Unit1ScienceandScientists

ReadingandThinkingUnderstandthequestioningmindReading&ThinkingJohnSnowDefeats“KingCholeara”LearningobjectivesBytheendofthisclass,youwill1.getinformationabouthowJohnSnowdefeatedcholeraandanalyzeSnow’scharacters;2.summarizethestagesofscientificresearch;3.talkaboutthesignificanceandcontributionofJohn’swork目錄Contents1234Pre-readingWhilereadingPost-readingHomework5SummaryLeadin

Areyoufamiliarwiththesesituations?takenucleicacidtests

getvaccinatedPositivemeasuresaretakentofightagainstCovid-19.做核酸檢測接種疫苗Whatdiseasecanyouthinkofwhenyoulookatthesepictures?COVID-19Itwasdiscoveredinthehumanbodyin2019.Thevirusis

generallycharacterisedbyfever,drycoughand

graduallydyspnea(逐漸出現(xiàn)呼吸困難).Theviruswasconfirmedtobewiththephenomenonofhumantransmissionandhavelatentinfection.Thediseasehadnospecifictreatmentatthattime,soitbrokeoutin2020andswepttheglobe.COVID-19Besidescoronavirus（冠狀病毒）,whatotherkindsofepidemics（流行病）doyouknow?Bird-flumalariaplagueEbolaSmallpoxCholeraCholeralossofliquid(缺水)severevomiting(嘔吐)diarrhea(腹瀉)Itbeginsinthestomachandaseverecasecanleadtodeathwithoutimmediatetreatment.Pre-readingⅠJohnSnow(15March1813–16June1858)wasaBritishphysicianandaleaderintheadoptionofanaesthesiaandmedicalhygiene.約翰·斯諾(1813年3月15日-1858年6月16日)，英國內(nèi)科醫(yī)生，麻醉和醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。AnintroductiontoJohnSnowPredictionJohnSnow

Defeats“KingCholera”Thetextismainlyabout____________and_______hedefeatedkingcholera.howJohnSnowscientificresearch?Whatwillbetalkedaboutfromthetitle?Who?How?What?Readthetitleandpredict.JohnSnowDefeats“KingCholera”Whatdoes“King”implyinthetitle?ThenameofcholeraThecausesofcholeraCholeraspreadfastCholeraispowerfulandhardtocureWhile-readingⅡWhilereadingActivity1:ReadthewholetextquicklyandmatchthemainideaPara.1Para.2Para.4Para.5JohnSnowdesiredtodestroycholera.JohnSnowdecidedtoprovethesecondtheory.Snowbeganhisstudybymarkingonthemap.Truthoftheinfectionofcholera.Snow'scontributions.Para.3Activity2:SkimthetexttoseeiftheorderyoudecidedinPredictionwascorrect.Para.1:Research

background2.Whywasthediseasecalled“”KingCholera?Cholerausedtobe

oneofthemostfeareddiseasesintheworld,untilaBritishdoctor,JohnSnow,showedhowitcouldbeovercome.Thisillnesscausesseverediarrhoea,dehydration,andevendeath.Intheearly19thcentury,whenanoutbreakofcholerahitEurope,millionsofpeoplediedfromthedisease.Asayoungdoctor,JohnSnowbecamefrustrated

becausenooneknewhowtopreventortreatcholera.Intime,herosetobecomeafamousdoctor,andevenattendedtoQueenVictoriawhenshegavebirth.However,heneverlosthisdesiretodestroycholeraonceandforall.1.WhoisJohnSnow?霍亂曾經(jīng)是世界上最可怕的疾病之一，直到一位英國醫(yī)生約翰·斯諾向我們展示了如何才能戰(zhàn)勝霍亂。這種疾病會導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重腹瀉、脫水，甚至死亡。19世紀(jì)初，歐洲爆發(fā)霍亂，數(shù)百萬人死于霍亂。作為一名年輕的醫(yī)生，約翰·斯諾變得沮喪，因?yàn)闆]有人知道如何預(yù)防或治療霍亂。很快，他成為了一位著名的醫(yī)生，甚至在維多利亞女王分娩時照顧她。然而，他從未失去徹底消滅霍亂的愿望.JohnSnowdesiredtodestroycholera.Para.1霍亂嚴(yán)重的腹瀉脫水沮喪的最終地過去是爆發(fā)經(jīng)過一段時間后rise變得重要（成功）Readtheparagraph1carefullyandfillinthemindmap.Cholerawhen/where?what?result?Intheearly19thcentury/EuropeAdiseasewhichcausesdiarrhoea,dehydration,andevendeathMillionsofpeopledied.JohnSnowwho?what?a______________________doctorBritish,youngandfamousnever___________________________onceandforall_____________QueenVictoriaattendedtolosthisdesiretodestroycholera

Ingeneral,doctorsinthosedayshadtwocontradictorytheoriestoexplainhowcholeraspread.Onetheorywasthatbadaircausedthedisease.Anotherwasthatcholerawascausedbyaninfectionfromgermsinfoodorwater.Snowsubscribedtothesecondtheory.Itwascorrect,buthestillneededproof.

Consequently,whenanoutbreakofcholerahitLondonin1854,Snowbegantoinvestigate.Hediscoveredthatintwoparticularstreetsthecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplediedintendays.Hewasdeterminedtofindoutwhy.1.Whatarethetwotheories?WhichtheorydidJohnSnowthinkwasreasonable?2.WhatdidJohnSnowinvestigatewhenanotheroutbreakhitLondonin1854?一般來說，當(dāng)時的醫(yī)生有兩種相互矛盾的理論來解釋霍亂是如何傳播的。一種理論認(rèn)為是空氣不好導(dǎo)致了這種疾病。另一種說法是霍亂是由食物或水中的細(xì)菌感染引起的。斯諾贊同第二種理論。這是對的，但他還需要證據(jù)。因此，1854年倫敦爆發(fā)霍亂時，斯諾開始進(jìn)行調(diào)查。他發(fā)現(xiàn)有兩條街道的霍亂疫情非常嚴(yán)重，十天內(nèi)有500多人死亡。他決心找出原因。Para.2總的來說對立的，矛盾的感染，傳染細(xì)菌同意證據(jù)因此調(diào)查決心做某事Para.2:JohnSnowdecidedtoprovethesecondtheory.Findaproblem→AskaquestionReadtheparagraph2andfindtwocontradictorytheoriesTwoTheoriesThefirsttheory

causedbybad______Cholerawascausedbyan_______fromthe__________________.Heneededproof.Thesecondtheory

Snowsubscribedtothesecondtheory.airinfectiongermsinfoodorwater Snowbeganbymarkingonamaptheexactplaceswhereallthosewhodiedhadlived.ThereweremultipledeathsnearthewaterpumpinBroadStreet(especiallyhousenumbers16,37,38,and40).However,somehouseholds(suchas20and21BroadStreet,and8and9Cambridge8Street)hadhadnodeaths.Thesepeopleworkedinthepubat7CambridgeStreet.Theyhadbeengivenfreebeer,andsohadnotdrunkthewaterfromthepump.Snowsuspected

thatthewaterpumpwastoblame.Para.3斯諾的開始是在地圖上標(biāo)出所有死去的人居住過的確切地點(diǎn)。BroadStreet的水泵附近有多人死亡（尤其是16號、37.38號和40號房子）。但是，有些家庭（如20和21BroadStreet，8和9Cambridge）沒有死亡。這些人在劍橋街7號的酒吧工作。他們得到了免費(fèi)啤酒，所以沒有喝水泵里的水。斯諾懷疑是水泵造成的。1.WhatmethoddidSnowuse?2.Whatdidhefindonthemap?Whatdidhedotodealwithit?Analyzetheresults→Findsupportingevidence標(biāo)記數(shù)量多的水泵劍橋家庭懷疑指責(zé)，歸咎于

Whatismore,inanotherpartofLondon,awomanandherdaughterhaddiedofcholeraaftermovingawayfromBroadStreet.Itseemedthatthewomanlikedthewaterfromthepumpsomuchthatshehaditdeliveredtoherhouseeveryday.Asaresultofthisevidence,JohnSnowwasabletoannouncethatthepumpwatercarriedcholeragerms.Accordingly,hehadthehandleofthepumpremovedsothatitcouldnotbeused.Throughthisintervention,thediseasewasstoppedinitstracks.Para.3更糟糕的是，在倫敦的另一個地方，一名婦女和她的女兒在離開布羅德街后死于霍亂。這個女人似乎非常喜歡水泵里的水，所以她每天都要把水送到她家里。作為這一證據(jù)的結(jié)果，約翰斯諾能夠宣布水泵的水?dāng)y帶霍亂病菌。因此，他把泵的手柄取下，使其無法使用。通過這一干預(yù)措施，疾病得以遏制。Pumpwatercarriedthecholeragerms.Remove

thehandleofthepumpThediseasewasstoppedDrawaconclusionPara.3:Snowbeganhisstudybymarkingonthemap.而且，此外...的部分死于從...離開遞送因?yàn)椋捎谝虼?，于是把手，手柄介入，干涉從途徑上終止看起來似乎....如此...以至于...beerpubNote:——1deathPH:publichouse30,31,…:numbersofhouseswaterpump7Para.3AmapofBroadStreetWhichhouseshadmorethan4deathsinBroadStreet?Whichhouseshadnodeath?Why?Clue:freebeerfrompublichouseThepumpwatercarriedcholeragermsThinkofamethod→CollectdataThinkofamethodCollectdataAnalysetheresultsFindsupportingevidence

DrawaconclusionFindasolution

1.Weshoulddrinkpureorboiledwater.

ThetruthwasthatthewaterfromtheBroadStreetpumphadbeeninfectedbywaste.Moreover,SnowwaslaterabletoshowalinkbetweenothercasesofcholeraandthedifferentwatercompaniesinLondon.SomecompaniessoldwaterfromtheRiverThamesthatwaspollutedbyrawwaste.Thepeoplewhodrankthiswaterweremuchmorelikelytogetcholerathanthosewhodrankpureorboiledwater.事實(shí)是，街上水泵的水已經(jīng)被垃圾污染了，而且，斯諾后來發(fā)現(xiàn)了其他霍亂病例與倫敦不同供水公司之間的聯(lián)系。一些公司出售被未經(jīng)處理的廢水污染的泰晤士河的水。喝這種水的人比喝純凈水或白開水的人更容易得霍亂。Para.42.WhatcausedtheoutbreakofcholerainLondonin1854?Para.4:Truthoftheinfectionofcholera.聯(lián)系生的純凈的開水1.HowhasJohnSnow’sworkaffectedourdailylife?2.WhyisJohnSnowconsideredthefatherofmodernepidemiology?

ThroughSnow’stirelessefforts,watercompaniesbegantosellcleanwaterandthethreatofcholeraaroundtheworldsawasubstantial

decrease.However,choleraisstillaproblem.Eachyear,millionsofpeoplearoundtheworldgetcholeraandmanydiefromit.Fortunately,wenowknowhowtopreventcholera,thankstotheworkofJohnSnow.Moreover,inhisuseofmapsandstatistics,Snowtransformedthewayscientistsstudydiseases.Forthisreason,Snowisconsideredthefatherofmodernepidemiology.Para.5通過斯諾的不懈努力，自來水公司開始銷售清潔水，全球霍亂的威脅也大幅減少。然而，霍亂仍然是一個問題。每年，全世界有數(shù)百萬人感染霍亂，許多人死于霍亂。幸運(yùn)的是，多虧了約翰·斯諾的工作，我們知道如何預(yù)防霍亂。此外，斯諾在使用地圖和統(tǒng)計學(xué)的過程中，改變了科學(xué)家研究疾病的方式。因此，斯諾被認(rèn)為是流行病學(xué)之父.Para.5:Snow'scontributions.不懈努力見證大量的減少感染霍亂幸虧，由于改變因?yàn)檫@個原因被認(rèn)為（是）流行病學(xué)Watercompaniesbegantosellcleanwater.Thethreatofcholeraaroundtheworlddecreased.Hehelpedpeopleknowhowtopreventcholera.Snowtransformedthewayscientistsstudydiseases.1.WhatcontributionsdidJohnSnowmake?TheFatherofModernEpidemiologyReadPara.4-5andanswerthequestions.Activity1:ReadthewholetextquicklyandmatchthemainideaPara.1Para.2Para.4Para.5JohnSnowdesiredtodestroycholera.JohnSnowdecidedtoprovethesecondtheory.Snowbeganhisstudybymarkingonthemap.Truthoftheinfectionofcholera.Snow'scontributions.Para.3Post-readingⅢsevenstagesinscientificresearchPhenomenontwotheoriesmakeaninvestigationfind?othercaseshow?FindsupportingevidencePara1Para2Para3Para4Para5FindaproblemMakeaquestionThinkofamethodCollectdataAnalysetheresultsDrawaconclusionSolutionsandsignificancePostReading:Structureofthepassage

DrawaconclusionCollectdataAskaquestion

Findaproblem

Analyzetheresults

Findsupportingevidence

ThinkofamethodStagesofScientificResearchWhatorderwouldyouputthemin?SummaryⅣSummaryFindaproblem:Whatcausedacholera?Askaquestion：Whichtheoryisright?Thinkofamethod：Gatheredevidence，analyzedtheresultsandremovedthehandleofthepump.Drawaconclusion:Thetruthwasthatpumphadbeeninfectedbywaste.Takemeasures:Watercompaniesbegantosellcleanwaterandthethreatofthediseasedecreased.Thestagesofscientificresearch1．WhichofthefollowingdidJohnSnowbelievein?A．Badaircausedcholera.B．Whatpeopleeatanddrinkcausedcholera.C．Peoplegotinfectedwithcholerabecauseofcoldandhunger.D．Peoplesufferedfromcholerabecausetheywerenotclean.Exercise2．WhatwasthekeyleadingtoJohnSnow'sdiscovery?A．Thegovernment.B．ThewomanwhohadmovedawayfromBroadStreet.C．Thewatercompany.D．Themapmadebyhimself.3．Atlast，“KingCholera”wascontrolledby__________________．A．usingmedicinesinhospitalB．drivingpatientsoutofthecountryC．dealingwiththepollutedwaterD．gettingridofallkindsofpollution4．WhatconclusiondidJohnSnowdrawaccordingtotheevidence?A．Choleragermsmultipliedinthewater.B．Pollutedwatercarriedthevirus.C．Acloudofdangerousgascausedcholera.D．Choleracouldneverbecontrolledeventhoughitscausewasfound.1.Wherecanyoufindthepassage?Aasciencebook BnovelCatravelguide Dnewspaper2.Atlast,“KingCholera”wascontrolledby___.A.usingmedicineinhospitalB.drivingpatientsoutofthecountryC.dealingwiththepollutedwaterD.gettingridofallkindsofpollution3.What'sthewriter'spurposeinwritingthepassage?A.TotellreadershowJohndefeatedcholeraandhisinfluenceonscientificresearch.B.TotellreadersJohn’scontributionstoscientificresearch.C.Totellreaderstheprocessofdef