基礎(chǔ)數(shù)學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)通超星期末考試章節(jié)答案2024年RecognizingFallacies.

Inthefollowingarguments,identifythepremise(s)andconclusion,identifythetypeoffallacyitrepresents.1.ObesityamongAmericanshasincreasedsteadily,ashasthesaleofvideogames.ItfollowsthatvideogamesarecompromisingthehealthofAmericans.

2.Allthemayorsofmyhometownhavebeenmen,whichshowsthatmenarebetterqualifiedforhighofficethanwomen.

3.Mybabywasvaccinatedandlaterdevelopedautism,whichiswhyIbelievethatvaccinescauseautism.

答案:1.Premise:Obesityandvideogamesaleshaveincreasedsteadily.

Conclusion:VideogamesarecompromisingthehealthofAmericans.

Typeoffallacy:Falsecause2.Premise:Allthemayorsofmyhometownhavebeenmen.

Conclusion:menarebetterqualifiedforhighofficethanwomen.

Typeoffallacy:HastyGeneralization3.Premise:Mybabywasvaccinatedandlaterdevelopedautism.

Conclusion:Ibelievethatvaccinescauseautism.

Typeoffallacy:FalsecauseRecognizingFallacies.

Inthefollowingarguments,identifythepremise(s)andconclusion,identifythetypeoffallacyitrepresents.1.EveryonelovesShakespeare,becausehisplayshavebeenreadformanycenturies.2.Iwillnotgivemoneytotheearthquakereliefeffort.AfterIlastgavetoacharity,anauditshowedthatmostofthemoneywasusedtopayitsadministratorsinthefrontoffice.3.TheCongresspersonisamemberoftheNationalRifleAssociation,soI’msureshewillnotsupportabanonassaultrifles.4.RespondingtoRepublicanswhowanttoendtheestatetax,whichfallsmostheavilyonthewealthy,aDemocratsays,“TheRepublicansthinkthatrichpeoplearen’trichenough.”5.Mylittleboylovesdollsandmylittlegirllovestrucks,sothere’snotruthtotheclaimthatboysaremoreinterestedinmechanicaltoyswhilegirlsprefermaternaltoys.

答案:1.Premise:Shakespeare’splayshavebeenreadformanycenturies.

Conclusion:EveryonelovesShakespeare.

Circularreasoning2.Premise:AfterIlastgavetoacharity,anauditshowedthatmostofthemoneywasusedtopayitsadministratorsinthefrontoffice.

Conclusion:Iwillnotgivemoneytotheearthquakereliefeffort.

Appealtoignoranceorpersonalattack3.Premise:TheCongresspersonisamemberoftheNationalRifleAssociation.

Conclusion:I’msureshewillnotsupportabanonassaultrifles.

Personalattackorstrawman4.Premise:Republicansfavorrepealingtheestatetax,whichfallsmostheavilyontherich.

Conclusion:Republicansthinktherichneedtobericher.

Strawman5.Premise:Mylittleboylovesdollsandmylittlegirllovestrucks.

Conclusion:It’snottruethatlittleboysaremoreinterestedinmechanicaltoysandgirlsprefermaternaltoys.

Appealtoignoranceorhastygeneralization8.[其它]Pauldeniesthatheopposestheplantobuildanewdorm.

DoesPaulsupportoropposebuildinganewdorm?

答案:denies;opposes.Paulappearstosupportbuildingthenewdorm.7.[其它]TheCongressmanvotedagainsttheanti-discriminationbill.

DidtheCongressmanvoteinfavorofdiscrimination?

答案:against;anti-discriminationTheCongressmanvotedinfavorofdiscrimination.6.[其它]MultipleNegations.Findthephraseswhichcontainsamultiplenegation.Thenanswerthe

questionthatfollows.Sarahdidnotdeclinetheoffertogotodinner.DidSarahgo

todinner?

答案:didnot;declineSarahdidgotodinner.TheBeatleswerenotaGermanband.

答案:TheBeatleswereaGermanband.Theoriginalstatementistrue;thenegationisfalse.Negation.Writethenegationofthegivenproposition.Thenstatethetruthvalueoftheoriginalpropositionanditsnegation.Asiaisinthenorthernhemisphere.

答案:Asiaisnotinthenorthernhemisphere.Theoriginalstatement

istrue;thenegationisfalse.Whatwereyouthinking?

答案:錯(cuò)Backtothefuture.

答案:錯(cuò)AProposition?Determinewhetherthefollowingstatementsarepropositions.Theworldisastage.

答案:對(duì)SetNotation.Usesetnotation(braces)towritethemembersofthefollowingsets,orstatethatthesethasno

members.Youmayuse“...”toindicatepatterns.（1）Themonthsoftheyear（2）Theperfectsquaresbetween5and26（3）Oddnumbersbetween2and30thataremultiplesof3（4）thesetofcountrieslargerinlandareathantheUnitedStates

（5）thesetofyearsoftheColdWar,generallytakentohavestartedin1945andendedin1991

（6）thesetofnaturalnumbersgreaterthan5

答案:（1）{January,February,March,...,November,December}（2）

{9,16,25}（3）{3,9,15,21,27}（4）{Russia,Canada,China}.（5）{1945,1946,1947,...,1991}

（6）{6,7,8,...}AnalyzingInductiveArguments.Determinethetruthofthepremisesofthefollowingarguments.Thenassessthestrengthoftheargumentanddiscussthetruthoftheconclusion.Premise:Troutandbassswimandtheyarefish.Premise:Sharksandmarlinswimandtheyarefish.Premise:Tunaandsalmonswimandtheyarefish.Conclusion:Whalesswimandtheyarefish.

答案:Premisesaretrue;argumentseemsmoderatelyweak;conclusionisfalse.AnalyzingInductiveArguments.Determinethetruthofthepremisesofthefollowingarguments.Thenassessthestrengthoftheargumentanddiscussthetruthoftheconclusion.Premise:2+3=5Premise:5+4=9Premise:7+6=13Conclusion:Thesumofanevenintegerandanoddintegerisanoddinteger.

答案:Premisesaretrue;argumentismoderatelystrong;conclusionistrue.EverydayLogic.Explainwhetherthefollowingargumentsaredeductiveorinductive.TheFlanagansarehavingtheirfourthchild.Theirotherthreechildrenaremusicallygifted,sotheyoungestchildisboundtobemusicallygiftedaswell.

答案:InductiveEverydayLogic.Explainwhetherthefollowingargumentsaredeductiveorinductive.JanuaryiswindierthanJuly.Thewindmustblowmoreofteninthewinterthaninthesummer.

答案:InductiveEverydayLogic.Explainwhetherthefollowingargumentsaredeductiveorinductive.AllofBeyonce’sCDshavebeenoutstanding.HernextCDisboundtobegood,soIwillcertainlybuyit.

答案:InductiveEverydayLogic.Explainwhetherthefollowingargumentsaredeductiveorinductive.IhaveneverfoundmailinmymailboxonaSunday.ThePostalServicemustnothaveSundaydeliveries.

答案:InductiveEverydayLogic.Explainwhetherthefollowingargumentsaredeductiveorinductive，andevaluatethefollowingargument.Geologicalevidenceshowsthat,forthousandsofyears,theSanAndreasFaulthassufferedamajorearthquakeatleastonceeveryhundredyears.Therefore,weshouldexpectanotherearthquakeonthefaultduringthenextonehundredyears.

答案:Thisargumentisinductivebecauseitcitesmanyspecificpasteventsasevidencethatanotherearthquakewilloccur.Thefactthatthepatternhasheldforthousandsofyearssuggestsastronglikelihoodthatitwillcontinuetohold.Theargumentdoesnotprovethatanotherearthquakewilloccur,butitmakesanotherearthquakeseemquitelikely.Theargumentisstrong.Whenwespeakofastrawmaninanargument,wemean(

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答案:amisrepresentationofsomeoneelse’sideaorbeliefSupposethatthefactthataneventA

occursbeforeeventBisusedtoconcludethatA

causedB.Thisisanexampleof(

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答案:anargumentthatusesthefallacyoffalsecause.Consideragaintheargument"Idon'tsupportthePresidenttaxplanbecauseIdon'ttrusthismotives."Thisargumentisanexampleof(

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答案:anargumentthatusesthefallacyofpersonalattackConsidertheargument"Idon'tsupportthePresidentstaxplanbecauseIdon'ttrusthismotives."Whatistheconclusionofthisargument?

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答案:Idon'tsupportthePresident'staxplanThefallacyofappealtoignoranceoccurswhen

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答案:thefactthatwecannotproveastatementp

tobetrueistakentoimplythatp

isfalseAnargumentinwhichtheconclusionessentiallyrestatesthepremiseisanexampleof

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答案:circularreasoning.Whichofthefollowingcouldnotqualifyasalogicalargument?

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答案:alistofpremisesthatdonotleadtoaconclusionAfallacyis

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答案:adeceptiveargumentAlogicalargumentalwaysincludes

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答案:atleastonepremiseandoneconclusionSupposethestatementporqistrue.Thenyoucanbecertainthat(

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答案:oneorbothofthestatementsaretrueThestatementIftheengineisrunning,thenthecarmusthavegasislogicallyequivalenttothestatement(

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答案:Ifth