PAGE1-Unit1CulturalHeritage1．a(chǎn)pplyv．申請(qǐng)；運(yùn)用→applicationn．申請(qǐng)(表)；用途；運(yùn)用；應(yīng)用(程序)2．contributev．捐助；捐獻(xiàn)→contributionn．貢獻(xiàn)；捐款；捐贈(zèng)3．a(chǎn)ppearv．出現(xiàn)；到場→disappearvi.消逝；滅亡；消亡→disappearancen．消逝；滅亡；消亡4．createv．創(chuàng)建；建立→creativeadj.創(chuàng)建性的；有創(chuàng)建力的；有創(chuàng)意的→creativelyadv.創(chuàng)建性地；有創(chuàng)建力地5．balancevt.使平衡n．勻稱；平衡→balancedadj.保持平衡的6．proposev．提議；建議；主見→proposaln．提議；建議7．limitn．限度；限制vt.限制；限定→limitedadj.有限的8．losevt.失去；損失→lossn．丟失；損失→lostadj.迷路的；失去的9．donatevt.捐贈(zèng)；贈(zèng)送→donationn．捐贈(zèng)；贈(zèng)送1．conductn．行為；舉止；管理方法vt.組織；支配；帶領(lǐng)；舉止；表現(xiàn)①Undertheconductofhisfather，theirbusinesswasverysuccessful.n.管理②Heconductedtheaudiencetotheirseats.vt.帶領(lǐng)③Heconductedhimselffarbetterthanexpected.vt.表現(xiàn)2．issuen．重要議題；爭辯的問題；發(fā)行；分發(fā)v．出版；發(fā)行；宣布；公布①Theyissuedaspecialsetofstampstomarktheoccasion.v.發(fā)行；出版②Sheusuallywritesaboutenvironmentalissues.n.問題③Iboughtasetofthenewstampsonthedateofissue.n.發(fā)行WordsAndPhraseseq\a\vs4\al(學(xué)問要點(diǎn)1)takepartin參與(某事)；參與(某活動(dòng))(教材P3)AgroupofhighschoolstudentswhoaretakingpartinaninternationalyouthcampatMountTai.一群中學(xué)生正在泰山參與一個(gè)國際青年?duì)I。[例1]Generallyspeaking，boystakeanactivepartinsports.一般來說，男孩子主動(dòng)參與體育活動(dòng)。[例2]Itgoeswithoutsayingthattakinganactivepartinsocialactivitiescanbroadenourhorizons.不言而喻，主動(dòng)參與社會(huì)活動(dòng)能開闊我們的眼界。[造句]學(xué)生們?yōu)榱松眢w健康應(yīng)當(dāng)參與體育活動(dòng)。Studentsshouldtakepartinsportsactivitiesforgoodhealth.[學(xué)問拓展]playapartin 在……中扮演角色；在……中起作用takepart 參與(不跟賓語)takeanactivepartin 主動(dòng)參與……[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空/完成句子①Billtookactiveanpartinthesportsmeeting.②ThereisanEnglishspeechcontestinwhichmyteacherencouragesmetotakepart.③Youdon'tneedstrengthtotakepartinthissport．參與這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)不須要太多體力。④5Gwillplayanimportantpartinourlifeinthenearfuture.在不久的將來，5G將在我們的生活中起著重要作用。eq\a\vs4\al(學(xué)問要點(diǎn)2)balancevt.使平衡；權(quán)衡n．平衡；勻稱(教材P4)Findingandkeepingtherightbalancebetweenprogressandtheprotectionofculturalsitescanbeabigchallenge.在發(fā)展和文化遺址的愛護(hù)之間找到并保持適當(dāng)?shù)钠胶馐且粋€(gè)巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。[例1]Helosthisbalanceandhurthimselfwhenhewentupstairs.他上樓時(shí)失去了平衡，傷了自己。[例2]Itisverydifficultformetokeepabalancebetweensocialactivitiesandstudies.讓我在社交活動(dòng)與學(xué)習(xí)之間保持平衡特別困難。[造句]她試圖兼顧家庭生活和事業(yè)。Shetriestobalancehomelifeandcareer.[學(xué)問拓展](1)keep(one's)balance 保持平衡lose(one's)balance 失去平衡outofbalance 不平衡keepthebalanceof... 保持……的平衡(2)balancedadj. 平穩(wěn)的；安定的；和諧的keepabalanceddiet 保持均衡的飲食(3)balance...and/with... 同等重視/兼顧……和……balancesth.againststh. 使……與……抵消；權(quán)衡……與……[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空/完成句子①Hecutdownoncoffeeandcigarettes，andateabalanced(balance)diet.②Hebalancedatriptothemountainsagainstthechanceofasummerjob.③Itisimportantforustokeepthebalanceofnature.④Wemustbalancetheadvantagesagainstdisadvantagesofthings.我們必需權(quán)衡事物的利與弊。⑤Hetriedtobalanceononefoot．他試著用一只腳站穩(wěn)。[小片段填空]Whenhefirstlearnedtoskate，hedidn'tknowhowtobalancehimselfandlosthisbalanceconstantly.Butnowhehaslearnedtokeephimselfbalancedwhileskating.最初學(xué)習(xí)滑冰時(shí)，他不知道如何使自己保持平衡，常常失去平衡?？墒牵F(xiàn)在他已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了滑冰時(shí)使自己保持平衡。eq\a\vs4\al(學(xué)問要點(diǎn)3)leadto導(dǎo)致；造成(后果)；通向……(教材P4)Buttheproposalledtoprotests.但該提議引發(fā)了抗議。[例1]Manyofthesechemicalscanleadtocancerorotherillnesses.這些化學(xué)物質(zhì)中有很多會(huì)引起癌癥或其他疾病。[例2]Asisknowntous，allroadsleadtoRome.眾所周知，條條大路通羅馬。[造句]過多的工作和過少的休息常會(huì)引起疾病。Toomuchworkandtoolittlerestoftenleadtoillness.[學(xué)問拓展]leadsb.to... 引導(dǎo)某人去……(地方)leadsb.todosth. 致使某人做某事leada．..life 過……的生活leadtheway 引路，帶路[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空①Wefirmlybelievethatwarneversettlesanythingbutleadtoviolence.②Hiscarelessnessledtofailure(fail)inthedrivingtest.③Thenewclueledthepolicetofind(find)thethief.④Shepreferstoleadahappylifeathomeratherthantobeacareerwoman.[小片段填空]Heledtheway，andledustoavillagenearby.Therewefoundthelocalpeopleledahappylife．他帶路，把我們領(lǐng)到了旁邊的一個(gè)村莊。在那里，我們發(fā)覺當(dāng)?shù)厝诉^著華蜜的生活。[聯(lián)想發(fā)散]表示“導(dǎo)致”的常用表達(dá)還有：cause，resultin，contributeto，bringabout。eq\a\vs4\al(學(xué)問要點(diǎn)4)likelyadj.可能的adv.可能地(教材P4)WaterfromthedamwouldlikelydamageanumberoftemplesanddestroyculturalrelicsthatwereanimportantpartofEgypt'sculturalheritage.大壩的水可能會(huì)破壞一些寺廟，并摧毀作為埃及文化遺產(chǎn)重要組成部分的文物。[例1]HeislikelytoleaveforNewYorknextweek.＝It'slikelythathewillleaveforNewYorknextweek.他下周很可能去紐約。[例2]Wewillmostlikelyseehimlater.我們很可能晚些時(shí)候會(huì)見到他。[造句]明天我很可能要去上海。It'slikelythatIshallgotoShanghaitomorrow.[學(xué)問拓展](1)belikelytodosth. 可能(發(fā)生某種狀況)Itislikely＋that從句 很可能(2)likelyadv. 很可能(多和most或very連用)[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空/一句多譯①Unemploymentislikelytogo(go)onrisingthisyear.②Itislikelythatinvestors(投資人)willfacelosses.③他可能很快為這個(gè)項(xiàng)目籌集足夠的資金?！鶫eislikelytoraiseenoughfundsforthisprojectsoon.→It'slikelythathewillraiseenoughfundsforthisprojectsoon.eq\a\vs4\al(學(xué)問要點(diǎn)5)turnto向……求助；致力于；翻到(書的某頁)；查閱；轉(zhuǎn)向；從事于(教材P4)Afterlisteningtothescientistswhohadstudiedtheproblem，andcitizenswholivednearthedam，thegovernmentturnedtotheUnitedNationsforhelpin1959.在聽取了探討這一問題的科學(xué)家和住在大壩旁邊的市民的看法之后，政府于1959年向聯(lián)合國找尋幫助。[例1]IfyouturntoPage40，youwillfindit.假如你翻到40頁，你會(huì)找到它。[例2]Pleaseturntothepoliceforhelpwhenyouareintrouble.當(dāng)你遇到困難時(shí)請(qǐng)向警察求助。[造句]越來越多的人從事計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)。Moreandmorepeopleturntocomputerscience.[學(xué)問拓展]turnaround/round 轉(zhuǎn)過去；轉(zhuǎn)身turnup 調(diào)高；出現(xiàn)turndown 調(diào)低；拒絕turnin 上交turnout 生產(chǎn)；制造；結(jié)果是……[即學(xué)即練]用turn的短語填空①Heistheguyyoucanturntoforhelpwhenyouareintrouble.②Somesuggestionswereturneddownbythecommittee.③ThepersonIspoketoturnedouttobeournewteacher.④Themeetinghasalreadybegun，butthechairmanhasn'tturnedupyet.eq\a\vs4\al(學(xué)問要點(diǎn)6)(教材P4)AcommitteewasestablishedtolimitdamagetotheEgyptianbuildingsandpreventthelossofculturalrelics.(聯(lián)合國)成立了一個(gè)委員會(huì)來限制對(duì)埃及建筑的破壞，防止文物的丟失。(1)limitn．限度；限制vt.限制；限定[例1]Trytolimityourspeechtofiveminutes.盡量把你的演講限制在5分鐘內(nèi)。[例2]Inmyopinion，weshouldlimitourexpensetowhatwecanafford.依我看，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)把費(fèi)用限制在可以支付的范圍內(nèi)。[造句]生命有限，學(xué)問無涯。Ourlifehasalimit，butknowledgeiswithoutlimit.[學(xué)問拓展](1)Thereisnolimitto... ……是無限的put/setalimitto... 對(duì)……限制withinthelimitsof 在……的范圍內(nèi)withoutlimit 無限(制)地(2)belimitedto... 受限制于……limit...to... 把……限定在……的范圍內(nèi)(3)limitedadj. 有限的(4)limitlessadj. 無限的[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空/完成句子①Iwassorrythatmyvocabularywassolimited(limit)thatIcouldfindnowordstodescribeit.②I'llhelpasmuchasIcan，butthereisalimittowhatIcando.③Therearelimitless(limit)possibilitiesifyoukeepanopenmind.④Youhadbettersetalimittothemonthlyexpenses.你最好給每月的開支設(shè)置限度。⑤Thereisnolimittothechild'simagination.那孩子的想象力是無限的。[小片段填空]Aman'slifeislimited，butthereisnolimittoservingthepeople.Iwilldevotemylimitedlifetothelimitlessjobofservingthepeople.人的生命是有限的，可是為人民服務(wù)是無限的。我要把有限的生命投入到無限的為人民服務(wù)之中去。(2)preventvt.阻擋；阻礙；阻撓[例1]Theywerestopped/prevented/keptfromenteringtheburningbuilding.他們被攔在了燃燒著的大樓的外面。[例2]WewerepreventedfromattendingProfessorLi'slecturebytheheavyrain.大雨使我們沒能參與李教授的演講。[造句]她的突然到來使他不能外出。Hersuddenarrivalpreventedhimfromgoingout.[學(xué)問拓展]eq\b\lc\{\rc\}(\a\vs4\al\co1(prevent＋賓語＋（from）doing,stop＋賓語＋（from）doing,keep＋賓語＋fromdoing))阻擋……做某事protect...from/against...愛護(hù)……不受……侵襲(from后接能帶來損害或損害之物)[名師點(diǎn)津]表示“阻擋……做某事”的三個(gè)短語用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)中時(shí)，from都不能省略。[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空①Youcan'tstoppeoplefromsaying(say)whattheythink.②Thechurchbellskeepmefromsleeping.③Somethinghasbeendonetoprotect(protect)thegrainfromrain.④Shewaspreventedfromtakingtheexambyillness.eq\a\vs4\al(學(xué)問要點(diǎn)7)contributionn．捐款；貢獻(xiàn)；捐贈(zèng)(教材P4)Thegroupaskedforcontributionsfromdifferentdepartmentsandraisedfundswithintheinternationalcommunity.該組織要求不同部門捐款，并在國際社會(huì)上籌集資金。[例1]LastweekPremierLivisitedseveralgreatscientists，whohavemadegreatcontributionstoscience.上周，李總理探望了幾位宏大的科學(xué)家，他們對(duì)科學(xué)做出了卓越的貢獻(xiàn)。[例2]Failurecanmakeapositivecontributiontoyourlifeonceyoulearntomakeuseofit.一旦你學(xué)會(huì)了利用失敗，失敗就能為你的生活做出主動(dòng)的貢獻(xiàn)。[造句]每個(gè)人都應(yīng)當(dāng)為環(huán)保做貢獻(xiàn)。Everyoneshouldmakeacontributiontoprotectingtheenvironment.[學(xué)問拓展](1)makeacontribution/contributionsto(doing)sth. 對(duì)(做)某事做出貢獻(xiàn)(2)contributevt.&vi. 之一；促成；投稿contribute...to... 向……捐獻(xiàn)/贈(zèng)……；投稿contributeto 貢獻(xiàn)；有助于；導(dǎo)致[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空①TuYouyouhasmadegreatcontributions(contribute)tothepeopleinfectedwithmalaria(瘧疾).②Wemadeacontributiontothosewhoarebadlyoff.③Hecontributedanumberofarticlestothemagazine.[小片段填空]Manypeoplecontributedmoneytothepoorboy，whichcontributedtohisreturningtoschool.Awriterwroteastoryaboutitandcontributedittoanewspaper.很多人給那個(gè)可憐的男孩捐款，使他可以重返校內(nèi)。一位作家寫了一篇關(guān)于此事的故事，并把它投稿到了一家報(bào)社。eq\a\vs4\al(學(xué)問要點(diǎn)8)attemptn．&vt.企圖；試圖；嘗試(教材P5)WhydidtheEgyptiangovernmentwanttoattemptthebuildingofthedam?為什么埃及政府試圖建設(shè)這個(gè)大壩？[例1]Heattemptedtochangehislearningstyle，butfailed.他試圖變更他的學(xué)習(xí)方式，但是沒有勝利。[例2]Theplanecrashedunexpectedlywhenitmadeanattempttoland/atlandingattheairport.這架飛機(jī)在機(jī)場試圖著陸時(shí)意外墜毀了。[造句]他正在試圖完成一項(xiàng)困難的任務(wù)。Heisattemptingtofulfiladifficulttask.[學(xué)問拓展](1)makeanattempttodo/atdoingsth. 嘗試做某事atone's/thefirstattempt (某人)第一次嘗試makenoattempttodosth. 不做任何嘗試(2)attempttodosth. 企圖做某事；嘗試做某事[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空/一句多譯①Hemadeanattempttolearntoskate.②Hehasattemptedtofind(find)apeacefulsolutiontotheconflict.③Theymadenoattempttoescape(escape).④他們?cè)谠噲D用新的方法愛護(hù)文化遺址。→Theyaremakinganattempt/attemptingtoprotectculturalrelicsinanewway.(attempt)→Theyaretryingtoprotectculturalrelicsinanewway.(try)eq\a\vs4\al(學(xué)問要點(diǎn)9)worthwhileadj.值得做的；值得花時(shí)間的(教材P5)Alotofmoneywasspenttoprotectthetemples.Doyouthinkitwasworthwhile?花很多錢愛護(hù)這些廟宇。你認(rèn)為值得嗎？[例1]Hisdaughterfeltitmorethanworthwhiletosavehismusic.他的女兒覺得保存他的音樂很有價(jià)值。[例2]Itisworthwhiletodiscusstheproblemfurther.進(jìn)一步探討這個(gè)問題是值得的。[造句]感謝你讓我的探望如此值得。Thankyouformakingmyvisitworthwhile.[學(xué)問拓展]易混詞意義worthwhile意為“值得的”，常用句型Itisworthwhiledoingsth./todosth.；可作賓語、定語、表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語worthy意為“值得的”，常用句型beworthyofbeingdone/tobedone或beworthyof＋名詞；表示“值得敬重的”時(shí)，常作定語worth意為“值得的”，常用句型beworthdoing，動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義；常做表語[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空①Itisworthwhiletosend(send)himabroadforfurthereducation.②Thebookisworthyofbeingread/toberead(read)carefully.③Thisideaiswellworthconsidering(consider).SentencePatternseq\a\vs4\al(重點(diǎn)句式1)atimewhen...“一個(gè)……的時(shí)期”(教材P4)Therecomesatimewhentheoldmustgivewaytothenew，anditisnotpossibletopreserveeverythingfromourpastaswemovetowardsthefuture.新舊更替的時(shí)代已經(jīng)到來。在走向?qū)淼倪^程中，我們不行能將過去的一切都保存下來。[句式分析]atimewhen...“一個(gè)……的時(shí)期”，when引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞atime。[例1]Therecomesatimewhenchildrenmustleavehomeandspreadtheirwings.總有一天，孩子們必需離家施展他們自己的才能。[例2]TherecomesatimewhenteenagerslearnEnglishontheInternet.青少年在網(wǎng)上學(xué)英語的時(shí)代到來了。[造句]那是一個(gè)電話還沒有被獨(dú)創(chuàng)的時(shí)期。Thatwasatimewhentelephoneshadn'tbeeninvented.[學(xué)問拓展](1)therewasatimewhen... 曾有一段時(shí)間……(2)ata/thetimewhen... 在……的時(shí)候[即學(xué)即練]完成句子①Therecomesatimewhenonemustberesponsibleforhis/hermistakes.到了一個(gè)人要為自己所犯的錯(cuò)負(fù)責(zé)的時(shí)候了。②Itwasatimewhenanythingseemedpossible.那是一個(gè)任何事都可能會(huì)發(fā)生的時(shí)代。③ThiswasatimewhentherewerestillslavesintheUSA.這是一個(gè)在美國仍存在奴隸的時(shí)期。④AtthetimewhenIsawhim，hewasveryyoung.當(dāng)時(shí)我見到他的時(shí)候，他還很年輕。⑤Therewasatimewhenwomenwerenotallowedtogotoschool.曾經(jīng)有一段時(shí)間，婦女不被允許去上學(xué)。eq\a\vs4\al(重點(diǎn)句式2)notonly...butalso...“不僅……而且……”(教材P4)Notonlyhadthecountriesfoundapathtothefuturethatdidnotrunovertherelicsofthepast，buttheyhadalsolearntthatitwaspossibleforcountriestoworktogethertobuildabettertomorrow.這些國家不僅找到了一條不以犧牲古跡為代價(jià)的將來發(fā)展之路，而且明白了多個(gè)國家合作創(chuàng)建美妙將來的可能性。[句式分析]notonly...butalso...“不僅……而且……”用作并列連詞，相當(dāng)于“notjust...butalso...”。[例1]Theynotonlybrokeintohisofficebut(also)toreuphispapers.他們不僅闖進(jìn)了他的辦公室，而且撕碎了他的文件。[例2]TheBritishandtheAmericansnotonlyspeakthesamelanguagebutalsosharealargenumberofsocialcustoms.英國人和美國人不但語言相同，而且有很多相同的社會(huì)習(xí)俗。[造句]不但學(xué)生們反對(duì)這個(gè)支配，老師也反對(duì)。Notonlythestudentsbutalsotheteacherwasagainsttheplan.[學(xué)問拓展](1)notonly...butalso...結(jié)構(gòu)常用來連接并列成分，如兩個(gè)主語、謂語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語或句子，在意義上強(qiáng)調(diào)后者，其中also可以省略。(2)“notonly...butalso...”連接主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)遵循就近原則；(3)當(dāng)notonly位于句首連接兩個(gè)句子時(shí)，第一個(gè)分句要用部分倒裝，其次個(gè)分句不倒裝。[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空/完成句子①Notonlydidheteachatschool，buthewrotenovels.②NotonlyIbutalsoTomandMaryare/were(be)fondofwatchingtelevision.③Notonlydidtheylosetheirway，butalsotheyhadnomoney.他們不但迷路了，而且沒有錢。④Notonlythechildbutalsohisparentsareenjoyingthefilm．不僅是這個(gè)孩子，還有他的父母也在觀賞這部電影。1．(教材P4)Therecomesatimewhentheoldmustgivewaytothenew，anditisnotpossibletopreserveeverythingfromourpastaswemovetowardsthefuture.[分析]本句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句，連詞and連接表示順承關(guān)系的兩個(gè)并列句。第一個(gè)分句中when引導(dǎo)的是限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞atime；其次個(gè)分句中as引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句，it作形式主語。[譯文]新舊更替的時(shí)代已經(jīng)到來。在走向?qū)淼倪^程中，我們不行能將過去的一切都保存下來。2．(教材P4)Notonlyhadthecountriesfoundapathtothefuturethatdidnotrunovertherelicsofthepast，buttheyhadalsolearntthatitwaspossibleforcountriestoworktogethertobuildabettertomorrow.[分析]本句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句，是由notonly...butalso...所連接的兩個(gè)句子，第一個(gè)句子以notonly開頭，助動(dòng)詞had被提到了主語thecountries之前，形成了倒裝句，其中thatdidnotrunovertherelicsofthepast為限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞apath；其次個(gè)句子中that引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)賓語從句，其中it為形式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)toworktogethertobuildabettertomorrow。[譯文]這些國家不僅找到了一條不以犧牲古跡為代價(jià)的將來發(fā)展之路，而且明白了多個(gè)國家合作創(chuàng)建美妙將來的可能性。3．(教材P4)PerhapsthebestexampleisshownbyUNESCO，whichrunsaprogrammethatpreventsworldculturalheritagesitesaroundtheworldfromdisappearing.[分析]這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞UNESCO，which在從句中作主語；其中which引導(dǎo)的從句中含有that引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞aprogramme，that在從句中作主語。[譯文]或許是最好的例子是聯(lián)合國教科文組織，該組織開展了一個(gè)防止世界各地的文化遺產(chǎn)遺址消逝的項(xiàng)目。教材高考1.Findingandkeepingtherightbalancebetweenprogressandtheprotectionofculturalsitescanbeabigchallenge.(2024·天津卷)Theseactionshavegreatlyaffectedtheecologicalbalance.2.AcommitteewasestablishedtolimitdamagetotheEgyptianbuildingsandpreventthelossofculturalrelics.(2024·北京卷)Withhertalentanddetermination，itappearsthattheskycouldbethelimitforAliceMoore.3.WhydidtheEgyptiangovernmentwanttoattemptthebuildingofthedam？(2024·全國卷Ⅰ)Everyyearabout40，000peopleattempttoclimbKilimanjaro，thehighestmountaininAfrica.4.Doyouthinkitwasworthwhile？(2024·北京卷)Wanttoexplorenewcultures，meetnewpeopleanddosomethingworthwhileatthesametime？Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．Itishighlylikelythathewillsucceed.2．Eatingmuchsugarleadstomuchweight.3．Heisaverycreative(create)musician.4．WhocouldnottakepartintheancientOlympicGames?5．Theoldmanalwayskeepsabalanced(balance)diettokeepfit.6．Iwilllimitmyselftodrinking(drink)threecupsofbeeraday.7．Theheavysnowpreventedusfromgoing(go)outforsports.8．Alanhasmadeagreatcontribution(contribute)tothesport.9．Theyattempttofinish(finish)thetaskbefore