概要寫作示例與寫作訓(xùn)練9【寫作示例】【原文呈現(xiàn)】閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Studieshaveshownthatchildrenfrompoorfamilieshavemoredifficultyinschoolthanotherboysandgirls.Childrenwithhighersocioeconomicrootsseembetterpreparedandperformbetteronschooltests.Now,Americanresearchersmayhavefoundabiologicalreasonforthatdifference.Theyfounddifferencesinthebrainsofstudentswhohadlow

standardizedtestscores.Theirbrainshadlessgraymatter

andtheir

temporallobes(顳葉)

developedmoreslowlythantheotherchildren.ThefindingswerereportedinthejournalJAMAPediatrics.Temporallobesandgraymatterareveryimportantbrainareas,saysresearcherBarbaraWolfe.Thebrainareasare“criticalinthesensethattheykeepdevelopinguntilindividualsarewellintotheir

adolescence

orearly20s,andcriticalinthesensethattheyareimportantforexecutivefunction,”shesaid.Researchersstudiedbrainimagesofnearly400childrenandyoungadults.Theyoungestsubjectswerefouryearsold.Theoldestwere22.Researcherslookedforaconnectionbetweentheperson’ssocioeconomic

status

andhisorhertestresults.Onaverage,youngpeoplefrompoorfamilieshadtestscoresbetweenthreeandfourpointsbelowwhatisexpectedfortheiragegroup.Thepooreststudentsscoredbetweeneightand10pointsbelowthedevelopmentalnorm.Ms.Wolfesaysthereareseveralreasonswhypoorerstudentsoftenhavelowerscores.Onereasoncouldbepoorchildrendonotgetthefoodtheyneedforhealthydevelopment.Poorparentsarelesslikelyto

stimulate

theirchildren’sbrainsthroughtalk,play,andactivities.Ms.Wolfealsoblamesthe“stressthatparentsfaceintryingtodealwithpoverty,puttingfoodonthetable.”Theresearcherssaythatupto20percentofthe

achievementgap,ordifferenceintestperformance,couldbetiedtopoverty.Ms.Wolfesuggestsearlyactionmayimprovethebraindevelopmentofchildrenlivinginpoverty.Reachingouttochildrenwhentheyareveryyoungcouldhelpraisetheirtestscoresandacademicperformancewhentheyareolder.【思維路徑】[核心內(nèi)容]這是一篇說明文，全文共分五段。第一段提出本文的主題：據(jù)研究，貧困家庭的孩子比家庭經(jīng)濟條件好的孩子學(xué)業(yè)表現(xiàn)差。第二段介紹了導(dǎo)致這一差異的生理原因。第三段通過具體研究數(shù)字證明論點的可信度。第四段提出了窮學(xué)生分數(shù)低的其它幾個原因。第五段是研究者對此提出的建議，即通過早期行動改善貧困兒童的大腦發(fā)育。[寫作思路](1)理清文章脈絡(luò)、概括段落大意。理清文章脈絡(luò)、概括段落大意是寫摘要的基礎(chǔ)，同學(xué)們可以通過找主題句、分析段落的邏輯關(guān)系來梳理文章的脈絡(luò)，概括大意。第一段的主題句是childrenfrompoorfamilieshavemoredifficultyinschoolthanotherboysandgirls；第二段的主題句是Americanreserachersmayhavefoundabiologicalreasonforthatdifference；第三段的主題句是Researcherslookedforaconnectionbetweentheperson’ssocioeconomicstatusandhisorhertestresults；第四段的主題句是Thereareseveralreasonswhypoorerstudentsoftenhavehavelowerscores；第五段的主題句式Earlyactionmayimprovethebraindevelopmentofchildrenlivinginpoverty。(2)確定表達要點、靈活準(zhǔn)確表達。每段的段落大意都是我們要表達的要點，這可以確保不漏點。本文的摘要要把全文第一句作為一個要點，因為它是全文的邏輯起點。在確定表達要點后要思考如何準(zhǔn)確靈活表達，這是難點。因為評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求完全使用自己的語言。靈活表達的重要技巧是對原來的語言進行同義替換(paraphrase)，同時要對相關(guān)內(nèi)容進行整合。本文的摘要把全文第一句作為要點，因為它是全文的中心，也是全文的邏輯起點。根據(jù)評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求，我們需要對其進行同義替換。同義替換可以從原句的結(jié)構(gòu)進行分析。如本句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是more…than…，我們可以替換為less…than…,notas…as…等。要點2在于把造成這一差異的生理原因(biologicalreason)說清楚，因此我們需要進行準(zhǔn)確的概括。要點3用實驗中的具體數(shù)據(jù)值佐證作者觀點的真實性。因此，要點1和3具有相關(guān)性，我們可以通過調(diào)整順序使縮寫更具邏輯性。要點4是學(xué)習(xí)差異的家庭原因，由于要點2也是造成學(xué)習(xí)差異的原因，我們需要把要點2，4進行整合。要點5是專家提出的可行性建議，可用propose，advise等詞替換原文中的suggest。[參考范文]Recently,astudyrevealsthelinkbetweenachild’ssocioeconomicbackgroundandhisacademicbehavior(要點3),thatis,poorerstudentsusuallyhavelowerscoresthanthosefromricherfamilies(要點1).Lessgraymatterintheirbrainmaycontributetotheirlearningdisability(要點2).Besides,familypressure,foodshortageandlackofstimulusalsoaccountforit(要點4).Fortunately,itisproposedthatearlyactionislikelytopromotethebarindevelopmentofthosepoorstudents(要點5).[范文解析]范文中用background替換了status,link替換了connection,poorstudents替換了childrenlivinginpoverty。要點1,3陳述事實，要點1是要點3的進一步解釋，因此用thatis作為連接。要點2,4都是貧困學(xué)生成績差的原因，要點2是生理原因，要點4是家庭原因，中間用besides連接，表示補充說明。要點5是建議，用fortunately表示這是一個好消息。五個要點以事實、原因、建議的內(nèi)在邏輯重新組合，使之結(jié)構(gòu)清晰、簡潔明了。[提煉歸納]1.語義轉(zhuǎn)換語義轉(zhuǎn)換是新題型概要寫作中很重要的一項基本技能，因為評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對“使用自己的語言進行觀點的獨立表達”有較高的要求。語義轉(zhuǎn)換即包括簡單的對詞匯的轉(zhuǎn)換，如用connection替換了link，把stress改為pressure等。語義轉(zhuǎn)換也包括對結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)換，如把Earlyactionmayimprovethebraindevelopmentofchildrenlivinginpoverty轉(zhuǎn)換為Thebraindevelopmentofthosewhosufferfrompovertyislikelytoberealisedthroughearlyaction等。這樣做可以避免重復(fù)原文內(nèi)容，使語言表達更加多樣化。2.要點整合為了達到概要寫作規(guī)定的字數(shù)，在準(zhǔn)確梳理原文要點的基礎(chǔ)上，我們需要對原文的觀點進行必要的整合，可以幫助我們更簡潔、有效地表達。范文中，沒有根據(jù)文章原有順序進行縮寫，而是根據(jù)其內(nèi)在的聯(lián)系進行了要點整合。根據(jù)原文，要點1和要點3都是陳述事實，因此把這兩點整合在一起。要點2和要點4都是貧困學(xué)生成績差的原因，因此也進行了整合。通過調(diào)整順序和結(jié)構(gòu)，使得范文按照事實、原因、建議的內(nèi)在邏輯重新組合，從而達到了結(jié)構(gòu)清晰、語言簡潔的效果?！緦懽餮菥殹?.閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。CLEANUPYOURBUTTSANDBAGSAllsortsofitemsbecomelitter,buttwoofthemostcommonandmostdangerousarecigarettebuttsandplasticbags.Litterisabigproblemforourenvironment,butitisaproblemthatindividualscaneasilydosomethingabout.Notlitteringatallorcleaninguplitter,suchascigarettebuttsandplasticbags,greatlyimprovesthequalityofourenvironment.Althoughcigarettebuttsaresmall,theyarebadfortheenvironment.Over1,600billioncigarettesaresmokedeachyearinChinaandlargequantitiesofthebuttsarethrownaway.Worldwide,about4.5trillionbuttsarelitteredeveryyear.Apartfromthefactthatbuttsspoilthebeautyoftheenvironment,theycontainsomeverytoxicchemicals.Thesefindtheirwayintothewatersupplywheretheydecreasethequalityofthewaterandendangerplantsandanimalsthatlivethere.Becausetherearesomanybuttsandbecausetheycantakeupto5yearstobreakdown,thetoxicchemicalsadduptoalargeamount.So,ifpeoplehavetosmoke,theyshouldnotthrowawaythebuttsbutputthemintherubbishbininstead.Plasticbagsareanothercommonformoflitterthatisadangertotheenvironment.Thereareseveralreasonsforthis.Theyaremadefromoilandgas,whicharenon-renewableresources,iftheyarenotrecycled,theseresourcesarelosttous.InChina,2billionplasticbagsareusedeveryday.Anenormousnumberofthesebecomelitter.Thisisahugeproblembecausetheylastfrom20to1,000yearsintheenvironment.Theyfloateasilyinairandwaterandtravellongdistances.Theyfindtheirwaytorivers,parks,beachesandoceans.Plasticbagskilluptoonemillionseabirds,100,000seamammalsandcountlessfisheachyearworldwide.Whentheanimaldiesandbreaksdown,theplasticbagcanbecomefreeagaintokillanotheranimal.Itisuptopeoplenottoletplasticbagsbecomelitter.Itwouldbebetteriftheyusedfewerandrecycledthem.Cleaningupyourcigarettebuttsandplasticbagswouldimprovetheenvironment.Theearthwouldbeabetterplacebecauseitwouldbelesspolluted.Andwewouldknowthatweweredoingsomethingtolookafterourplanet.However,Ibelievethebestsolutionwouldbenottosmokeoruseplasticbagsatall._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2.閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Weliveinatechnologicalsocietywheremostgoodsaremass-producedbyunskilledlabor.Becauseofthis,mostpeoplethinkthatcraft(手藝)nolongerexists.Oneofthewaysthesepeoplewronglysupporttheirviewisbypointingto100-year-oldhomeswhicharestillsolid,andarguingthatitisthecraftsmanshipthatisresponsiblefortheirdurability(持久性).“Homesinthosedayswerewell-built,”theysay.Thereisnodoubtthatthesehomeswerewell-built,butwhatthesepeoplehavedoneismixupthequalityofmaterialusedinthehousewiththequalityofthecraftsmanship.Homestodaycouldbebuilttolastjustaslongasthoseoldhomesifpeoplewerewillingorabletopaytheprice.Forexample,morepeoplecannolongeraffordsolidoakstairways,althoughtheywereoncefairlycommoninolderhomes.Norcantheyaffordthehighlaborcostofemployingacarpentertobuildthestairway.Yetifsomeonecanpaythehighcost,therearestillplentyofcarpentersaroundabletomakethosestairways.Andnotonlywouldthesecarpentersknowhowtobuildthem,theywouldprobablydoabetterjobthancarpentersofold.Onethingthemoderncarpenterhaswhichenableshimtodoabetterjobismuchmoreadvancedtools.Suchtoolsaslaserbeamsandpowerplaneshelpthemlayoutahousebetterandmakemoreprecisioncuts(精確切割)onthewood.Also,itisnotuncommonanymoretofindcarpenterswithcollegedegreesandcarpenterswithasolidknowledgeofmathematics,whichwouldenablethemtodealwithmoredifficulthousedesigns.Theproblemofmodernquality,then,reallyboilsdowntotheproblemofmaterial,forthemoderncarpenterisjustasabletoproducecraftsmanshipasthecarpenteroffiftyyearsago,butonlyifgivenpropermaterial._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3.閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Gettingupearlyhasbeenregardedasagoodhabitsinceancienttimes.Manyyearsago,peoplethoughtthatifwewenttobedearlyandgotupearly,wewouldbeenergeticthewholeday.So,gettingupearlyisofgreatimportancetousall.Infact,morningisthebesttimeofaday.Inthemorning,theairisthefreshestandpeopleareusuallyinthebestcondition.Manyofusmayhavetheexperiencesthatwememorizesomethingsmorequicklyandcorrectlyinthemorningthanatanyothertimeoftheday.Anditiscertainthatwefinditeasiertounderstandwhatwelearninthemorning.Ifwegetupearlyanddosomemorningexerciseoronlytakeashortwalkinthemorning,withoutdoubtwecanbuildupourbodiesandbecomemuchhealthier.Alsowewillhaveenoughtimetomakeaplanandgetreadyforourworkorstudyofthedayifwegetupearly.Forexample,ifeveryoneinthefamilygetsupearly,wiveswillhaveenoughtimetopreparethebreakfastforthewholefamily;childrenwillhaveenoughtimetocatchtheschoolbus,andhusbandswillneverforgettochangetheirdirtyshirt.Everythingwillbeinorder.However,ifwegetuplate,we’llprobablyhavetodoeverythinginahurry.Letusremembergettingupearlyisagoodhabitandtryourbesttokeepit.Laterisersmayfinditdifficulttoformthehabitofgettingupearly.Theyhavetomakeanefforttodoso.Ifwesticktogettingupearlyeveryday,wewillcertainlybenefitalotfromit._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4.閱讀短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。ThewayofChinesepeople’slifehasbeenchangedthroughtheChina’s“NewFourGreatInventions”.Whatare“NewFourGreatInventions”?TheyareHigh-speedrail,Sharedbike,OnlineshoppingandAliPay.WhatdidtheChina’s“NewFourGreatInventions”bringtous?High-speedrail—Moderntransportationmakeseverybodyneighbors.Theinventionofthehigh-speedrailwaymakesiteasytothousandsofmilesaday.TodayChina’srailtransittechnologyisthebest,theChina’sdailyaverageof4,000trains,sendingabout4.6millionpassengers.Sharedbike—Shortwalksbecomemoreconvenientandfaster,andcarbonmissionsarereduced,whichisfriendlytotheenvironment.YoucandownloadtheAPPaboutsharedbikes,paysomemoney,thenyoucanusebicycleseverywhereinthestreet.TheChinesesharedbicycleprogramshavebeenbecomingmoreandmorepopular.Onlineshopping—Don’tneedtogoouttofindtheneedsforliving.Onlineshopping,asthenameimplies,istopaymoneyonline.Purchases(購買物)canbesenthome.Chinahas751millioninternetusers,724millionmobilephoneusers;totaltransactions(銷售額)onNovember11andDecember12hitarecordhigheveryyear.OnlineshoppingletsChineseinternetusersenjoy“shoppingcarnival”everyday.Alipay—Asoftwarewhichcanreplacecashpayment.Withintelligencephones’popularization,AliPayhasbecomeanindispensable(不可或缺的)APP.Throughscanningthe“QRcode”,AliPaywantstorealizetheambitionof“replacingcashpayments”gradually.On11November2018,boththemobilepaymentaccountandthetransactionreached213.5billion.ThereisnodoubtthatChinahasalreadyuseditsownpowerof“NewFourGreatInventions”tobecomethegreatpowerfultechnologicalcountry,showingthepowerofChinaonceagain._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5.閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Whenthepandemicstarted,somepeoplewerewonderingiftheinternetcouldstanduptotheriseindemand.Theanswerisnotonlyaclear“yes”butthiswholeperiodmadeitevenstronger.HowwouldourworldsurvivewithoutInternetinpandemicsituation?Theanswerissimple:differentlybutnotbetterorworse.Weknowthattheinternetavailableischangingalotofthings.Thankstoit,peoplewereabletokeeponworkingfromtheirhome,otherswereabletokeepcontactwiththeirlovedonesandfriendsandmostfoundtheirentertainmentreliefthroughit.Haditnoteverexisted,peoplewouldhavestayedathomeandenjoyedtheirfamilyorcreatedmoresincetheywouldhavehadmoretimeontheirhands.Butintoday’sworld,theinternethasbecometheonelinkthatunitesusall.ItisthereasonwhypeoplewereabletoforgetforminutesandhoursatatimethroughtheuseofInternet.Itisthereasonwhysomanycompanieswillsurviveandmostprobablygrowstrongerafterwards,sincetheywereabletoplanthroughSkypeandZoom.Itisthereasonwhyloversdidnotfallintofulldepression,havingtoliveawayfromtheirpartnerforafewmonths,sincetheywereatleastabletotalkandseeeachotherwhilesharingmomentsoftheirlives.Therecannotbeanydoubtsanymore:Theinternetistheonelinkthatunitesusall.Inthefirstthreemonthsofthisyear,internetusehasgrownby25%inmostmajorcitiesaroundtheworld.Thisnumberisreflectedintheuseofvariousapplicationsandwebsites.Oneoftheclearestjumpsupistheuseofvideocalls.Thisshouldnotbesurprisingsinceitisusedbothforbusinessandforpersonalpurposes.PCGamestoreshavealsoseenahugeincreaseintheirsalesduringthisperiod.Abitmoresurprisingmaybe,istheincreaseofonlinegrocerystoresusageasthestoreswerebreakingdownunderthedemand._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________答案與解析1.【參考范文】Cigarettebuttsandplasticbagsarethemostseriouslitterproblems,butpeoplecanhelpdealwiththem.Cigarettebutts,whichdestroythebeautifulenvironmentandendangerlifewithpoisonouschemicals,shouldbeputintodustbins.Plasticbags,madefromnon-renewableresources,canexistindifferentplacesforalongtime,killingcountlessanimals.Sopeoplehadbetterusefewerandrecyclethem.Cleaningupbuttsandbagswillmaketheworldbetter.【解析】本篇書面表達是概要寫作，要求概括煙頭和塑料袋對環(huán)境的危害，并呼吁清理煙頭或者不吸煙，不使用塑料袋。注意篇幅控制在60詞左右。寫之前，需要認真仔細地讀幾遍原文材料，掌握文章主旨。本文主要說明了香煙和塑料袋對環(huán)境有害并分別解釋了原因，最后呼吁為了改善環(huán)境，我們應(yīng)該清理煙頭或者不吸煙，不使用塑料袋。遵循原文的邏輯順序，弄清結(jié)構(gòu)，對重要部分的主題、標(biāo)題、細節(jié)進行概括，全面清晰地表明原文信息。注意要點之間的銜接，要使用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)聯(lián)詞語貫通全文。切忌只寫一些簡單的互不相干的句子。不排斥用原文的某些詞句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的話表述，至少對原文句子做一些同義詞替換或者結(jié)構(gòu)上的轉(zhuǎn)換。2.【參考范文】Peoplewhothinkhighlyofcarpentersofancientholdtheviewthatcraftisdeadinmodernsociety(要點1).However,carpenterstodaycanstillbuildhomesofgoodorevenbetterqualityiftheyaregivenpropermaterialsandreasonablepay.(要點2)Additionally,moderncarpentersaremoreknowledgeableandequippedwithadvancedtools.(要點3)Therefore,theyaresuretoproducecraftsmanshipbetterthan,oratleastasgoodasthatmadeinthepast.(要點4)【解析】這是一篇概要寫作，要求考生根據(jù)所給關(guān)于木匠的內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。完成一篇概要寫作，需要經(jīng)過三個步驟：1.讀懂原文，抓住段落主題句。在閱讀過程中，需要準(zhǔn)確把握文章的段落大意，學(xué)會剔除非重要信息，弄清楚不同體裁的文章內(nèi)部的邏輯關(guān)系以及文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)。如本文是屬于議論文，議論的段落結(jié)構(gòu)多采用總分結(jié)構(gòu)，即作者先提出一個論點，然后段落其他的拓展句都是圍繞這個論點進行展開。如第一段的最后一句“Thereisnodoubtthatthesehomeswerewell-built,butwhatthesepeoplehavedoneismixupthequalityofmaterialusedinthehousewiththequalityofthecraftsmanship.”作者先提出了很多人把建筑材料的質(zhì)量與手工藝的質(zhì)量混為一談，中間論述，最后總結(jié)現(xiàn)代木匠可以比之前的老木匠做得一樣好甚至更好。2.組織語言，轉(zhuǎn)換表達，合理合并觀點。在找到主題句明確全文中心的基礎(chǔ)上，不全盤照抄原文句子，盡量用自己的語言轉(zhuǎn)換表達，組織好語言，注重語言表達的獨立性和準(zhǔn)確性以及高級性，同時要注意篇幅的比例安排，用較多的文字去表達重要的內(nèi)容。如本文的第二段主題句“Homestodaycouldbebuilttolastjustaslongasthoseoldhomesifpeoplewerewillingorabletopaytheprice.”和最后一段的主題句“Theproblemofmodernquality,then,reallyboilsdowntotheproblemofmaterial”可以轉(zhuǎn)換合并為“carpenterstodaycanstillbuildhomesofgoodorevenbetterqualityiftheyaregivenpropermaterialsandreasonablepay.”3.通讀全文，邏輯連貫。要牢記各段落要點之間的邏輯關(guān)系和自然銜接，用恰當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)聯(lián)詞，銜接詞去連貫全文，如本文在轉(zhuǎn)折時用了however作為銜接詞，最后做總結(jié)的時候用了therefore。3.【參考范文】Greatimportancehasbeenattachedtogettingupearlysinceancienttimes.(早起的重要性)(要點1)Tobeginwith,morningisafantastictimetoenjoythefreshestairandhaveamoreaccuratememory.(對記憶的好處)(要點2)Inaddition,peoplewhosticktophysicalexerciseinthemorningwillbehealthier.(鍛煉)(要點三)Lastbutnotleast,gettingupearlyenablesustomakegoodpreparationsfortheday.(做好一天的準(zhǔn)備)(要點4)Tosumup,wearesupposedtosticktothegoodhabit,whichwillbenefitusalot.(建議)(要點5)【解析】本文是一篇概要寫作。文章告訴我們早起的重要性，會對我們的記憶帶來好處，也能夠更好的做好一天的準(zhǔn)備。本文是一篇概要寫作，要求寫出文章的主題大意和要點，要寫全要點，抓住重點，要使用自己比較熟悉的詞匯、短語和句型，恰當(dāng)使用過渡詞和連接詞，以使文章連貫、流暢。要盡量使用高級詞匯和句型、各種從句以及非謂語動詞等高級形式，以體現(xiàn)較高的寫作水平。本文寫作時時態(tài)采用一般現(xiàn)在時。在寫作時應(yīng)注意把握本文文章要點：1.早起的重要性；2.早起對于記憶有很大的幫助；3.可以在早晨進行晨練，增強身體素質(zhì)；4.可以為一天做好準(zhǔn)備。寫作時應(yīng)注意上下文連貫及詞數(shù)要求。4.【參考范文】China’snew“FourGreatInventions”—High-speedrail,Sharedbike,OnlineshoppingandAliPayhavechangedChinesepeople’slife(要點1).High-speedrailmakestripsfasterthanbefore(要點2).Meanwhile,Sharedbikeletstheshortwalksbecomefaster,moreconvenientandenvironmentallyfriendly(要點3).OnlineshoppingcreatesmanybusinessopportunitiesontheinternetandAlipaywillgraduallyreplacecashpayment(要點3,4).Withoutdoubt,newfourinventionscontributetoagreatandpowerfultechnologicalChina(要點5).(68字)【解析】文章的主要結(jié)構(gòu)為總-分-總。主要講中國的新“四大發(fā)明”改變了中國人的生活方式，現(xiàn)實了中國的力量。符合概要寫作常規(guī)出題思路。第一段講述了中國的新“四大發(fā)明”是什么及它們改變了中國人的生活方式，可以用到的詞匯有：new“FourGreatInventions”，changed，lifestyle等。第三段講述高鐵使得旅行更快速、方便，可以用到的詞匯有：trips，faster等。第四段講述共享單車讓短途旅行更方便快捷，并對環(huán)境更友好，可以用到的詞匯有：shortwalks，faster,moreconvenient，environmentallyfriendly等。第五段講述網(wǎng)上購物創(chuàng)造了更多的商機，可以用到的詞匯有：businessopportunities等。第六段講述支付寶正逐步替代現(xiàn)金，可以用到的詞匯有：replace，cash等。第七段講述新“四大發(fā)明”顯示了中國的科技力量，可以用到的詞匯有：contributeto，powerfultechnological等?！痉段狞c評】[高分句型1]Bike-sharingisaconvenient,environmentallyfriendlywayforshortwalks.共享單車對于短距離旅行是一種方便、環(huán)保的方式。environmentallyfriendly對環(huán)境友好的。[高分句型2]AlipayislaunchingChinaintoacashlesssociety.支付寶正把中國推向一個無現(xiàn)金社會。cashless無現(xiàn)金的，launch…into…推……進入……。5.【參考范文】Theinternetsupportstherisingdemandandgrewstrongerconfrontingthepandemic.Thelifewithoutinternetwouldbethendifferentbutnotbetterorworsesinceinternetofferseasetoworkandconnectionbutstealspersonaltime.Nowadaystheinternetconnectsusallsothatpeopleforgetabouttimeanddistanceandcompaniesmaintaingrowth.Inthefirstquarterof2020,internetusehassurgedworldwideintermsofvideocalls,PCgamesandevenonlinegrocerystores.【解析】這是一篇概要寫作題型。要求考生根據(jù)短文寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。完成一篇概要寫作，需要經(jīng)過三個步驟：1.讀懂原文，抓住段落主題句。在閱讀過程中，需要準(zhǔn)確把握文章的段落大意，學(xué)會剔除非重要信息，弄清楚不同體裁的文章內(nèi)部的邏輯關(guān)系以及文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)。如本文是屬于說明文，說明文的段落結(jié)構(gòu)多采用總分結(jié)構(gòu)，即作者先提出一個說明的主題，然后段落其他的拓展句都是圍繞這個主題句進行展開。如第二段的第一句和第二句“HowwouldourworldsurvivewithoutInternetinpandemicsituation?Theanswerissimple:differentlybutnotbetterorworse.”表示的是我們的世界是如何在疫情之中缺少因特網(wǎng)的情況下生存的呢？答案很簡單：不同地但是沒有好壞。這是本段的主題句，緊接著其他拓展句就有無因特網(wǎng)的不同生活進行說明。2.組織語言，轉(zhuǎn)換表達。在找到主題句明確全文中心的基礎(chǔ)上，不全盤照抄原文句子，盡量用自己的語言轉(zhuǎn)換表達，組織好語言，注重語言表達的獨立性和準(zhǔn)確性以及高級性，同時要注意篇幅的比例安排，用較多的文字去表達重要的內(nèi)容。如本文的第二段主題句是“HowwouldourworldsurvivewithoutInternetinpandemicsituation?Theanswerissimple:differentlybutnotbetterorworse.”，可以轉(zhuǎn)換為“Thelifewithoutinternetwouldbedifferentbutnotbetterorworse.”3.通讀全文，邏輯連貫。要牢記各段落要點之間的邏輯關(guān)系和自然銜接，用恰當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)聯(lián)詞，銜接詞去連貫全文。概要寫作示例與寫作訓(xùn)練9【寫作示例】【原文呈現(xiàn)】閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Studieshaveshownthatchildrenfrompoorfamilieshavemoredifficultyinschoolthanotherboysandgirls.Childrenwithhighersocioeconomicrootsseembetterpreparedandperformbetteronschooltests.Now,Americanresearchersmayhavefoundabiologicalreasonforthatdifference.Theyfounddifferencesinthebrainsofstudentswhohadlow

standardizedtestscores.Theirbrainshadlessgraymatter

andtheir

temporallobes(顳葉)

developedmoreslowlythantheotherchildren.ThefindingswerereportedinthejournalJAMAPediatrics.Temporallobesandgraymatterareveryimportantbrainareas,saysresearcherBarbaraWolfe.Thebrainareasare“criticalinthesensethattheykeepdevelopinguntilindividualsarewellintotheir

adolescence

orearly20s,andcriticalinthesensethattheyareimportantforexecutivefunction,”shesaid.Researchersstudiedbrainimagesofnearly400childrenandyoungadults.Theyoungestsubjectswerefouryearsold.Theoldestwere22.Researcherslookedforaconnectionbetweentheperson’ssocioeconomic

status

andhisorhertestresults.Onaverage,youngpeoplefrompoorfamilieshadtestscoresbetweenthreeandfourpointsbelowwhatisexpectedfortheiragegroup.Thepooreststudentsscoredbetweeneightand10pointsbelowthedevelopmentalnorm.Ms.Wolfesaysthereareseveralreasonswhypoorerstudentsoftenhavelowerscores.Onereasoncouldbepoorchildrendonotgetthefoodtheyneedforhealthydevelopment.Poorparentsarelesslikelyto

stimulate

theirchildren’sbrainsthroughtalk,play,andactivities.Ms.Wolfealsoblamesthe“stressthatparentsfaceintryingtodealwithpoverty,puttingfoodonthetable.”Theresearcherssaythatupto20percentofthe

achievementgap,ordifferenceintestperformance,couldbetiedtopoverty.Ms.Wolfesuggestsearlyactionmayimprovethebraindevelopmentofchildrenlivinginpoverty.Reachingouttochildrenwhentheyareveryyoungcouldhelpraisetheirtestscoresandacademicperformancewhentheyareolder.【思維路徑】[核心內(nèi)容]這是一篇說明文，全文共分五段。第一段提出本文的主題：據(jù)研究，貧困家庭的孩子比家庭經(jīng)濟條件好的孩子學(xué)業(yè)表現(xiàn)差。第二段介紹了導(dǎo)致這一差異的生理原因。第三段通過具體研究數(shù)字證明論點的可信度。第四段提出了窮學(xué)生分數(shù)低的其它幾個原因。第五段是研究者對此提出的建議，即通過早期行動改善貧困兒童的大腦發(fā)育。[寫作思路](1)理清文章脈絡(luò)、概括段落大意。理清文章脈絡(luò)、概括段落大意是寫摘要的基礎(chǔ)，同學(xué)們可以通過找主題句、分析段落的邏輯關(guān)系來梳理文章的脈絡(luò)，概括大意。第一段的主題句是childrenfrompoorfamilieshavemoredifficultyinschoolthanotherboysandgirls；第二段的主題句是Americanreserachersmayhavefoundabiologicalreasonforthatdifference；第三段的主題句是Researcherslookedforaconnectionbetweentheperson’ssocioeconomicstatusandhisorhertestresults；第四段的主題句是Thereareseveralreasonswhypoorerstudentsoftenhavehavelowerscores；第五段的主題句式Earlyactionmayimprovethebraindevelopmentofchildrenlivinginpoverty。(2)確定表達要點、靈活準(zhǔn)確表達。每段的段落大意都是我們要表達的要點，這可以確保不漏點。本文的摘要要把全文第一句作為一個要點，因為它是全文的邏輯起點。在確定表達要點后要思考如何準(zhǔn)確靈活表達，這是難點。因為評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求完全使用自己的語言。靈活表達的重要技巧是對原來的語言進行同義替換(paraphrase)，同時要對相關(guān)內(nèi)容進行整合。本文的摘要把全文第一句作為要點，因為它是全文的中心，也是全文的邏輯起點。根據(jù)評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求，我們需要對其進行同義替換。同義替換可以從原句的結(jié)構(gòu)進行分析。如本句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是more…than…，我們可以替換為less…than…,notas…as…等。要點2在于把造成這一差異的生理原因(biologicalreason)說清楚，因此我們需要進行準(zhǔn)確的概括。要點3用實驗中的具體數(shù)據(jù)值佐證作者觀點的真實性。因此，要點1和3具有相關(guān)性，我們可以通過調(diào)整順序使縮寫更具邏輯性。要點4是學(xué)習(xí)差異的家庭原因，由于要點2也是造成學(xué)習(xí)差異的原因，我們需要把要點2，4進行整合。要點5是專家提出的可行性建議，可用propose，advise等詞替換原文中的suggest。[參考范文]Recently,astudyrevealsthelinkbetweenachild’ssocioeconomicbackgroundandhisacademicbehavior(要點3),thatis,poorerstudentsusuallyhavelowerscoresthanthosefromricherfamilies(要點1).Lessgraymatterintheirbrainmaycontributetotheirlearningdisability(要點2).Besides,familypressure,foodshortageandlackofstimulusalsoaccountforit(要點4).Fortunately,itisproposedthatearlyactionislikelytopromotethebarindevelopmentofthosepoorstudents(要點5).[范文解析]范文中用background替換了status,link替換了connection,poorstudents替換了childrenlivinginpoverty。要點1,3陳述事實，要點1是要點3的進一步解釋，因此用thatis作為連接。要點2,4都是貧困學(xué)生成績差的原因，要點2是生理原因，要點4是家庭原因，中間用besides連接，表示補充說明。要點5是建議，用fortunately表示這是一個好消息。五個要點以事實、原因、建議的內(nèi)在邏輯重新組合，使之結(jié)構(gòu)清晰、簡潔明了。[提煉歸納]1.語義轉(zhuǎn)換語義轉(zhuǎn)換是新題型概要寫作中很重要的一項基本技能，因為評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對“使用自己的語言進行觀點的獨立表達”有較高的要求。語義轉(zhuǎn)換即包括簡單的對詞匯的轉(zhuǎn)換，如用connection替換了link，把stress改為pressure等。語義轉(zhuǎn)換也包括對結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)換，如把Earlyactionmayimprovethebraindevelopmentofchildrenlivinginpoverty轉(zhuǎn)換為Thebraindevelopmentofthosewhosufferfrompovertyislikelytoberealisedthroughearlyaction等。這樣做可以避免重復(fù)原文內(nèi)容，使語言表達更加多樣化。2.要點整合為了達到概要寫作規(guī)定的字數(shù)，在準(zhǔn)確梳理原文要點的基礎(chǔ)上，我們需要對原文的觀點進行必要的整合，可以幫助我們更簡潔、有效地表達。范文中，沒有根據(jù)文章原有順序進行縮寫，而是根據(jù)其內(nèi)在的聯(lián)系進行了要點整合。根據(jù)原文，要點1和要點3都是陳述事實，因此把這兩點整合在一起。要點2和要點4都是貧困學(xué)生成績差的原因，因此也進行了整合。通過調(diào)整順序和結(jié)構(gòu)，使得范文按照事實、原因、建議的內(nèi)在邏輯重新組合，從而達到了結(jié)構(gòu)清晰、語言簡潔的效果。【寫作演練】1.閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。CLEANUPYOURBUTTSANDBAGSAllsortsofitemsbecomelitter,buttwoofthemostcommonandmostdangerousarecigarettebuttsandplasticbags.Litterisabigproblemforourenvironment,butitisaproblemthatindividualscaneasilydosomethingabout.Notlitteringatallorcleaninguplitter,suchascigarettebuttsandplasticbags,greatlyimprovesthequalityofourenvironment.Althoughcigarettebuttsaresmall,theyarebadfortheenvironment.Over1,600billioncigarettesaresmokedeachyearinChinaandlargequantitiesofthebuttsarethrownaway.Worldwide,about4.5trillionbuttsarelitteredeveryyear.Apartfromthefactthatbuttsspoilthebeautyoftheenvironment,theycontainsomeverytoxicchemicals.Thesefindtheirwayintothewatersupplywheretheydecreasethequalityofthewaterandendangerplantsandanimalsthatlivethere.Becausetherearesomanybuttsandbecausetheycantakeupto5yearstobreakdown,thetoxicchemicalsadduptoalargeamount.So,ifpeoplehavetosmoke,theyshouldnotthrowawaythebuttsbutputthemintherubbishbininstead.Plasticbagsareanothercommonformoflitterthatisadangertotheenvironment.Thereareseveralreasonsforthis.Theyaremadefromoilandgas,whicharenon-renewableresources,iftheyarenotrecycled,theseresourcesarelosttous.InChina,2billionplasticbagsareusedeveryday.Anenormousnumberofthesebecomelitter.Thisisahugeproblembecausetheylastfrom20to1,000yearsintheenvironment.Theyfloateasilyinairandwaterandtravell