用表“并列，順承”的過渡銜接詞匯，如besides,additionally等。【參考范文】Contrarytothepast,someparentsarelikelytooverpraisetheirkids,makingthemfeelgivenunrealisticgoals.(要點1)eq\a\vs4\al(However)，othersgivetheirkidsinadequatepraise,whichgivesthemafalseideathattheyarenotdoingwellortheyareignored.(要點2)eq\a\vs4\al(Therefore)，praisingthemproperlyandpunctuallyisdefinitelyfavorable.(要點3)eq\a\vs4\al(Additionally)，todosoparentsareadvisedtofocusontheirkids'effortinsteadoftheresult.(要點4)【題型演練】1閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Until2017,theEmperorpenguinwaslistedasLeastConcernbytheInternationalUnionforConservationofNature,butasof2018,theyarelistedasNear-Threatenedbecausetheyarepredictedtosufferamoderatelyrapidpopulationdeclineoverthenextthreegenerationsowingtotheeffectsofclimatechange.Thenumberonethreattotheirsurvivalisglobalwarming.Here’showithasaffectedEmperorpenguinsandwhatweshoulddo.Adecreaseintheamountofseaiceformation,whichiscausedbyclimatechange,impactsthefutureoftheEmperorpenguin.ManyEmperorpenguinsbreedoniceshelvesthatonlyformduringtheAntarcticwinter.Therehavebeentimesinrecentyearswhentheiceshelveshavemeltedbackfasterorsoonerthanusual.Manyofthechickshaven’tcompletelyfledged(長出飛羽)intotheirwaterprooffeathersbythetimetheicemeltsbacktotheirhabitats,andtheyareforcedintothecoldoceanwaters,wheretheydieofcoldexposureordrowning.Onethingthatlessseaicedefinitelyaffectsisfoodforthepenguins.Oneoftheirfoodsourcesiskrill(磷蝦),andthesea-iceshelvesserveasanurseryforthekrill.Thenewly-bornkrillfeedonthealgae(水藻)thatgrowontheundersideoftheseaice.Whenthereislessseaice,thereislessalgaeforthekrilltofeedon,andconsequentlylesskrillisproduced.Measuresshouldbetakentoprotecttheseanimals.PeoplecandonatetoorganizationsthatareworkingtoprotectEmperorpenguinsandotherpenguinspecies,andouroceansingeneral.Reducingyourimpactontheenvironment,inparticular,issomethingyoucando—youcanmakethesetinychangestoloweryourcarbonfootprinteveryday.Youcanalsobemindfulaboutreducingseafoodconsumptionandeatingsustainablycaughtseafood,asoverfishingisthesecondgreatestthreattonearlyeverypenguinspeciestoday.Also,avoidusingsupplementsandotherproductsthatcontainkrillorkrilloil.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要Fromthehealthpointofview,wearelivinginawonderfulage,immunizedfrombirthagainstmanyofthemostdangerousdiseasesandfreedfromtheoncedeadlyillnessesthankstomoderndrugsandsurgery.Butthoughthepossibilityoflivingalongandhappylifeisgreater,everydaywewitnesstheunbelievablekillingsofmen,womenandchildrenontheroads.Itisanever-endingbattlewhichmanislosingagainstthecar.Thousandsofpeopletheworldoverarekilledeachyearandwearequietlysittingbackandlettingithappen.Ithasbeenrightlysaidthatwhenamanissittingbehindasteeringwheel,hiscarbecomestheextensionofhispersonality.Thereisnodoubtthatthecaroftenbringsoutaman’sveryworstqualities.Peoplewhoarenormallyquietandpleasantmaybecomeunrecognizablewhentheyarebehindawheel.Alltheirhiddenfrustrationsanddisappointmentsseemtobebroughttothesurfacebytheactofdriving.Thesurprisingthingisthatsocietysmilesgentlyonthedriverandseemstoforgivehisbehavior.Everythingisdoneforhisconvenience.Citiesareallowedtobecomealmostuninhabitable（不宜居住的）becauseofheavytraffic;townsaremadeuglybyhugecarparks;thecountrysideisruinedbyroadnetworks;andthemassannualdeathsbecomesnothingbutanumber,tobeconvenientlyforgotten.Itishightimeruleswerecreatedtoreducethissenselesswasteofhumanlife.Hereareafewexamplesofsomeofthethingsthatmightbedone.Thedrivingtestshouldbestandardizedandmadefarmoredifficultthanitis;allvehiclesshouldbeputthroughstricttestsforsafety;presentdrinkinganddrivinglawsshouldbemademuchstricter;maximumandminimumspeedlimitsshouldberequiredonallroads.Thesemeasuresmaysoundstrict.Butsurelynothingshouldbeconsideredastoosevereifitresultsinreducingtheannuallossofhumanlife.Afterall,theworldisforhumanbeings,notcars.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Whichismoreenvironmentallyfriendly,paperorplastic?TherewasatimewhenatriptothesupermarketintheUnitedStatesoftenendedwithasimplequestionfromthecashier:"Paperorplastic?"Thecustomersknewitmeans"Whichtypeofbagwouldyouchoose?"Whilealltypesofbagshavesomeinfluenceontheenvironment,ithaslongbeensupposedthatpaperbagsarekinder.Theyaremadefromarenewablesource,breakdowneasily,burnwithoutgivingoffthicksmokeandcanberecycled.However,theproducingprocessbehindpaperbagsusesmoreenergythanthatofplasticones.Studiesshowthatpaperbagproductionrequiresfourtimesasmuchenergyasplasticbagproduction.Andtheamountofwaterusedtomakethemistwentytimeshigher.Besides,theinfluenceonforestsisveryserious.Ittakesaboutfourteenmilliontreestoproducetenbillionpaperbags,whichhappenstobethenumberofbagsusedintheUnitedStatesyearly.Intermsofrecycling,theideathatpaperbagsaremoreenvironmentallyfriendlythanplasticonescanbequicklydiscarded.Researchshowsitrequiresabout98%lessenergytorecycleplasticthanitdoespaper.Eventhoughpaperbagsmightbemoreharmfulthanplasticones,plasticstillseemstobeconsideredbygovernmentsasthemoreharmfulofthetwo.InIreland,forexample,ataxhasbeenintroducedtodiscouragetheuseofplasticbags.Peoplehavetopay22centsforeveryplasticbag,andasaresult,theirusehasdroppedquickly.There’snodoubtthatitmakesmoresensetoreusethesebags.However,wedon’tseemtobedoingthatatpresent.Thatmaybebecausetheyfallapartquickly.Ifso,clothbagsareabetterchoice,butstill,theirproductionalsohasabadinfluenceontheenvironment.Sowhattodo?Howshouldweanswerthequestionof"Paperorplastic?"Itseemsthatwefirstneedtoaskourselvesonemoregeneralquestion:"WhatcanIdotohelptheenvironment?"__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Therearesomeimportantregulationsparentscantaketomakesuretheirkidsusecellphonesinasafeandresponsibleway.Whenkidsknowwhattheconsequencesarewhenrulesaren’tfollowed,thatmakeslifemorepredictableforthem.Mostkidsarenotpayingfortheircellphonesortheircellphoneplans,soifyoupayforit,youownit,whichmeansyouhavetherighttotakeitawayanytimeiftheydisobeytherulesyousetupearlier.Afterakidhasacellphone,suddenlyparentsdiscoverdatarunsouthalfwaythroughthemonth.Thiscangetexpensiveandyourkidsneedtoknowhowtomonitortheiruse.Also,teencellphoneaddictionshouldbelimited.Generally,it’sagoodideatohavenocellphonepolicywhiletheyaredoinghomeworkandatbedtime.Cometoagreementinadvanceaboutwhattheyareandaren’tallowedtodownloadontheircellphone.Therearesomereallybadappsforkidsthatyoudon’twantontheirphones.Makesureyourkidsunderstandhowtosetuptheirprivacy.Talkwiththemaboutwhyguardingtheirprivacyissoimportant.Manyteenstrulyhavenoconceptabouteverythingthatacellphonecanshareaboutthemincludingpersonalinformationandtheirlocation.Youwanttocoverwhatisandisn’tappropriatetoshareviaacellphone.Thisdefinitelymeansphotosandlanguageusedinemailsandonsocialmedia.Butdon’tforgetsimplerthingslikeprovidingtheiraddress,theirageorwhatschooltheygotoonline.Lastly,therearetimesandplaceswhenusingone’scellphoneisnotappropriate.Inmovietheatersorduringclasstimeatschoolthephoneshouldbeonsilentandputaway.Additionally,whensomeoneishavingafacetofaceconversationwiththem,theyneedtobelookingattheperson,nottheirphone.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。It'snotjustyourmom'sarbitraryrule;acrossculturesandthroughouthistory,elbows(手肘）onthetablehavelongbeenconsideredunacceptablebehavior.Indeed,theBiblewarnsofputtingyourelbowsonthetable,andin1530,DutchphilosopherErasmusrepeatedthesamerule.Eventheetiquette(禮節(jié)）expertsdon'tadviseit.So,whyhaveelbowsonthetablealwaysbeenconsideredrude?Forearliercivilizations,thisrulefunctionedtopreventpossibleviolenceatthetable."Tablemannerspreventedusfromleavingourspaceandstartinga"fight.Itwasimportantthatpeoplesawyou-asconsiderateortryinghard,"saysMargaretVis