InternationalBusinessLaw

Chapter1INTRODUCTIONTOINTERNATIONALANDCOMPARATIVELAW1-1CHAPTER1

INTRODUCTIONTOINTERNATIONALANDCOMPARATIVELAWTopicsforthischapter:DefiningInternationalLawMakingInternationalLawSourcesofInternationallawScopeofInternationalLawinPracticeInternationalPersonsIndividualRightsUnderInternationalLawComparisonofMunicipalLegalSystems1-2WhatisInternationalLaw?Historically,dealtwiththerulesandnormsregulatingtherelationshipsbetweenstates(countries)Thislawbetweennationsiscalledpublicinternationallaw（國際公法）Withgrowthofrelationshipsbetweenpersonsandcorporationsindifferentstates,privateinternationallaw

（國際私法）developedtogoverntheirconduct1-3SchoolsofThoughtDefiningTheBasisofInternationalLaw(IL)Cosmopolitans

（世界主義者）arguethatILisbaseduponuniversalhumanrights.Positivists

（實(shí)證主義法學(xué)者）saythatILisbasedonthesovereignequalityofallstatesandstateconsenttoILthroughtreatiesorcustom.Hobbesians

（霍布斯主義者）claimthatstateswillmakeagreementsandabidebyILonlywhenitsuitstheirself-interests.1-4ExamplesofPublicand

PrivateInternationalLaw1-5GoodwillandCivility

BetweenStates:ComityRepublicofthePhilippinesv.WestinghouseElec.Corp.

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F3d65(3rdCir,1994)U.S.trialcourtorderedthePhilippinegovernmenttonotharasswitnessesinvolvedinthecase.CourtofAppealsoverturnedtheorder.Heldthatacourtcouldrequestcompliancebyaforeignsovereignasamatterofcomity,butcouldnotordercompliance.Comityrequiresthatwerespectothercountries’sovereigntyandlawsothattheywillrespectours.1-6Case1-1

IgnacioSequihuav.TexacoInc.Comityappliedtoprivatedispute.CourtinTexasdeclinedtoexercisejurisdictionoveractivityandharmthatoccurredinEcuador.TakingjurisdictioninU.S.wouldhaveinterferedwithEcuador’ssovereignrighttocontrolitsownenvironment.Casedismissedunderthedoctrineofcomityofnations.1-7U.S.CourtsApplyComityandRefusetoTakeJurisdictionWhen:ThedefendantisasovereignstateDefendanthasinsufficientcontactswiththeU.S.AnotherjudicialforumismoreconvenientCongressdidnotintendU.S.statutetoapplyextraterritoriallyCaseconcernsactofsovereignstateonitsownterritory

1-8TheMakingofInternationalLawGenerally,ILcomesintoeffectonlywhenstatesconsenttoit.Generalconsentfoundinstatepractice–theconductandpracticesofstatesintheirdealingswitheachother.Evidenceofgeneralconsent:DecisionsoftheInternationalCourtofJusticeResolutionspassedbytheUNGeneralAssemblyMultilateraltreaties,conclusionsofinternationalconferences,andprovisionsrepeatedoverandoveragaininbilateraltreaties

1-9SourcesofInternationalLaw（國際法的淵源）Treatiesorconventions（條約或公約）Internationalcustom（國際習(xí)慣）Generalprinciplesoflawrecognizedbycivilizednations（文明國家確認(rèn)的一般法律原則）Judicialdecisionsandteachingsofhighlyqualifiedlegalwriters

（司法判例和著名學(xué)者的學(xué)說）Thislist,ascontainedinArticle38(1)oftheStatuteoftheInternationalCourtofJustice（《國際法院規(guī)約》）,impliesahierarchy,ororder,inwhichthesesourcesaretobereliedon.1-10TreatiesandConventionsEquivalentsoflegislationinILare:Treaties–legallybindingagreementbetweentwoormorestates.Conventions–legallybindingagreementbetweenstatessponsoredbyaninternationalorganization.Customaryrulesthatgoverntreatiesarecontainedinthe“ViennaConventionontheLawofTreaties”（《維也納條約法公約》）,ratifiedby108countries.1-11CustomAsSourceofInternationalLawCustom–along-establishedtraditionorusagethatbecomescustomarylaw（習(xí)慣法）

ifitis:Consistentlyandregularlyobserved,and(Evidenceofthisfoundinofficialstatementsofgovernments,opinionsoflegaladvisors,executivedecrees,orderstomilitaryforces,andcourtdecisions.)Recognizedbythosestatesobservingitasapracticethattheymustobligatorilyfollow.

1-12GeneralPrinciplesofLawandJusCogensCourtswilloftenrelyupongeneralprinciplesoflawthatarecommontothelegalsystemsoftheworldtosolveinternationaldisputes.Juscogens（強(qiáng)行法）

isaperemptorynormofgeneralinternationallaw,recognizedbytheinternationalcommunityasanormfromwhichnoderogationispermitted.Juscogens-statesmustrespectcertainfundamentalprinciples.Treatiesarevoidiftheyconflictwithjuscogens.Ex:Treatybytwonationstouseviolenceagainstathirdnationviolateshigherstandardofjuscogens.

1-13ScopeofInternationalLawinActualPracticeInternationaltribunalsregardmunicipallawassubservienttointernationallaw.Stateshaveobligationtobringtheirmunicipallawintocompliancewithinternationalnorms.Municipalcourtsoftenbalkatthisobligationbaseduponstrongfeelingsofnationalism（民族主義）andbeliefinpriorityforthesovereignstate’sownlaw.1-14PracticeinMunicipalCourtsInmunicipalcourts,internationallawgenerallytreatedascorrelative.Iftheinternationallawisbasedoncustomarypractice,itisreceivedinaccordancewiththedoctrineofincorporation（并入）.CustomaryILispartofdomesticlawtotheextentthatitisnotinconsistent.Minorityofcourts-doctrineoftransformation（轉(zhuǎn)化）CustomaryILisapplicabledomesticallyonlyafteradoptedbylegislation,courtdecision,orlocalusage.

1-15InternationalPersonsStatesIndependentstatesDependentstatesInchoatestatesInternationalOrganizationsIntergovernmentalorganizations(IGO)Nongovernmentalorganizations(NGO)1-18InternationalPersons-StatesState-politicalentitycomprisingaterritory(領(lǐng)土）,apopulation（人民）,agovernmentcapableofenteringintointernationalrelations,andagovernmentcapableofcontrollingitsterritoryandpeoples.Anindependentstate

（獨(dú)立國家）issovereignandoperatesindependentlyinternationally.Adependentstate（非獨(dú)立國家）

(PuertoRico)hasformallysurrenderedsomeaspectoftheirpoliticalandgovernmentalfunctionstoanotherstate.Aninchoatestate

lacksattributesofindependentstate,suchasterritoryorpopulation.1-19TerritorialSovereigntyAfterTheRiodeJaneiroConference-1992Modernly,stateshaveadoptednegativeservitudeasformalpartofinternationallaw.1-22ChangesinTerritorialSovereigntyWithachangeinsovereigntyoverterritory,severallegalconsequencesariseandweapplythefollowingrules:Successorstatesareboundbydispositivetreaties（處分條約）

–treatiesconcernedwithrightsoverterritory(boundaries&servitudes.)MergerRule（合并規(guī)則）

–treatiesineffectinaformerstateremainineffectinitsterritorywhenitbecomespartofanewstate.Ex:TreatiesofbothEgyptandSyriaremainedineffectwhentheymergedintotheUnitedArabRepublicMovingBoundariesRule（界域移動(dòng)原則）

–treatiesofstateabsorbingnewterritorybecomeeffectivewithinabsorbedterritory.1-23ChangesinTerritorialSovereignty(continued)Ex:France’streatiesdisplacedGermantreatiesinannexedterritoryofAlsace-LorraineatendofWWI.CleanSlateDoctrine（白板規(guī)則）

–newstatecreatedfromcolonynotboundbytreatiesofitsformercolonialpower.SuccessionofStates（國家的繼承）

–whentwostatesagreetojoinandformsinglestateorwhenastatedissolvesintotwoormorestates,thenewstatesareboundbythepredecessor’streaties.Ex:WhentheSovietUnionsplitin1991,the12republicswereboundbytheexistingtreatiesoftheSovietUnion.1-24InternationalPersons

-InternationalOrganizationsAccordingtotheUnitedNationsCharter（《聯(lián)合國憲章》）,therearetwokindsofinternationalorganizations:Intergovernmentalorganizations(IGO)Privateornongovernmentalorganizations(NGO)IGOisapermanentorganizationsetupbytwoormorestatestocarryonactivitiesofcommoninterest.NGOisaninternationalorganizationmadeupoforganizationsotherthanstates.MaybenonprofitNGOorfor-profitmultinationalenterprise(MNE).

1-25InternationalPersons

-IGOsIGOcharter(Ex:UNCharter)setsoutitsAimsObjectivesInternalstructureResourcesExpresspowersIGOmustberecognizedtohavelegalcapacity–thequalificationorauthoritytodealwithotherinternationalpersons1-26InternationalPersons

-IGOs

-TheUnitedNationsMostimportantIGOItscharterisamultilateraltreatyOperatesthoughitsorgans-anagencythatcarriesonspecificfunctionswithinalargerorganizations.UNorgansaretheGeneralAssembly,theSecurityCouncil,theInternationalcourtofJustice,theTrusteeshipCouncil,andtheEconomicandSocialCouncil.1-27UnitedNationsSystemNamegiventovariousautonomousorganizations(alsoIGOs)thathaveenteredintoagreementswiththeUNtobeUNagencies.1-28InternationalPersons

-IGOs

-TheEuropeanUnionTheEuropeanUnionisa25-memberIGOcreatedbythefoundingstatesinordertointegratetheireconomiesandpoliticalinstitutions.TheEuropeanTreatyin1992establisheda:politicalunioncommoncitizenshipfornationalsofmemberstatesSocialChartermonetaryunionCentralBank,andcommoncurrency(theeuro).

1-29EUPowersEUhassupranationalpowers.SupranationalpowersarepowerssurrenderedbymemberstatestoanIGO.EUlawissuperiortothelawsofmemberstates.Thismeans:ThememberstatesarerequiredtobringtheirinternallawsintocompliancewithEUlaw,andEx:Commissionv.BelgiumheldthatBelgiummustchangeitslawstopreventdiscriminationagainstlumberproducedinotherstatesTheEUlawisdirectlyeffectivewithinmemberstates

Ex:Costav.ENELheldthatindividualisentitledtoinvoketheEUTreatyinthecourtsofEUmemberstates.1-30InstitutionsoftheEU

-TheEuropeanCommissionThemaininstitutionsoftheEUarethe:EuropeanCommission–EU’sexecutivebranchwithsomelegislativefunctioncomprised27individualsappointedbyParliament.Dutiesareto:EnsurethatEUrulesarerespectedProposemeasurestotheEuropeanCouncilImplementEUpoliciesManagethefundsthatmakeuptheEUbudgetSeehttp://ec.europa.eu/index_en.htm

1-32InstitutionsoftheEU

-CounciloftheEuropeanUnionMaindecision-makingbodyoftheEU.Exercisesco-decisionswithParliament.Roleisto:Adoptlegislation(withParliament)Adoptannualbudget(withParliament)AdoptinternationalagreementsCoordinatetheeconomicpoliciesofthememberstatesSeehttp://www.consilium.europa.eu

1-33InstitutionsoftheEU

-EuropeanParliamentCo-legislativebodyandmainsupervisoryinstitutionoftheEU.786memberselectedeveryfiveyears.Arrangedbypoliticalparties,notbynationality.Threemainroles:OversightauthorityoverallEUinstitutionsShareslegislativepowerwithCounciloftheEUDeterminestheEU’sannualbudgetwithCouncil1-34InstitutionsoftheEU

-EuropeanCourtofJusticeIsthesupremetribunaloftheEU.Comprisedof27judgesand8advocatesgeneral.Advocategeneralbriefscaseforjudgesandsuggesthowcaseshouldbedecided.Sitsinchambersofthreetofivejudges.Hearsfourkindsofcases:appealsfromtheCourtofFirstInstancecomplaintsbroughtbythecommissionorbyonememberagainstanothermembercomplaintsbroughtbymemberagainstEUinstitutioncomplaintstoannulEUlegalmeasure1-35InternationalPersons

-otherIGOsGeneralIGOsthataredevotedtopoliticalcooperation,security,&promotionofeconomic,social,andculturaldevelopmentinclude:CouncilofEurope,AfricanUnion,ArabLeague,OrganizationofAmericanStates,CommonwealthofIndependentStates(formerrepublicsoftheSovietUnion).SpecializedIGOsdealwithissuesofmutualinterestsuchasEuropeanSpaceAgencyandInternationalCriminalPoliceAgency(INTERPOL).FreeTradeAreasarecooperativeeconomicIGOs.TheseincludetheNorthAmericanFTA(NAFTA).1-36InternationalPersons

-NongovernmentalOrganizations(NGOs)NonprofitNGOsserveascoordinatingagenciesforprivatenationalgroups.IncludeInternationalBarAssoc.,AmnestyInternational,andtheInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCross.For-profitNGOs,knownastransnationalcorporationsormultinationalenterprises(MNEs),arebusinessesoperatingjointventuresinmultiplecountries.Thesejointventuresbystateshaveincludedspaceandoilexploration.

1-37RightsofIndividualsUnderInternationalLawIndividualshavenodirectrightsundertraditionalviewofIL.Stateallowedtoseekcompensationforinjurytoitsnationalsunderthelawofstateresponsibility.Individualmayassertclaimforviolationofbasichumanrightsintendedtoprotectallpeoplefromcruelandinhumantreatment,threatstotheirlives,andpersecution.1-38ComparisonofMunicipal

LegalSystemsStudyofdifferentmunicipallawsystemsisknownascompa