EnglishgrammarPowerPointcoursewareREPORTING目錄OverviewofEnglishGrammarMorphologySyntaxSenseandvoiceSpecialgraphicalphenomenaGrammarexercisesandansweraPART01OverviewofEnglishGrammarREPORTINGEnglishgrammarreferstothesetofrulesandprinciplesthatgovernthestructureandusageoftheEnglishlanguageItincludesthebasicpresencestructure,wordusage,andpunctuationrulesDefinitionPropertygrammarusageisessentialforeffectivecommunicationinEnglishItensuresclarity,precision,andproperexpressionofideasAdditionally,itreflectionsfocusonthelanguageanditsusers,anditenableseffectivecommunicationinbothwrittenandspokenEnglishImportanceDefinitionandImportanceThemodernstudyofEnglishgrammaristypicallyincludedinlanguageeducationcourses,suchasthoseofferedinschoolsanduniversitiesThehistoryofEnglishgrammardatesbacktothe16thcentury,whenitwasfirstformallystudiedThedevelopmentofEnglishgrammarhasbeeninfluencedbyvariousfactors,includingtheneedforeffectivecommunicationinbusinessandtrade,theriskofstandardizedtesting,andthepublicationofinfluentialgraphicaltreatmentsTheHistoryandDevelopmentofEnglishgrammarisanintegralpartoflanguageacquisitionandusageUnderstandinggrammarrulesenableeffectivecommunicationbyensuringproperpresencestructure,usageofwords,andpunctuationEnglishgrammarisasubjectthatrequiresconstantpracticeandlearningasitevolveswithtimeandusageEnglishgrammarandlanguageaPART02MorphologyREPORTINGGreeknoundeductionsGermannoundeductionsFrenchnoundeductionsEnglishnounexplanationsResolutionsofLatinnounsNounVerbGreekverbconflictsEnglishverbconflictsInflectionofLatinverbsGermanverbimpactsFrenchverbconflictsFrenchobjectivesandadvertisementsEnglishobjectivesandadvertisementsGermanobjectionsandadvertisementsLatinobjectionsandadvertisementsGreekobjectionsandadvertisementsAdjectivesandAdvantsLatinpositionsandconnectionsGreekpositionsandconnectionsGermanpositionsandconnectionsEnglishpositionsandconnectionsFrenchpositionsandconnectionsPositionsandconnectionsPART03SyntaxREPORTINGThepersonorthingthatisperformingtheactionorbeingdescribedSubjectThepartofthepresencethatexpressestheactionordescriptionPredictSubjectandpredictCompoundpresenceApresencewithtwoormoreindependentclausesComplexpresenceApresencewithadependentclauseandanindependentclauseSimplepresenceApresencewithasubjectandapredicateSentencestructureandtypes123AgroupofwordsthatcontainsasubjectandaverbClauseAclaimthatcanstandaloneasacompletepresenceIndependentclaimAclaimthatcannotstandaloneasacompletepresenceDependentclaimClauseandcompoundpresencePART04SenseandvoiceREPORTING03Presentperfecttenseusedtoexpressanactionthathasbeencompletedinthepastandhasrelevancetothepresentation01Simplepresenttenseusedtoexpressageneraltruth,hat,orrepeatedaction02PresentcontinuoustenseusedtoexpressanactionthatiscurrentlytakingplacePresenttenseLastcontinuoustenseusedtoexpressanactionthatwastakingplaceinthepastPastperfecttenseusedtoexpressacompletedactioninthepastthathadrelevancetoanotherpastactionoreventSimplepasttenseusedtoexpressapastactionoreventPasttenseusedtoexpressanactionthatisongoingandhasrelevancetothepresentationusedtoexpressanactionthathasbeencompletedinthepastandhasrelevancetothepresentationContinuoustensionandperfecttPerfecttenseContinuoustenseActivevoiceusedtoexpressthesubjectperformingtheactionPassivevoiceusedtoexpresstheobjectreceivingtheactionwithoutmentioningthesubjectVoice:activeandpassivePART05SpecialgraphicalphenomenaREPORTINGTheyareusedtorefertopeopleorthingswithoutspecifyingtheexactidentityofthereferencee.G.,"Someoneisknockingatthedoor."IndexPronounsTheseareusedwithnounstospecifywhythenounisdefinedordefinede.G."Theappleisred"(definearticle)vs."Anappleadaykeepsthedoctoraway"(definearticle)ArticleDefinePronounsandArticleNegativeSentencesThesesentimentsexpressanegativestatementorformale.G.,"Idon'tlikespiders."InterrogtiveSentencesThesesentimentsaskaquestionandrequireananswere.G.,"Doyoulikespiders?"NegativeandaggressivesenVSThesearesentimentsthatareincompleteduetotheabsenceofanessentialelement,suchasthesubjectorverbe.G."Tobeornottobe..."(Shakespeare'sHamlet)InvertedSentencesThesearesentimentswherethenormalorderofthesubjectandverbisreversed,commonlyforemphasisorpoeticeffecte.G."Ishecoming?"(Insteadof"Heiscoming.")OmittedSentencesOmittedsensesandinvertedFixedPhrasesThesearephasesthatcannotbechangedormodifiedwithoutalteringtheirmeaninge.G.,"inthemorning,""onthephone"IdeasThesearewordsorexpressionsthathaveauniquemeaningthatisdifferentfromtheliteralmeaningoftheindividualwordse.G.,"tokickthebucket"(todie),"tobeataroundthebush"(towastetime)FixedPhrasesandIdiomsPART06GrammarexercisesandansweraREPORTINGProvideexercisestohelplearnersincreasetheirvocabulary,includingsynonyms,antonyms,andwordmeaningsIllustratedifferentwaysto