Introductionofthecourse(1)ThiscourseiscalledSelectedReadingsinEnglishLiterature,acompulsorycourseforyou.Itwillbefinishedinabout2weeks.(2)Inthiscourse,youwillhavetoreadsomeoriginalworkstakenfromEnglishclassics.Itmaybealittlebitdifficultforyou.However,it'salsoachanceforyoutoknowsomegreattreasuryinworldliteratureandI'llhelpyouunderstandthem.(3)Comparingwiththeliteraryhistorycourses,thiscoursemainlyfocusesonoriginalproductions.Thecoursebookisaniceonewithclassicalworksanddetailednotes.(4)Forthefinaltest,20%willbedecidedbyyourattendance,and80%bythetestpaper.(5)Averyimportantsuggestion:previewtheproductionsbeforetheclass;otherwiseit'llbeverydifficultforyoutocatchmeintheclass.Lecture1TheOldandMedievalEnglishLiteratureSincehistoricaltimes,Englandhasbeenconqueredthreetimes.ItwasconqueredbytheRomans,theAnglo-Saxons,andtheNormans.EnglandwasnotmuchaffectedbytheRomanConquest,butshefeltthefullweightoftheothertwoconquests.TheAnglo-SaxonsbroughttoEnglandtheGermaniclanguageandculture,whiletheNormansbroughtafreshwaveofMediterraneancivilization,whichincludesGreekculture,Romanlaw,andtheChristianreligion.ItistheculturalinfluencesofthesetwoconqueststhatprovidedthesourcefortheriseandgrowthofEnglishliterature.TheperiodofoldEnglishliteratureextendsfromabout450to1066,theyearoftheNormanconquestofEngland.TheAnglo-SaxonlanguagebecamethebasisofmodernEnglish,andaspecificpoetictradition,whichisbothboldandstrong,mournfulandelegiacinspirit.(粗獷、豪邁、悲情、哀婉)Generallyspeaking,theoldEnglishliteraturethathassurvivedcanbedividedintotwogroups:thereligiousgroupandthesecularone.Thepoetryofthereligiousgroupismainlyonbiblicalthemes.GenesisA,GenesisBandExodus(《創(chuàng)世紀》、《出埃及紀》)arepoemsbasedontheOldTestament;whereastheDreamoftheRood《十字架之夢》comesfromtheNewTestament.Inthispoem,Christisportrayedastheyoungwarriorstridingtoembracedeathandvictory,whiletherood(cross)itselftakesontheburdenofhissuffering.TheseculargroupofpoemevokestheAnglo-Saxonsenseoftheharshnessofcircumstanceandthesadnessofthehumanlot.Beowulf,atypicalexampleofOldEnglishpoetry,isregardedtodayasthenationalepicoftheAnglo-Saxons.However,theheroandthesettingofBeowulfhavenothingtodowithEngland,forthestorytookplaceinScandinavia.ItdescribestheexploitsofaScandinaviahero,Beowulf,infightingagainstamonsterandafire-breathingdragon.InthesesequencesBeowulfisshownnotonlyasagloriousherobutalsoasaprotectorofthepeople.Thematicallythepoempresentsavividpictureofhowtheprimitivepeoplewageheroicstrugglesagainstthehostileforcesofthenaturalworldunderawiseandmightyleader.Thepoemisanexampleoftheminglingofnaturemythsandheroiclegends.;TheNormanConquestbroughtEnglandmorethanachangeofrulers.Politically,afeudalistsystemwasestablishedinEngland;religiously,theRome-backedCatholicChurchhadamuchstrongercontroloverthecountry;andgreatchangesalsotookplaceinlanguages(French,LatinandOldEnglishco-existed).WiththeNormanConqueststartsthemedievalEnglishliterature,whichcoversaboutfourcenturies,from1066uptothemid-14thcentury.ItisChauceralonewho,forthefirsttimeinEnglishliterature,presentedtousacomprehensiverealisticpictureoftheEnglishsocietyofhistimeandcreatedawholegalleryofvividcharactersfromallwalksoflifeinhismasterpieceTheCanterburytales.GiovanniBoccaccioandTheDecameronFengMeng-longand“Sanyan”or“ThreeWords”:StoriestoCautiontheWorld(ComprehensiveWordstoWarntheWorld),StoriestoAwakentheWorld(ConstantWordstoAwakentheWorld),andStoriestoInstructtheWorld(IllustriousWordstoInstructtheWorld)AboutGeoffreyChaucer:（富二代）GeoffreyChaucer(c.1340-1400)wasoneofthefineststorytellersintheEnglishlanguage,aswellasbeingagreatpoetandanaccomplishedprosewriter.Historiansareuncertainabouthisexactdateofbirth.Geoffrey'swell-to-doparentspossessedseveralbuildingsinthevintagequarterinLondon.NotmuchisknownaboutGeoffrey'sschoolcareer.HemusthavehadsomeeducationinLatinandGreek.OutofschoolhewentonasapageinthehouseholdoftheCountessofUlster.ChaucerroseinroyalemploymentandbecameaknightoftheshireforKent.Asamemberoftheking'shousehold,ChaucerwassentondiplomaticerrandsthroughoutEurope.Fromalltheseactivities,hegainedtheknowledgeofsocietythatmadeitpossibletowriteTheCanterburyTales.ChaucerdiedinOctober1400andwasburiedinWestminsterAbbeyinLondon.HewasthefirstofthosethataregatheredinwhatwenowknowasthePoet'sCornerinWestminsterAbbey.TheinfluenceofRenaissancewasalreadyfeltinthefieldofEnglishliteraturewhenChaucerwaslearningfromthegreatItalianwriterslikePetrarchandBoccacciointhelastpartofthe14thcentury.Heaffirmedman’srighttopursueearthlyhappinessandopposedasceticism;hepraisedman’senergy,intellect,quickwitandloveoflife;heexposedandsatirizedthesocialvices,includingreligiousabuses.Itthuscanbesaidthat,inEnglishliterature,Chaucerboremarksofhumanismandanticipatedaneweratocome.Fromhisbirthtohisdeath,Chaucerdealtcontinuallywithallsortsofpeople,thehighestandthelowest,andhisobservantmindmadethemostofhisever-presentopportunity.Inhisworks,Chaucerexploresthethemeoftheindividual’srelationtothesocietyinwhichhelives;heportraysclashesofcharacters’temperamentsandtheirconflictsovermaterialinterests;healsoshowsthecomicandironiceffectsobtainablefromtheclassdistinctionsfeltbythenewlyemergedbourgeoisie.Inshort,Chaucerdevelopshischaracterizationtoahigherartisticlevelbypresentingcharacterswithbothtypicalqualitiesandindividualdispositions.AboutTheCanterburyTales:

GeoffreyChaucerwroteTheCanterburyTales,acollectionofstoriesinaframestory,between1387and1400.ItisthestoryofagroupofthirtypeoplewhotravelaspilgrimstoCanterbury(England).WhiletravellingtoCanterbury,thepilgrims,whocomefromalllayersofsociety,tellstoriestoeachothertokilltime,shotthroughwithcunningwitanddryhumor.AlthoughincompleteatthetimeofChaucer'sdeath,itisgenerallyregardedashisgreatestworkormasterpiece.TheTalesthemselvesrangefromtheexemplarysaints'livestoldbythenuns,tothebawdy,comictalesofthemillerandthereeve,alwaysshotthroughwithChaucer'scunningwitanddryhumor.Chaucerleaveshisreaderswiththeimpressionthatthewholeofmedievalsocietyhaspassedbeforetheireyes.Theaimofthepresentedition,withits'on'notesandglosses,istoenablereaderswithlittleornopreviousexperienceofmedievalEnglishtoreadandenjoythislandmarkinEnglishLiterature.ChaucerintroducedfromFrancetherhymedstanzasofvarioustypestoEnglishpoetrytoreplacetheOldEnglishalliterativeverse.InTheCanterburyTales,heusedtherhymedcoupletofiambicpentameterwhichistobecalledlatertheheroiccouplet.

heroiccouplet(英雄對偶、英雄雙韻體);eachline10syllabus;iambicpentameter(抑揚格五音步）;

TheCanterburyTales

TheGeneralPrologue

1Whanthat/April/withhis/showres/soote/

WheninAprilthesweetshowersfallandshoot

2Thedroghte/ofMarch/hathper/cedto/theroote/,

downthroughthedroughtofmarchtopiecetheroot,

3Andbathedeveryveyneinswichlicour

Andbathedeveryvein(oftheplants)insuchliquid

4Ofwhichvertuengendredistheflour;

Bywhichpowerthefloweriscreated;

5WhanZephiruseekwithhissweetebreeth

WhentheWestWindalsowithitssweetbreath,

6Inspiredhathineveryholtandheeth

Ineverywoodandfieldhasbreathedlifeinto

7Thetendrecroppes,andtheyongesonne

Thetendernewleaves,andtheyoungsun

8HathintheRamhishalfcoursyronne,

HasrunhalfitscourseinAries,

9Andsmalefowelesmakenmelodye,

Andsmallfowlsmakemelody,

10Thatslepenalthenyghtwithopenye

Thosethatsleepallthenightwithopeneyes

11(SoprikethhemNatureinhircorages),

(SoNatureincitesthemintheirhearts),

12Thannelongenfolktogoononpilgrimages,

Thenfolklongtogoonpilgrimages,

13Andpalmeresfortosekenstraungestrondes,

Andprofessionalpilgrimstoseekforeignshores,

14Tofernehalwes,kowtheinsondrylondes;

Todistantshrines,knowninvariouslands;

15Andspeciallyfromeveryshiresende

Andspeciallyfromeveryshire'send

16OfEngelondtoCaunterburytheywende,

OfEnglandtoCanterburytheytravel,

17Thehoolyblisfulmartirfortoseke,

Toseektheholyblessedmartyr,

18Thathemhathholpenwhanthattheywereseeke.

Whohelpedthemwhentheyweresick.

AllthispackedintothosefirstfewlinesofTheGeneralPrologueoftheCanterburyTales.Thelinesarelearnedandmostofallliterary.

TheopeninglinesoftheCanterburyTalesconstituteasimplelyriccelebratingthereturnofSpringaftertheharshnessofwinter,acommonformofmedievalFrenchlyric.ItbecamewidespreadinEnglishaswell.TheseareallinthebackgroundofChaucer'sopeninglines,echoinginthemindsofhislisteners.ThereisintheopeninglinesoftheCanterburytalesakindofcelebrationoffertility,thesamejoyfulwelcometospringandithasalltheelementsoftheconventionalfirststanzaofthelovelyric--thesingingbird,thespringingflower,andthetime--AprilorMay,earlyspring.

ItisthesamemovementwesawinWhentheNightingaleSings--thetimeisspring,theflowersbloom,thebirdssing,andthenyounglove.Alltheseelements,evenlove,areinthisopeningsentenceoftheCanterburyTales--theSpringsetting,thebirds,theflowers,theimpulsetowardlove.

TothisChauceraddsanothertraditionofthecelebrationofSpring,thatofthelearnedLatintradition.ChaucerdoesnotsimplytellyouthatthedewsfellontheearthasGuillaumedoes.Hegivesinsteadabriefscientificdescription,tellinghowthedewsengenderthevirtues--whichmeanspowers--whicharethehumorsthatwillproducetheflowers.HereishowSpringwasdescribedinanactualscientificTreatise,VincentofBeauvais'thirteenth-centuryencyclopediaofNaturalHistory.ItwasaworkthatChaucerknewverywellandofwhichmayevenhave--Ithinkprobably--ownedacopy:

Indeedthesunpenetratingtotherootsofgrassesandplants,drawsoutthefreezinghumorwhichwinterhadbrought,andthegrassesandplants,feelingtheiremptiness,drawinthehumoroftheearth,whichaddingtoittheheatofitsownhumor,thehearofthesuntransmitsittotheplants,andthustheyarerevivedandgrowgreen;whenceitisthatthismonthiscalledApril,sincethisiswhentheearthisopened.Theporesoftheearthareopened,andhumorsbegintomoveupwardsinbeasts,trees,andman...andthereforeAprilispaintedwithaflower,forinthatmonthApriltheearthhaththatbeginningtobeclothedandadornedwithflowers

ChaucernotonlysaysitisApril,hedefinesthetimebyexactreferencetotheCosmos--totheyoungsunjustemergingfromthezodiacalsignoftheRam,sothattheactiontakesplaceinagrandcosmicsetting--onearth,surroundedbytheninespheres--thesevenplanets,thefixedstars,allmovinginaharmonyproducedbythereconciliationofopposites,themusicofthespheres.ChaucerlearnedthisfromLatinliterature.

Finally,thehighstyleinwhichtheselinesarewrittenisanemphaticallyliterarywayofwriting.Itisbookish,conventional,treatingcommonplaces.Thatistosaythatthissortofdescriptionofspringisnotnew.ItisonethatChaucer'ssophisticatedfirsthearersknewfromscoresofpoems.TheyknewitforexamplefromtheProloguetotheLegendofGoodWomen,whichwastheworkChaucerwroteandpublished--thatisreadaloudinpublic--justbeforeheturnedtotheCanterburytales.HereispartofthedescriptionofSpringinthatPrologue:

Andherearetherestoftheingredients--thesingingofbirds,theoutburstofgreeneryandflowers.ThatisthestandarddescriptionofSpring,casthereinthehighstyle.ThatistosayitisnottheWestWind,asinthefamousMiddleEnglishlyric.

Questions:1.TheworkthatPresented,forthefirsttimeinEnglishliterature,acomprehensive,realisticpictureoftheEnglishsocietyofhistimeandcreatedawholegalleryofvividcharactersfromallwalksoflifeismostlikely____________.A.WilliamLangland’sPiersPlowmanB.GeoffreyChaucer’sTheCanterburyTalesC.JohnGower’sConfessioAmantisD.SirGawainandtheGreenKnight2.AmongthegreatMiddleEnglishpoets,GeoffreyChaucerisknownforhisproductionof__________.A.PiersPlowmanB.SirGawainandtheGreenKnightC.ConfessioAmantisD.TheCanterburyTalesLecture2theRenaissancePeriodEachperiodisareactionagainstthelastperiod.Everyperiodeclipsedbytherapidriseofnextperiod.HistoricalBackgroundTheRenaissancemarksatransitionfromthemedievaltothemodernworld.Generally,itreferstotheperiodbetweenthe14thandmid-17thcentury.ItfirststartedinItaly,withtheflowingofpainting,sculptureandliterature.TheRenaissance,whichmeansrebirthorrevival,isactuallyamovementstimulatedbyaseriesofhistoricalevents,suchastherediscoveryofancientRomanandGreekculture,thenewdiscoveriesingeographyandastrology,thereligiousreformationandtheeconomicexpansion.Therefore,inessence,isahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistideasinmedievalEurope,tointroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie,andtorecoverthepurityoftheearlychurchfromthecorruptionoftheRomanCatholicChurch.Twofeaturesarestrikingofthismovement.Theoneisathirstingcuriosityfortheclassicalliterature.Anotheristhehumanism,whichmeansthenewfeelingofadmirationforhumanbeautyandhumanachievement.HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.Itsprangfromtheendeavortorestoreamedievalreverencefortheantiqueauthors,fortheGreekandRomancivilizationwasbasedonsuchaconceptionthatmanisthemeasureofallthings.Throughthenewlearning,humanistsnotonlysawtheartsofsplendorandenlightenment,butthehumanvaluesrepresentedintheworks.Inthemedievalsociety,peopleasindividualswerelargelysubordinatedtothefeudalistrulewithoutanyfreedomandindependence;andinmedievaltheology,people’srelationshipstotheworldaboutthemwerelargelyreducedtoaproblemofadaptingtooravoidingthecircumstancesofearthlylifeinanefforttopreparetheirsoulsforafuturelife.ButRenaissancehumanistsfoundintheclassicsajustificationtoexalthumannatureandcometoseethathumanbeingsweregloriouscreaturescapableofindividualdevelopmentinthedirectionofperfection,andthattheworldtheyinhabitedwastheirsnottodespisebuttoquestion,explore,andenjoy.Thus,byemphasizingthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife,theyvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoythebeautyofhislife,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandtoperformwonders.ThefirstperiodoftheEnglishRenaissancewasoneofimitationandassimilation.PetrarchwasregardedasthefountainheadofliteraturebytheEnglishwriters.ForitwasPetrarchandhissuccessorswhoestablishedthelanguageofloveandsharplydistinguishedthelovepoetryoftheRenaissancefromitscounterpartsintheancientworld.ShakespearelivedinsuchaperiodandalsosuchaperiodmadehimthemostfamousandmostimportantEnglishwriter.IntheearlystageoftheRenaissance,poetryandpoeticdramawerethemostoutstandingliteraryformsandtheywerecarriedonespeciallybyShakespeare.WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)：（富二代，姐弟戀）Shakespeareisoneofthemostremarkableplaywrightsandpoetstheworldhaseverknown.Withhis38plays,154sonnetsand2longnarrativepoems,hehasestablishedhisgiantpositioninworldliterature.ShakespearewasbornprobablyonApril23,1564,intoamerchant’sfamilyInStratford-on-Avon.TownHespenthischildhoodinthatbeautifulmarkettownandattendedtheStratfordGrammarSchool.Hisrealteacherswerenatureanditspeoplethatsurroundedhim.In1582,hemarriedawomanseveralyearshissenior.From1591to1611,Shakespearewasintheprimeofhisdramaticcareerandhisplayscameoutoneafteranother.But,hedidnotconfinehisgeniusmerelytothetheater.In1593and1594,hepublishedtwonarrativepoems,VenusandAdonis(《維納斯與安東尼斯》)andTheRapeofLucrece.（《魯克麗斯受辱記》）.Healsowrotesonnets,whichwerepublishedin1609.By1597,ShakespearewassoprosperousthatheboughtthelargesthouseinStratford,knownasNewPlace.About1610heleftLondonandretiredtoStratford,thoughhecontinuedtowriteforsometime.HediedonApril23,1616.TherealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissanceistheElizabethandrama.Shakespeareismainlyfamousforhisgreatplays,especiallytheoutstanding"FourGreatTragedies".("Hamlet","KingLear","Othello"and"Macbeth")Theyhavesomecharacteristicsincommon.Eachportrayssomenoblehero,whofacestheinjusticeofhumanlifeandiscaughtinadifficultsituationandwhosefateiscloselyconnectedwiththefateofthewholenation.Eachherohashisweaknessofnature:Hamlet，themelancholicscholar-prince,fecesthedilemmabetweenactionandthemind;Othello’sinnerweaknessisMadeuseofbytheoutsideevilforce;theoldkingLearwhoisunwillingtototallygiveuphispowermakeshimselfsufferfromtreacheryandinfidelity;andMacbeth’slustforpowerstirsuphisambitionandleadshimtoincessantcrimes.Withtheconcentrationonthetragichero,Shakespearedramatizesthewholeworldaroundthehero.Alongwiththeportrayaloftheweaknessorbiasofthehero,weseethesharpconflictsbetweentheindividualandtheevilforceinthesociety,whichshoesthatShakespeareisagreatrealistinthetruesense.Heisalsotheauthorofsomeotherfamousplays,suchas"RomeoandJuliet".HamletisgenerallyregardedasShakespeare’smostpopularplayonthestage,forithasthequalitiesofa“blood-and-thunder”thrillerandaphilosophicalexplorationoflifeanddeath.Theplaywasprobablywrittenaround1601,basedonawidespreadlegendinnorthernEurope.HetakesthebareoutlinesofRevengeTragedy,butwhatheaddsisinfinitelymoreinterestingthanwhatheadopts.Andthetimelessappealofthismightydramaliesinitscombinationofintrigue,emotionalconflictandsearchingphilosophicmelancholy.Byrevealingthepower-seeking,thejostlingforplace,thehiddenmotives,thecourteoussuperficialitiesthatveillustandguilt,Shakespearecondemnsthehypocrisyandtreacheryandgeneralcorruptionattheroyalcourt.Shakespeare,asahumanistofthetime,wasshockedbythefeudaltyrannyanddisunityandinternalstruggleforpoweratthecourtwhichledtocivilwars.Inhisplays,hedoesnothesitatetodescribethecrueltyandanti-naturalcharacterofthecivilwars,buthedidnotgoallthewayagainstthefeudalrule.Inhisdramaticcreation,especiallyinhishistoriesortragedies,heaffirmstheimportanceofthefeudalsysteminordertoupholdsocialorder.Shakespeareisagainstreligiouspersecutionandracialdiscrimination,againstsocialinequalityandthecorruptinginfluenceofgoldandmoney.Butthereisalsoalimittosympathyforthedowntrodden.Hefearsanarchy,hatesrebellionanddespisesdemocracy.Thus,hefindsnowaytosolvethesocialproblems.Intheend,theonlythinghecandoasahumanististoescapefromtherealitytoseekcomfortinhisdream.ShakespearehasacceptedtheRenaissanceviewsonliterature.Heholdsthatliteratureshouldbeacombinationofbeauty,kindnessandtruth,andshouldreflectnatureandreality.Basedonthisconsideration,hehasclaimedthroughthemouthofHamletthatthe“end”ofdramaticcreationistogivefaithfulreflectionofthesocialrealitiesofthetime.SonnetAsonnetisalyricpoemconsistingofasinglestanzaoffourteeniambicpentameterlineslinkedbyanintricaterhymescheme.ItwasintroducedtoEnglandfromItalybySirThomasWyattandHenryHoward,EarlofSurrey.(ItisaverypopularpoemformandusedwidelyinEnglishliterature.IntheElizabethera,EdmundSpenserwasalsofamousforhissonnets.Andlater,JohnMilton,ByronandKeatsallcontributedexcellentsonnets.)Shakespeare'ssonnetsarealsoverygood.Hewrote154sonnets,whicharetheonlydirectexpressionofthepoet’sownfeelings.Amongthem,numbers1-126areaddressedtoayoungman,belovedofthepoet,ofsuperiorbeautyandrankbutofsomewhatquestionablemoralsandconstancy.Thesonnets127-152formalesscoherentgroup,whichinvolveamistressofthepoet,amysteriousdarklady,whoissensual,promiscuous,andirresistible.Thefinaltwosonnetsdonotapparentlybelongtoeitherthefriendorthedarkladysequence,theyaretranslationoradaptationsofsomeversionofaGreekepigram.We'llfirstintroduceSonnet18,themostfamoussonnetwrittenbyShakespeare.Thoughthesonnetisafixedform,buttherhymeschemeofthesonnetisnotfixed.(fewminutesforstudentstofindoutthispoem'srhymescheme.)Answer:ababcdcdefefgg.ThisisatypicalrhymeschemeusedbyShakespeareinallhissonnets.WhatarethethemeofShakespeare’ssonnet18?Theme:Anicesummer’sdayisusuallytransient,butthebeautyinpoetrycanlastforever,toexpressthedeeplovetohisfriendTheMerchantofVeniceFamouscomedywrittenbyShakespeareinhisyouthSetting:Venice,theMiddleAgeCharacters:Bassanio,Antonio,Shylock,Portia(letstudentsdiscussthecharacters)Portia:Shakespeare'sidealwoman,beautiful,intelligent,cultured,gracious,independent,adaughterofRenaissanceShylock:mostsuccessfulcharacter,aJew,agreedyandmercilessusurerandalsoavictimofracialdiscriminationandreligiouspersecution(sympathy)Theme:Mercywinsovermalice.Theselectionisthemostfamoussceneofthewholeplayandalsotheclimaxoftheplay.(Askstudentstoreaditthoroughlyaftertheclass.)Intheclass,we'lllearnashortparttakenfromthescene.(thefamousstatementaboutmercymadebyPortia)(thelastbutnotleast)formoftheplay:versedramawritteninblankversemostlyblankverse:unrhymediambicpentameter.SoonafterblankversewasintroducedbyHenryHoward,EarlofSurreyinhistranslationofVirgil'sworks,itbecamethestandardmeterforElizabethanandlaterpoeticdramasandsomepoets,suchasJohnMilton,alsoemployedthisformtowritetheirlongpoems.Questions:thecradleoftheRenaissanceis_________.A.GermanyB.EnglandC.AmericaD.Italy2.therealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissanceis______.A.theElizabethandramaB.theElizabethanproseC.theElizabethanpoemD.theElizabethannovel3.“ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?”thisisthebeginninglineofoneofShakespeare’s________.A.songsB.sonnetsC.playsD.comedies4.“tobeornottobe——thatisthequestion.”Whosaidthiswords?A.KingLearB.RomeoC.AntonioD.Hamlet5.Shakespearehasestablishedhisgiantpositioninworldliteraturewithhis____plays,_____sonnetsand_____longpoems.6.“thusconsciencedoesnotmakecowardsofusall,AndthusthenativeshueofresolutionIssickliedo’erwiththepalecastofthought,AndenterprisesofgreatpitchandmomentWiththisregardtheircurrentsturnawryAndlosethenameofaction.”(1).Whatdoes“thenativeshueofresolution”mean?(2).Whatdoes“thepalecastofthought”standfor?(3).Whatideadothelinesexpress?DeterminationoractivityConsiderationorhesitationToomuchthinkingmadeactivityimpossibleLecture3FrancisBacon：（官二代）FrancisBacon(1561-1626),arepresentativeoftheRenaissanceinEngland,andthefirstimportantEnglishessayist,isawell-knownphilosopher,scientist,essayist,andisespeciallybestknownforhisessayswhichgreatlyinfluencedthedevelopmentofthisliteraryform.HewasalsothefounderofmodernscienceinEngland.Hiswritingspavedthewayfortheuseofscientificmethod.Thus,heisundoubtedlyoneoftherepresentativesoftheEnglishRenaissance.Baconlaysthefoundationformodernsciencewithhisinsistenceonscientificwayofthinkingandfreshobservation(logicthinking,abstractthinking,inductivereasoning)ratherthanauthorityasabasisforobtainingknowledge.HisessaysisthefirstexampleofthatgenreinEnglishliterature,whichhasbeenrecognizedasanimportantlandmarkinthedevelopmentofEnglishprose.BeingthesonofElizabeth’sfirstLordKeeper(內務總管、掌璽大臣),Baconhadafortunateheritageandbackground.HestudiedatCambridge,enteredParliament,andgraduallyestablishedhisreputation.Attheheightofhiscareer,underKingJames,hebecameLordKeeperandthenLordChancellorofEngland(大法官).Buthelateraccusedoftakingbribesinoffice.Headmittedacceptingpresentsbutdefendedinjusticeofhisact.Afteratokenimprisonment,heretriedindisgracetohisestatetospendthelastfiveyearsofhislife.Baconhadawiderangeofknowledge.Hisworkscanbedividedintothreegroups.ThemostimportantworksofhisfirstgroupincludeTheadvancementofLearning(《學術的進展》).Hisphilosophicalworksalsobelongtothefirstgroup.Hisliteraryworksareinthesecondgroup,amongwhichthemostfamousisEssays.(《散文集》)MaximsofLaw(《法律原理》)andTheLearnedReadinguponStatuteofUsers（《法令使用讀本》）arethetwofamousworksfromthethirdgroup.TheadvancementofLearningisagreattractoneducation,inwhichhedividesknowledgeintotwokinds.OneistheknowledgeobtainedfromtheDivineRevelation,theotheristheknowledgefromtheworkingsofhumanmind.Heholdsthatthesetwosortsofknowledgewouldnotcontradicteachother.Suchacompromisemightnotbeacceptabletoday,butithadgreatsignificanceinbacon’stime,forheseparatestheology(神學)fromscientificobservationsandexperiments,thusmakingagreatstepforwardins