(高中說明文)物品說明類3決戰(zhàn)閱讀之巔

培養(yǎng)快速理清篇章結構，抓取文章大意的能力。運用說明文體裁分析，規(guī)范閱讀理解的解題步驟。學會使用“脫衣服”大法分析長難句。積累與物品說明類說明文相關的主題詞匯。真題講解示例22018北京卷PART3123（2018年北京卷）題目見講義Plastic-EatingWorms①Humansproducemorethan300milliontonsofplasticeveryyear.Almosthalfofthatwindsupinlandfills(垃圾填埋場),andupto12milliontonspollutetheoceans.Sofarthereisnoeffectivewaytogetridofit,butanewstudysuggestsananswermaylieinthestomachsofsomehungryworms.②ResearchersinSpainandEnglandrecentlyfoundthatthewormsofthegreaterwaxmothcanbreakdownpolyethylene,whichaccountsfor40%ofplastics.Theteamleft100waxwormsonacommercialpolyethyleneshoppingbagfor12hours,andthewormsconsumedandbrokedownabout92milligrams,oralmost3%ofit.Toconfirmthattheworms’chewingalonewasnotresponsibleforthepolyethylenebreakdown,theresearchersmadesomewormsintopaste(糊狀物)andappliedittoplasticfilms.14hourslaterthefilmshadlost13%oftheirmass—apparentlybrokendownbyenzymes(酶)fromtheworms’stomachs.TheirfindingswerepublishedinCurrentBiologyin2017.③FedericaBertocchini,co-authorofthestudy,saystheworms’abilitytobreakdowntheireverydayfood—beeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic.“Waxisacomplexmixture,butthebasicbondinpolyethylene,thecarbon-carbonbond,isthereaswell,”sheexplains.“Thewaxwormevolvedamethodorsystemtobreakthisbond.”④JenniferDeBruyn,amicrobiologistattheUniversityofTennessee,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy,saysitisnotsurprisingthatsuchwormscanbreakdownpolyethylene.Butcomparedwithpreviousstudies,shefindsthespeedofbreakingdowninthisoneexciting.Thenextstep,DeBruynsays,willbetoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown.Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes(腸道微生物)?⑤Bertocchiniagreesandhopesherteam’sfindingsmightonedayhelpemploytheenzymetobreakdownplasticsinlandfills.Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess—notsimply“millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic.”摘要一般特殊型

說明文引言正文總結Humansproducemorethan300milliontonsofplasticeveryyear,andanewstudyshowedthatthewormsofgreaterwaxmothcansolveit.Thewormsofthegreaterwaxmothcanbreakdownpolyethylene,whichaccountsfor40%ofplastics.Theworms’abilitytobreakdowntheireverydayfood—beeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic.Althoughresearchersfindtheworm’sspeedofbreakingdownpolyethyleneisexciting,theyarenotsurewhetherthefunctionisanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes.Bertocchinihopesherteam’sfindingsmightonedayhelpemploytheenzymetobreakdownplasticsinlandfills.7.Whatcanwelearnaboutthewormsinthestudy?8.AccordingtoJenniferDeBruyn,

thenextstepofthestudyisto_______.快速通讀文章完成下面的摘要，并找出所對應的題目。Left100waxwormsonacommercialpolyethyleneshoppingbagfor12hours,

thewormsconsumedandbrokedownabout92milligrams,

oralmost3%ofit.

MindMap2018年北京B篇說明對象對象描述研發(fā)原理Tosolvetheproblemofhumans’producingmorethan

300milliontonsplasticeveryyear,scientistsusewormstobreakdowntheplastics.Theworms’abilitytobreakdowntheireverydayfood—beeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic.研究前景Howtoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown—Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes？Chewingalonewasnotresponsibleforthepolyethylenebreakdownbuttheenzymesfromtheworm’sstomach.

Bertocchinihopesherteam’sfindingsmightonedayhelpemploytheenzymetobreakdownplasticsinlandfillsratherthanthrowingwormsonplastics.9.

Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatthechemicalmight

_____________.

10.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?Whatcanwelearnaboutthewormsinthestudy?A.Theytakeplasticsastheireverydayfood.B.Theyarenewlyevolvedcreatures.C.Theycanconsumeplastics.D.Theywindupinlandfills.7題目速覽細節(jié)理解題AccordingtoJenniferDeBruyn,thenextstepofthestudyisto______.

A.identifyothermeansofthebreakdownB.findoutthesourceoftheenzymeC.confirmtheresearchfindingsD.increasethebreakdownspeed8Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatthechemicalmight________.

A.helptoraiseworms B.helpmakeplasticbagsC.beusedtocleantheoceansD.beproducedinfactoriesinfuture9Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.Toexplainastudymethodonworms.B.Tointroducethedietofaspecialworm.C.Topresentawaytobreakdownplastics.D.Toproposenewmeanstokeepeco-balance.10細節(jié)理解題推理判斷題寫作意圖題Whatcanwelearnaboutthewormsinthestudy?A.Theytakeplasticsastheireverydayfood.B.Theyarenewlyevolvedcreatures.C.Theycanconsumeplastics.D.Theywindupinlandfills.拆解：說明文（一般特殊型）細節(jié)理解題7STEP1：標關鍵詞STEP2：定位信息段題干定位研發(fā)原理Theworms’abilitytobreakdowntheireverydayfood-beeswax-alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic.③FedericaBertocchini,co-authorofthestudy,saystheworms’abilitytobreakdowntheireverydayfood—beeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic.“Waxisacomplexmixture,butthebasicbondinpolyethylene,thecarbon-carbonbond,isthereaswell,”sheexplains.“Thewaxwormevolvedamethodorsystemtobreakthisbond.”

breakdowntheireverydayfood—beeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic技巧點撥：同義替換答案指向句分析參考譯文FedericaBertocchini,co-authorofthestudy,saystheworms’abilitytobreakdowntheireverydayfood—beeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic.FedericaBertocchini

saystheworms’ability

tobreakdowntheireverydayfood.這個研究的另一作者FedericaBertocchini表示，這種蠕蟲對他們的日常食物—蜂蠟進行分解的能力，也能讓它們分解大量塑料。co-authorofthestudyFedericaBertocchini的同位語12beeswax對everydayfood進行補充說明alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic對beeswax進行補充說明1233AccordingtoJenniferDeBruyn,thenextstepofthestudyisto_______.

A.identifyothermeansofthebreakdownB.findoutthesourceoftheenzymeC.confirmtheresearchfindingsD.increasethebreakdownspeed拆解：說明文（一般特殊型）細節(jié)理解題8STEP1：標關鍵詞STEP2：定位信息段題干定位研發(fā)前景Bertocchinihopesherteam’sfindingsmightonedayhelpemploytheenzymetobreakdownplasticsinlandfillsratherthanthrowingwormsonplastics.④JenniferDeBruyn,amicrobiologistattheUniversityofTennessee,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy,saysitisnotsurprisingthatsuchwormscanbreakdownpolyethylene.Butcomparedwithpreviousstudies,shefindsthespeedofbreakingdowninthisoneexciting.Thenextstep,DeBruynsays,willbetoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown.Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes(腸道微生物)?

JenniferDeBruyn,Thenextstop,技巧點撥：同義替換答案指向句分析參考譯文Thenextstep,DeBruynsays,willbetoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown.Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes(腸道微生物)?Thenextstep

willbetoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown.DeBruyn說下一步是辨別分解的原因。這種酶是由蠕蟲自己產生的還是它腸道里的微生物產生的？DeBruynsays賓語從句123Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes？or連接兩個并列句123答案指向句分析參考譯文Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess—notsimply“millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic.”sheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess但她希望這種化學物質將來能夠在工業(yè)生產中使用，而不是僅僅“把蠕蟲扔在塑料上”。but連接詞，表轉折12notsimply“millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic.”對前面內容的解釋說明12Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.Toexplainastudymethodonworms.B.Tointroducethedietofaspecialworm.C.Topresentawaytobreakdownplastics.D.Toproposenewmeanstokeepeco-balance.拆解：說明文（一般特殊型）寫作意圖題9STEP1：標關鍵詞STEP2：定位信息段題干定位說明對象Tosolvetheproblemofhumans’producingmorethan300milliontonsplasticeveryyear,scientistsusewormstobreakdowntheplastics.①Humansproducemorethan300milliontonsofplasticeveryyear.Almosthalfofthatwindsupinlandfills(垃圾填埋場),andupto12milliontonspollutetheoceans.Sofarthereisnoeffectivewaytogetridofit,butanewstudysuggestsananswermaylieinthestomachsofsomehungryworms.②ResearchersinSpainandEnglandrecentlyfoundthatthewormsofthegreaterwaxmothcanbreakdownpolyethylene,whichaccountsfor40%ofplastics.Sofarthereisnoeffectivewaytogetridofit,butanewstudysuggestsananswermaylieinthestomachsofsomehungryworms.技巧點撥：寫作意圖題尋找中心句，通常位于首段或尾段且but后一般設考點②ResearchersinSpainandEnglandrecentlyfoundthatthewormsofthegreaterwaxmothcanbreakdownpolyethylene,whichaccountsfor40%ofplastics.答案指向句分析參考譯文Sofarthereisnoeffectivewaytogetridofit,butanewstudysuggestsananswermaylieinthestomachsofsomehungryworms.butanewstudysuggestsananswermaylieinthestomachsofsomehungryworms到目前為止沒有一種有效的方法能擺脫它，但是一個新的研究表明答案可能在某種饑餓的蟲子的胃里。Sofarthereisnoeffectivewaytogetridofitbut后是重點11Left100waxwormsonacommercialpolyethyleneshoppingbagfor12hours,thewormsconsumedandbrokedownabout92milligrams,oralmost3%ofit.回顧2018年北京B篇說明對象對象描述研發(fā)原理Tosolvetheproblemofhumans’producingmorethan300milliontonsplasticeveryyear,scientistsusewormstobreakdowntheplastics.Theworms’abilitytobreakdowntheireverydayfood—beeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic.研究前景Howtoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown—Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes？Chewingalonewasnotresponsibleforthepolyethylenebreakdownbuttheenzymesfromtheworm’sstomach.

Bertocchinihopesherteam’sfindingsmightonedayhelpemploytheenzymetobreakdownplasticsinlandfillsratherthanthrowingwormsonplastics.Q7Q8Q9Q10Tip1:閱讀理解滿分還在于____________的理解。Tip2:長難句分析可以采用_________________：①_________________________________________________________;②_________________________________________________________;③_________________________________________________________。Tip3:善于比較_______________________________

SUMMARY長難句脫衣服大法去枝葉留主干，去掉定語、狀語、同位語、插入語等找主干，括從句，弄懂主干漢語意思依次還原枝葉，得到完整句意文中長難句與選項的關系詞匯梳理：同義/近義復現Whatcanwelearnaboutthewormsinthestudy?A.Theytakeplasticsastheireverydayfood.B.Theyarenewlyevolvedcreatures.C.Theycanconsumeplastics.D.Theywindupinlandfills.7③FedericaBertocchini,co-authorofthestudy,

saystheworms’abilitytobreakdowntheireverydayfood—beeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic.

“Waxisacomplexmixture,

butthebasicbondinpolyethylene,

thecarbon-carbonbond,

isthereaswell,”

sheexplains.

“Thewaxwormevolvedamethodorsystemtobreakthisbond.”breakdown詞匯梳理：同義/近義復現AccordingtoJenniferDeBruyn,thenextstepofthestudyisto__A.identifyothermeansofthebreakdownB.findoutthesourceoftheenzymeC.confirmtheresearchfindingsD.increasethebreakdownspeed8④JenniferDeBruyn,

amicrobiologistattheUniversityofTennessee,

whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy,

saysitisnotsurprisingthatsuchwormscanbreakdownpolyethylene

Butcomparedwithpreviousstudies,

shefindsthespeedofbreakingdowninthisoneexciting.

Thenextstep,

DeBruynsays,

willbetoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown.

Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes(腸道微生物)?cause

identify詞匯梳理：同義/近義復現Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatthechemicalmight___A.helptoraiseworms B.helpmakeplasticbagsC.beusedtocleantheoceans D.beproducedinfactoriesinfuture9⑤Bertocchiniagreesandhopesherteam’sfindingsmightonedayhelpemploytheenzymetobreakdownplasticsinlandfills.

Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess—notsimply“millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic.”employindustrialprocess詞匯梳理：同義/近義復現Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.Toexplainastudymethodonworms.B.Tointroducethedietofaspecialworm.C.Topresentawaytobreakdownplastics.D.Toproposenewmeanstokeepeco-balance.10①Humansproducemorethan300milliontonsofplasticeveryyear.Almosthalfofthatwindsupinlandfills(垃圾填埋場),andupto12milliontonspollutetheoceans.Sofarthereisnoeffectivewaytogetridofit,butanewstudysuggestsananswermaylieinthestomachsofsomehungryworms.②ResearchersinSpainandEnglandrecentlyfoundthatthewormsofthegreaterwaxmothcan