1新概念第四冊(cè)課文Unit1Lesson1Findingfossilman發(fā)現(xiàn)化石人Firstlistenandthenanswerthefollowingquestion.聽(tīng)錄音，然后回答以下問(wèn)題。Whyarelegendshandeddownbystorytellersuseful?Wecanreadofthingsthathappened5,000yearsagointheNearEast,wherepeoplefirstlearnedtowrite.Buttherearesomepartsofthewordwhereevennowpeoplecannotwrite.Theonlywaythattheycanpreservetheirhistoryistorecountitassagas--legendshandeddownfromonegenerationofanother.Theselegendsareusefulbecausetheycantellussomethingaboutmigrationsofpeoplewholivedlongago,butnonecouldwritedownwhattheydid.AnthropologistswonderedwheretheremoteancestorsofthePolynesianpeoplesnowlivinginthePacificIslandscamefrom.ThesagasofthesepeopleexplainthatsomeofthemcamefromIndonesiaabout2,000yearsago.Butthefirstpeoplewhowerelikeourselveslivedsolongagothateventheirsagas,iftheyhadany,areforgotten.Soarchaeologistshaveneitherhistorynorlegendstohelpthemtofindoutwherethefirst'modernmen'camefrom.Fortunately,however,ancientmenmadetoolsofstone,especiallyflint,becausethisiseasiertoshapethanotherkinds.Theymayalsohaveusedwoodandskins,butthesehaverottedaway.Stonedoesnotdecay,andsothetoolsoflongagohaveremainedwheneventhebonesofthemenwhomadethemhavedisappearedwithouttrace.ROBINPLACEFindingfossilmanNewwordsandexpressions生詞和短語(yǔ)fossilman(title)adj.化石人recountv.敘述sagan.英雄故事legendn.傳說(shuō)，傳奇migrationn.遷移，移居anthropologist1n.人類學(xué)家archaeologistn.考古學(xué)家ancestorn.祖先Polynesianadj.波利尼西亞（中太平洋之一群島）的Indonesian.印度尼西亞flintn.燧石rotn.爛掉參考譯文我們從書(shū)籍中可讀到5,000年前近東發(fā)生的事情，那里的人最早學(xué)會(huì)了寫(xiě)字。但直到現(xiàn)在,世界上有些地方，人們還不會(huì)書(shū)寫(xiě)。他們保存歷史的唯一辦法是將歷史當(dāng)作傳說(shuō)講述，由講述人一代接一代地將史實(shí)描述為傳奇故事口傳下來(lái)。人類學(xué)家過(guò)去不清楚如今生活在太平洋諸島上的波利尼西亞人的祖先來(lái)自何方，當(dāng)?shù)厝说膫髡f(shuō)卻告訴人們：其中一部分是約在2,000年前從印度尼西亞遷來(lái)的。但是，和我們相似的原始人生活的年代太久遠(yuǎn)了，因此，有關(guān)他們的傳說(shuō)既使有如今也失傳了。于是，考古學(xué)家們既缺乏歷史記載，又無(wú)口頭傳說(shuō)來(lái)幫助他們弄清最早的“現(xiàn)代人”是從哪里來(lái)的。然而，幸運(yùn)的是，遠(yuǎn)古人用石頭制作了工具，特別是用燧石，因?yàn)殪菔^之其他石頭更容易成形。他們也可能用過(guò)木頭和獸皮，但這類東西早已腐爛殆盡。石頭是不會(huì)腐爛的。因此，盡管制造這些工具的人的骨頭早已蕩然無(wú)存，但遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)代的石頭工具卻保存了下來(lái)。Lesson2Sparethatspider不要傷害蜘蛛Firstlistenandthenanswerthefollowingquestion.聽(tīng)錄音，然后回答以下問(wèn)題。Howmuchofeachyeardospidersspendkillinginsects?Why,youmaywonder,shouldspidersbeourfriends?Becausetheydestroysomanyinsects,andinsectsincludesomeofthegreatestenemiesofthehumanrace.Insectswouldmakeitimpossibleforustoliveintheworld;theywoulddevourallourcropsandkillourflocksandherds,ifitwerenotfortheprotectionwegetfrominsect-eatinganimals.Weowealottothebirds1andbeastswhoeatinsectsbutallofthemputtogetherkillonlyafractionofthenumberdestroyedbyspiders.Moreover,unlikesomeoftheotherinsecteaters,spidersneverdotheharmtousorourbelongings.Spidersarenotinsects,asmanypeoplethink,norevennearlyrelatedtothem.Onecantellthedifferencealmostataglance,foraspideralwayshaseightlegsandinsectnevermorethansix.Howmanyspidersareengagedinthisworknoourbehalf?OneauthorityonspidersmadeacensusofthespidersingrassfieldinthesouthofEngland,andheestimatedthatthereweremorethan2,250,000inoneacre;thatissomethinglike6,000,000spidersofdifferentkindsonafootballpitch.Spidersarebusyforatleasthalftheyearinkillinginsects.Itisimpossibletomakemorethanthewildestguessathowmanytheykill,buttheyarehungrycreatures,notcontentwithonlythreemealsaday.IthasbeenestimatedthattheweightofalltheinsectsdestroyedbyspidersinBritaininoneyearwouldbegreaterthanthetotalweightofallthehumanbeingsinthecountry.T.H.GILLESPLESparethatspiderfromTheListenerNewwordsandexpressionsbeastn.野獸censusn.統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字acren.英畝contentadj.滿足的參考譯文你可能會(huì)覺(jué)得奇怪，蜘蛛怎么會(huì)是我們的朋友呢？因?yàn)樗鼈兡芟麥缒敲炊嗟睦ハx(chóng)，其中包括一些人類的大敵，要不是人類受一些食蟲(chóng)動(dòng)物的保護(hù)，昆蟲(chóng)就會(huì)使我們無(wú)法在地球上生活下去，昆蟲(chóng)會(huì)吞食我們的全部莊稼，殺死我們的成群的牛羊。我們要十分感謝那些吃昆蟲(chóng)的鳥(niǎo)和獸，然而把它們所殺死的昆蟲(chóng)全部加在一起也只相當(dāng)于蜘蛛所消滅的一小部分。此外，蜘蛛不同于其他食蟲(chóng)動(dòng)物，它們絲毫不危害我們和我們的財(cái)物。許多人認(rèn)為蜘蛛是昆蟲(chóng)，但它們不是昆蟲(chóng)，甚至與昆蟲(chóng)毫無(wú)關(guān)系。人們幾乎一眼就能看出二者的差異，因?yàn)橹┲攵际?條腿，而昆蟲(chóng)的腿從不超過(guò)6條。有多少蜘蛛在為我們效力呢？一位研究蜘蛛的權(quán)威對(duì)英國(guó)南部一塊草坪上的蜘蛛作了一次調(diào)查。他估計(jì)每英畝草坪里有225萬(wàn)多只蜘蛛。這就是說(shuō)，在一個(gè)足球場(chǎng)上約有600萬(wàn)只不同種類的蜘蛛。蜘蛛至少有半年在忙于吃昆蟲(chóng)。它們一年中消滅了多少昆蟲(chóng)，我們簡(jiǎn)直無(wú)法猜測(cè)，它們是吃不飽的動(dòng)物，不滿意一日三餐。據(jù)估計(jì)，在英國(guó)蜘蛛一年里所消滅昆蟲(chóng)的重量超過(guò)這個(gè)國(guó)家人口的總重量。Lesson31Matterhornman馬特霍恩山區(qū)人Firstlistenandthenanswerthefollowingquestion.聽(tīng)錄音，然后回答以下問(wèn)題。Whatwasthemainobjectiveofearlymountainclimbers?Modernalpiniststrytoclimbmountainsbyaroutewhichwillgivethemgoodsport,andthemoredifficultitis,themorehighlyitisregarded.Inthepioneeringdays,however,thiswasnotthecaseatall.Theearlyclimberswerelookingfortheeasiestwaytothetop,becausethesummitwastheprizetheysought,especiallyifitandneverbeenattainedbefore.Itistruethatduringtheirexplorationstheyoftenfaceddifficultiesanddangersofthemostperilousnature,equippedinamannerwithwouldmakeamodernclimbershudderatthethought,buttheydidnotgooutoftheirwaytocourtsuchexcitement.Theyhadasingleaim,asolitarygoal--thetop!Itishardforustorealizenowadayshowdifficultitwasforthepioneers.ExceptforoneortwoplacessuchasZermattandChamonix,whichhadrapidlybecomepopular,Alpinevillagetendedtobeimpoverishedsettlementscutofffromcivilizationbythehighmountains.Suchinnsasthereweregenerallydirtyandflea-ridden;thefoodsimplylocalcheeseaccompaniedbybreadoftentwelvemonthsold,allwasheddownwithcoarsewine.Oftenavalleyboastednoinnatall,andclimbersfoundshelterwherevertheycould--sometimeswiththelocalpriest(whowasusuallyaspoorashisparishioners),sometimeswithshepherdsorcheese-makers.Invariablythebackgroundwasthesame:dirtandpoverty,andveryuncomfortable.Formenaccustomedtoeatingseven-coursedinnersandsleepingbetweenfinelinensheetsathome,thechangetotheAlpsmusthaveveryhardindeed.WALTERUNSWORTHMatterhornManNewwordsandexpressions生詞和短語(yǔ)Matterhornn.馬特霍恩峰（阿爾卑斯山之一，在意大利和瑞士邊境）alpinistn.登山運(yùn)動(dòng)員pioneerv.開(kāi)辟，倡導(dǎo)；n.先鋒，開(kāi)辟者summitn.頂峰attainv.到達(dá)perilousadj.危險(xiǎn)的shudderv.不寒而栗courtv.追求solitaryadj.唯一的impoverishv.使貧困Alpineadj.阿爾卑斯山的flea-riddenadj.布滿跳蚤的coarseadj.粗劣的boastv.自恃有parishionern.教區(qū)居民shepherdn.牧羊人linenn.亞麻布床單theAlpsn.阿爾卑斯山脈參考譯文現(xiàn)代登山運(yùn)動(dòng)員總想找一條能夠給他們帶來(lái)運(yùn)動(dòng)樂(lè)趣的路線來(lái)攀登山峰。他們認(rèn)為，道路愈艱險(xiǎn)愈帶勁兒。然而，在登山運(yùn)動(dòng)的初期，全然不是這種情況。早期登山者所尋找的是通往山頂?shù)淖罘奖愕耐緩剑驗(yàn)轫敺逄貏e是前人未曾到過(guò)的頂峰--才是他們尋求的目標(biāo)。確實(shí)，在探險(xiǎn)中他們經(jīng)常遇到驚心動(dòng)魄的困難和危險(xiǎn)，而他們裝備之簡(jiǎn)陋足以使現(xiàn)代登山者一想起來(lái)就膽戰(zhàn)心驚。但是，他們并非故意尋求這種刺激，他們只有一個(gè)目標(biāo)，唯一的目標(biāo)--頂峰！我們今天很難想像昔日的登山先驅(qū)們是多么艱苦。除了澤曼特和夏蒙尼等一兩個(gè)很快出了名的地方外，阿爾卑斯山山區(qū)的小村幾乎全是高山環(huán)抱、與世隔絕的窮鄉(xiāng)僻壤。那里的小客棧一般都很骯臟，而且跳蚤猖獗。食物是當(dāng)?shù)氐母衫液屯ǔ４娣帕艘荒曛玫拿姘藗兙椭泳仆滔逻@種食物。山谷里常常沒(méi)有小客棧，登山者只好隨遇而安。有時(shí)同當(dāng)?shù)啬翈煟ㄋǔ：退慕堂褚粯痈F）住在一起，有時(shí)同牧羊人或制乳酪的人住在一起。無(wú)論住在哪兒，情況都一樣：骯臟、貧窮，極其不舒適。對(duì)于過(guò)慣了一頓飯吃7道菜、睡亞麻細(xì)布床單的人來(lái)說(shuō)，變換一下生活環(huán)境來(lái)到阿爾卑斯山山區(qū)，那一定是很艱難的。Lesson4Seeinghands能看見(jiàn)東西的手Firstlistenandanswerthefollowingquestion.聽(tīng)錄音，然后回答以下問(wèn)題。HowdidVeradiscovershehadthisgiftofsecondsight?SeveralcaseshavebeenreportedinRussiarecentlyofpeoplewhocandetectcolourswiththeirfingers,andevenseethroughsolidandwalls.Onecaseconcernsandeleven-year-oldschoolgirl,VeraPetrova,whohasnormalvisionbutwhocanalsoperceivethingswithdifferentpartsofherskin,andthroughsolidwalls.Thisabilitywasfirstnoticedbyherfather.Onedayshecameintohisofficeandhappenedtoputherhandsonthedoorofalockedsafe.Suddenlysheaskedherfatherwhyhekeptsomanyoldnewspaperslockedawaythere,andevendescribedthewaytheyweredoneupinbundles.Vera'scurioustalentwasbroughttothenoticeofascientificresearchinstituteinthetownofUlyanovsk,nearwhereshelives,andinAprilshewasgivenaseriesoftestsbyaspecialcommissionoftheMinistryofHealthoftheRussianFederalRepublic.Duringthesetestsshewasabletoreadanewspaperthroughanopaquescreenand,strangerstill,bymovingherelbowoverachild'sgameofLottoshewasabletodescribethefiguresandcoloursprintedonit;and,inanotherinstance,wearingstockingsandslippers,tomakeoutwithherfoottheoutlinesandcoloursofapicturehiddenunderacarpet.Otherexperimentsshowedthatherkneesandshouldershadasimilarsensitivity.DuringallthesetestsVerawasblindfold;and,indeed,exceptwhenblindfoldshelackedtheabilitytoperceivethingswithherskin.Itwasalsofoundthatalthoughshecouldperceivethingswithherfingersthisabilityceasedthemomentherhandswerewet.ERICDEMAUNYSeeinghandsfromTheListenerNewwordsandexpressionssolidadj.堅(jiān)實(shí)的safen.保險(xiǎn)柜Ulyanovskn.烏里揚(yáng)諾夫斯克commissionn.委員會(huì)opaqueadj.不透明的lotton.一種有編號(hào)的紙牌slippern.拖鞋blindfoldadj.&adv.被蒙上眼睛的參考譯文俄羅斯最近報(bào)導(dǎo)了幾個(gè)事例，有人能用手指看書(shū)識(shí)字和辨認(rèn)顏色，甚至能透過(guò)厚實(shí)的門和墻看到東西。其中有一例談到有一個(gè)名叫維拉.彼托洛娃的11歲學(xué)生。她的視力與常人一樣，但她還能用皮膚的不同部位辨認(rèn)東西，甚至看穿堅(jiān)實(shí)的墻壁。是她父親首先發(fā)現(xiàn)她這一功能的。一天，維拉走進(jìn)父親的辦公室，偶然把手放在一個(gè)鎖著的保險(xiǎn)柜的門上，她突然問(wèn)父親為什么把這么多的舊報(bào)紙鎖在柜子里，還說(shuō)了報(bào)紙捆扎的情況。維拉的特異功能引起了她家附近烏里揚(yáng)諾夫斯克城一個(gè)科研單位的注意。4月里，俄羅斯衛(wèi)生部一個(gè)特別委員會(huì)對(duì)她進(jìn)行了一系列的測(cè)試。在這些測(cè)試中，她能隔著不透明的屏幕讀報(bào)紙。更為奇怪的是，她把肘部在兒童玩的“羅托”紙牌上移動(dòng)一下，便能說(shuō)出印在紙牌上的數(shù)字和顏色。還有一次，她穿著長(zhǎng)筒襪子和拖鞋，能用腳步識(shí)別出藏在地毯下面的一幅畫(huà)的輪廓和顏色。其他實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，她的膝蓋和雙肩有類似的感覺(jué)能力，在所有這些實(shí)驗(yàn)中，維拉的雙眼都是蒙著的。如果不蒙上雙眼她的皮膚就不再具有識(shí)別物體的能力。這是千真萬(wàn)確的。同時(shí)還發(fā)現(xiàn)，盡管她能用手指識(shí)別東西，但她的手一旦弄濕，這種功能便會(huì)立即消失。Lesson5Youth青年Firstlistenandthenanswerthefollowingquestion:聽(tīng)錄音，然后回答以下問(wèn)題。Howdoesthewriterliketotreatyoungpeople?Peoplearealwaystalkingabout'theproblemofyouth'.Ifthereisone--whichItakeleavetodoubt--thenitisolderpeoplewhocreateit,nottheyoungthemselves.Letusgetdowntofundamentalsandagreethattheyoungareafterallhumanbeings--peoplejustliketheirelders.Thereisonlyonedifferencebetweenanoldmanandayoungone:theyoungmanhasagloriousfuturebeforehimandtheoldonehasasplendidfuturebehindhim:andmaybethatiswheretherubis.WhenIwasateenager,IfeltthatIwasjustyounganduncertain--thatIwasanewboyinahugeschool,andIwouldhavebeenverypleasedtoberegardedassomethingsointerestingasaproblem.Foronething,beingaproblemgivesyouacertainidentity,andthatisoneofthethingstheyoungarebusilyengagedinseeking.Ifindyoungpeopleexciting.Theyhaveanairoffreedom,andtheynotadrearycommitmenttomeanambitionsorloveofcomfort.Theyarenotanxioussocialclimbers,andtheyhavenodevotiontomaterialthings.Allthisseemstometolinkthemwithlife,andtheoriginsofthings.It'sasiftheywere,insomesense,cosmicbeingsinviolentandlovelycontrastwithussuburbancreatures.AllthatisinmymindwhenImeetayoungperson.Hemaybeconceited,ill-mannered,presumptuousorfatuous,butIdonotturnforprotectiontodrearyclichesaboutrespectofelders--asifmereagewereareasonforrespect.Iacceptthatweareequals,andIwillarguewithhim,asanequal,ifIthinkheiswrong.FIELDENHUGHESfromOutoftheAir,TheListenerNewwordsandexpression生詞和短語(yǔ)leaven.允許fundamentalsn.基本原則gloriousadj.光輝燦爛的splendidadj.燦爛的rubn.難題identityn.身份drearyadj.沉郁的commitmentn.信奉meanadj.吝嗇，小氣socialclimber追求更高社會(huì)地位的，向上爬的人devotionn.熱愛(ài)cosmicadj.宇宙的suburbanadj.見(jiàn)識(shí)不廣的，偏狹的conceitedadj.自高自大的presumptuousadj.自以為是的，放肆的fatuousadj.愚蠢的clichen.陳詞濫調(diào)參考譯文人們總是在談?wù)摗扒嗄陠?wèn)題”。如果這個(gè)問(wèn)題存在的話--請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我對(duì)此持懷疑態(tài)度--那么，這個(gè)問(wèn)題是由老年人而不是青年人造成的。讓我們來(lái)認(rèn)真研究一些基本事實(shí)：承認(rèn)青年人和他們的長(zhǎng)輩一樣也是人。老年人和青年人只有一個(gè)區(qū)別：青年人有光輝燦爛的前景，而老年人的輝煌已成為過(guò)去。問(wèn)題的癥結(jié)恐怕就在這里。我十幾歲時(shí)，總感到自己年輕，有些事拿不準(zhǔn)--我是一所大學(xué)里的一名新生，如果我當(dāng)時(shí)真的被看成像一個(gè)問(wèn)題那樣有趣，我會(huì)感到很得意的。因?yàn)檫@至少使我得到了某種承認(rèn)，這正是年輕人所熱衷追求的。我覺(jué)得年輕人令人振奮，無(wú)拘無(wú)束。他們既不追逐卑鄙的名利，也不貪圖生活的舒適。他們不熱衷于向上爬，也不一味追求物質(zhì)享受。在我看來(lái)，所有這些使他們與生命和萬(wàn)物之源聯(lián)系在了一起。從某種意義上講，他們似乎是宇宙人，同我們這些凡夫俗子形成了強(qiáng)烈而鮮明的對(duì)照。每逢我遇到年輕人，腦子里就想到這些年輕人也許狂妄自負(fù)，舉止無(wú)理，傲慢放肆，愚昧無(wú)知，但我不會(huì)用應(yīng)當(dāng)尊重長(zhǎng)者這一套陳詞濫調(diào)來(lái)為我自己辨護(hù)，似乎年長(zhǎng)就是受人尊敬的理由。我認(rèn)為我和他們是平等的。如果我認(rèn)為他們錯(cuò)了，我就以平等的身份和他們爭(zhēng)個(gè)明白。Lesson6Thesportingspirit體育的精神Firstlistenandthenanswerthefollowingquestion.聽(tīng)錄音，然后回答以下問(wèn)題.Howdoesthewriterdescribesportattheinternationallevel?IamalwaysamazedwhenIhearpeoplesayingthatsportcreatesgoodwillbetweenthenations,andthatifonlythecommonpeoplesofthewouldcouldmeetoneanotheratfootballorcricket,theywouldhavenoinclinationtomeetonthehattlefield.Evenifonedidn'tknowfromconcreteexamples(the1936OlympicGames,forinstance)thatinternationalsportingcontestsleadtoorgiesofhatred,onecoulddeduceiffromgeneralprinciples.Nearlyallthesportspractisednowadaysarecompetitive.Youplaytowin,andthegamehaslittlemeaningunlessyoudoyourutmosttowin.Onthevillagegreen,whereyoupickupsidesandnofeelingoflocalpatriotismisinvolved,itispossibletoplaysimplyforthefunandexercise:butassoonasathequestionofprestigearises,assoonasyoufeelthatyouandsomelargerunitwillbedisgracedifyoulose,themostsavagecombativeinstinctsarearoused.Anyonewhohasplayedeveninaschoolfootballmatchknowsthis.Attheinternationallevel,sportisfranklymimicwarfare.Butthesignificantthingisnotthebehaviouroftheplayersbuttheattitudeofthespectators:and,behindthespectators,ofthenationswhoworkthemselvesintofuriesovertheseabsurdcontests,andseriouslybelieve--atanyrateforshortperiods--thatrunning,jumpingandkickingaballaretestsofnationalvirtue.GEORGEORWELLThesportingspiritNewwordsandexpressiongoodwilln.友好cricketn.板球inclinationn.意愿contestn.比賽orgyn.無(wú)節(jié)制的，放蕩deducev.推斷competitiveadj.競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的patriotismn.地方觀念，愛(ài)國(guó)主義disgracev.使丟臉savageadj.野性的combativeadj.好斗的mimicwarfare模擬戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)behaviourn.行動(dòng)，舉止absurdadj.荒唐的參考譯文當(dāng)我聽(tīng)人們說(shuō)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)可創(chuàng)造國(guó)家之間的友誼，還說(shuō)各國(guó)民眾若在足球場(chǎng)或板球場(chǎng)上交鋒，就不愿在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上殘殺的時(shí)候，我總是驚愕不已。一個(gè)人即使不能從具體的事例（例如1936年的奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)）了解到國(guó)際運(yùn)動(dòng)比賽會(huì)導(dǎo)致瘋狂的仇恨，也可以從常理中推斷出結(jié)論?，F(xiàn)在開(kāi)展的體育運(yùn)動(dòng)幾乎都是競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的。參加比賽就是為了取勝。如果不拚命去贏，比賽就沒(méi)有什么意義了。在鄉(xiāng)間的草坪上，當(dāng)你隨意組成兩個(gè)隊(duì)，并且不涉及任何地方情緒時(shí)，那才可能是單純的為了娛樂(lè)和鍛煉而進(jìn)行比賽?？墒且涣可婕暗綐s譽(yù)問(wèn)題，一旦你想到你和某一團(tuán)體會(huì)因?yàn)槟爿敹鴣G臉時(shí)，那么最野蠻的爭(zhēng)斗天性便會(huì)激發(fā)起來(lái)。即使是僅僅參加過(guò)學(xué)校足球賽的人也有種體會(huì)。在國(guó)際比賽中，體育簡(jiǎn)直是一場(chǎng)模擬戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。但是，要緊的還不是運(yùn)動(dòng)員的行為，而是觀眾的態(tài)度，以及觀眾身后各個(gè)國(guó)家的態(tài)度。面對(duì)著這些荒唐的比賽，參賽的各個(gè)國(guó)家會(huì)如癡如狂，甚至煞有介事地相信--至少在短期內(nèi)如此--跑跑、跳跳、踢踢球是對(duì)一個(gè)民族品德素質(zhì)的檢驗(yàn)。Lesson7Bats蝙蝠Firstlistenandthenanswerthefollowingquestion.聽(tīng)錄音，然后回答以下問(wèn)題。Inwhatwaydoesecho-locationinbatsplayanutilitarianrole?Notallsoundsmadebyanimalsserveaslanguage,andwehaveonlytoturntothatextraordinarydiscoveryofecho-locationinbatstoseeacaseinwhichthevoiceplaysastrictlyutilitarianrole.Togetafullappreciationofwhatthismeanswemustturnfirsttosomerecenthumaninventions.Everyoneknowsthatifheshoutsinthevicinityofawalloramountainside,anechowillcomeback.Thefurtheroffthissolidobstruction,thelongertimewillelapseforthereturnoftheecho.Asoundmadebytappingonthehullofashipwillbereflectedfromtheseabottom,andbymeasuringthetimeintervalbetweenthetapsandthereceiptoftheechoes,thedepthoftheseaatthatpointcanbecalculated.Sowasborntheecho-soundingapparatus,nowingeneraluseinships.Everysolidobjectwillreflectasound,varyingaccordingtothesizeandnatureoftheobject.Ashoaloffishwilldothis.Soitisacomparativelysimplestepfromlocatingtheseabottomtolocatingashoaloffish.Withexperience,andwithimprovedapparatus,itisnowpossiblenotonlytolocateashoalbuttotellifitisherring,cod,orotherwell-knownfish,bythepatternofitsecho.Ithasbeenfoundthatcertainbatsemitsqueaksandbyreceivingtheechoes,theycanlocateandsteerclearofobstacles--orlocateflyinginsectsonwhichtheyfeed.Thisecho-locationinbatsisoftencomparedwithradar,theprincipleofwhichissimilar.MAURICEBURTONCuriositiesofanimallifeNewwordsandexpressions生詞和短語(yǔ)batn.蝙蝠strictlyadv.明確地utilitarianadj.實(shí)用的appreciationn.理解elapsev.障礙物hulln.消逝intervaln.船體receiptn.間隔apparatusn.收到shoaln.儀器herringn.魚(yú)群codn.鱈魚(yú)squeakn.尖叫聲參考譯文動(dòng)物發(fā)出的聲音不都是用作語(yǔ)言交際。我們只要看一看蝙蝠回聲定位這一極不尋常的發(fā)現(xiàn)，就可以探究一下聲音在什么情況下有絕對(duì)的實(shí)用價(jià)值。要透徹理解這句話的意義，我們應(yīng)先回顧一下人類最近的幾項(xiàng)發(fā)明。大家都知道，在墻壁或山腰附近發(fā)出的喊聲，就會(huì)聽(tīng)到回聲。固體障礙物越遠(yuǎn)?；芈暦祷厮脮r(shí)間就越長(zhǎng)。敲打船體所發(fā)了的聲音會(huì)從海底傳回來(lái)，測(cè)出回聲間隔的時(shí)間，便可算出該處海洋的深度。這樣就產(chǎn)生了目前各種船舶上普遍應(yīng)用的回聲探測(cè)儀。任何固體者反射聲音，反射的聲音因物體的大小和性質(zhì)的不同而不同。魚(yú)群也反射聲音。從測(cè)定海深到測(cè)定魚(yú)群，這一進(jìn)展比較容易。根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)和改進(jìn)了的儀器，不僅能夠確定魚(yú)群的位置，而且可以根據(jù)魚(yú)群回聲的特點(diǎn)分辨出是鯡魚(yú)、鱈魚(yú)，這是人們所熟悉的其他魚(yú)。人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，某些蝙蝠能發(fā)出尖叫聲，并能通過(guò)回聲來(lái)確定并躲開(kāi)障礙物，或找到它們賴以為生的昆蟲(chóng)。蝙蝠這種回聲定位常?？膳c雷達(dá)相比較，其原理是相似的。Lesson8Tradingstandards貿(mào)易標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Firstlistenandthenanswerthefollowingquestion.聽(tīng)錄音，然后回答以下問(wèn)題。Whatmakestradingbetweenrichcountriesdifficult?ChickensslaughteredintheUnitedStates,claimofficialsinBrussels,arenotfittograceEuropeantables.No,saytheAmerican:ourfowlarefine,wesimplycleantheminadifferentway.Thesedays,itisdifferencesinnationalregulations,farmorethantariffs,thatputsandinthewheelsoftradebetweenrichcountries.Itisnotjustfarmerswhoarecomplaining.AnelectricrazorthatmeetstheEuropeanUnion'ssafetystandardsmustbeapprovedbyAmericantestersbeforeitcanbesoldintheUnitedStates,andanAmerican-madedialysismachineneedstheEU'sokaybeforeishitsthemarketinEurope.Asithappens,arazorthatissafeinEuropeisunlikelytoelectrocuteAmericans.So,askbusinessesonbothsidesoftheAtlantic,whyhavetwolotsoftestswhereonewoulddo?Politiciansagree,inprinciple,soAmericaandtheEUhavebeentryingtoreachadealwhichwouldeliminatetheneedtodouble-testmanyproducts.TheyhopetofinishintimeforatradesummitbetweenAmericaandtheEUonMay28TH.Althoughnegotiatorsareoptimistic,thedetailsarecomplexenoughthattheymaybehard-pressedtogetadealatall.Why?Onedifficultyistoconstructtheagreements.TheAmericanswouldhappilyreachoneaccordonstandardsformedicaldevicesandthemhammeroutdifferentpactscovering,say,electronicgoodsanddrugmanufacturing.TheEU--followingfinecontinentaltraditions--wantsagreementongeneralprinciples,whichcouldbeappliedtomanytypesofproductsandperhapsextendedtoothercountries.From:TheEconomist,May24th,1997Newwordsandexpressions生詞和短語(yǔ)slaughterv.屠宰fitadj.適合gracev.給...增光tariffn.關(guān)稅standardn.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)dialysisn.分離，分解；透析，滲析electrocutev.使觸電身亡eliminatev.消滅accordn.協(xié)議devicen.儀器，器械hammeroutv.推敲pactn.合同，條約，公約參考譯文布魯塞爾的官員說(shuō)，在美國(guó)屠宰的雞不適于用來(lái)裝點(diǎn)歐洲的餐桌。不，美國(guó)人說(shuō)，我們的家禽很好，只是我們使用了另一種清洗方式。當(dāng)前，是各國(guó)管理?xiàng)l例上的差異，而不是關(guān)稅阻礙了發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家之間的貿(mào)易。并不僅僅是農(nóng)民在抱怨。一把符合歐洲聯(lián)盟安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的電動(dòng)剃須刀必須得到美國(guó)檢測(cè)人員的認(rèn)可，方可在美國(guó)市場(chǎng)上銷售；而美國(guó)制造的透析儀也要得到歐盟的首肯才能進(jìn)入歐洲市場(chǎng)。碰巧在歐洲使用安全的剃須刀不大可能使美國(guó)人觸電身亡，因此，大西洋兩岸的企業(yè)都在問(wèn)，當(dāng)一套測(cè)試可以解決問(wèn)題時(shí)，為什么需要兩套呢？政治家在原則上同意了，因此，美國(guó)和歐洲一直在尋求達(dá)成協(xié)議，以便為許多產(chǎn)品取消雙重檢查。他們希望盡早達(dá)成協(xié)議，為5月28日舉行的美國(guó)和歐洲貿(mào)易的最高通級(jí)會(huì)議作準(zhǔn)備。然談判代表持樂(lè)觀態(tài)度，但協(xié)議細(xì)節(jié)如此復(fù)雜，他們所面臨的困難很可能使他們無(wú)法取得一致。為什么呢？困難之一是起草這些協(xié)議。美國(guó)人很愿意就醫(yī)療器械的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)達(dá)成一個(gè)協(xié)議，然后推敲出不同的合同，用以涵蓋--比如說(shuō)--電子產(chǎn)品和藥品的生產(chǎn)。歐洲人遵循優(yōu)良的大陸傳統(tǒng)，則希望就普遍的原則取得一致，而這些原則適用于許多不同產(chǎn)品，同時(shí)可能延伸到其它國(guó)家。Lesson9Royalespionage王室諜報(bào)活動(dòng)Firstlistenandthenanswerthefollowingquestion.聽(tīng)錄音，然后回答以下問(wèn)題。WhatimportantthingdidKingAlfredlearnwhenhepenetratedtheDanishcampofGuthrum?AlfredtheGreatactedhisownspy,visitingDanishcampsdisguisedasaminstrel.Inthosedayswanderingminstrelswerewelcomeeverywhere.Theywerenotfightingmen,andtheirharpwastheirpassport.Alfredhadlearnedmanyoftheirballadsinhisyouth,andcouldvaryhisprogrammewithacrobatictricksandsimpleconjuring.WhileAlfred'slittlearmyslowlybegantogatheratAthelney,thekinghimselfsetouttopenetratethecampofGuthrum,thecommanderoftheDanishinvaders.TherehadsettleddownforthewinteratChippenham:thitherAlfredwent.Henoticedatoncethatdisciplinewasslack:theDaneshadtheself-confidenceofconquerors,andtheirsecurityprecautionswerecasual.Theylivedwell,ontheproceedsofraidsonneighbouringregions.Theretheycollectedwomenaswellasfoodanddrink,andalifeofeasehadmadethemsoft.AlfredstayedinthecampaweekbeforehereturnedtoAthelney.TheforcethereassembledwastrivialcomparedwiththeDanishhorde.ButAlfredhaddeducedthattheDaneswerenolongerfitforprolongedbattle:andthattheircommissariathadnoorganization,butdependedonirregularraids.So,facedwiththeDanishadvance,Alfreddidnotriskopenbattlebutharriedtheenemy.Hewasconstantlyonthemove,drawingtheDanesafterhim.Hispatrolshaltedtheraidingparties:hungerassailedtheDanisharmy.NowAlfredbeganalongseriesofskirmishes--andwithinamonththeDaneshadsurrendered.Theepisodecouldreasonablyserveasauniqueepicofroyalespionage!BERNARDNEWMANSpiesinBritainNewwordsandexpressions生詞和短語(yǔ)espionagen.間諜活動(dòng)Alfred公元871-899年間任英國(guó)國(guó)王Danishadj.丹麥的，丹麥人的，丹麥語(yǔ)的minstreln.中世紀(jì)的吟游歌手wanderingadj.漫游的harpn.堅(jiān)琴balladn.民歌acrobaticadj.雜技的conjuringn.魔術(shù)Athelneyn.阿塞爾納（英國(guó)一個(gè)小島）Chippenhamn.切本哈姆（英國(guó)一個(gè)城市）thitheradv.向那里Danen.丹麥人slackadj.渙散的conquerorn.征服者casualadj.馬虎的，隨便的precautionn.預(yù)防，警惕proceedsn.所得assemblev.集合trivialadj.微不足道的prolongedadj.持久的commissariatn.軍糧供應(yīng)episoden.一個(gè)事件，片斷epicn.史詩(shī)harryv.騷擾assailv.襲擊skirmishn.小規(guī)模戰(zhàn)斗參考譯文阿爾弗雷德大帝曾親自充當(dāng)間諜。他扮作吟游歌手到丹麥軍隊(duì)的營(yíng)地里偵察。當(dāng)時(shí)，浪跡天涯的吟游歌手到處受歡迎，他們不是作戰(zhàn)人員，豎琴就是他們的通行證。阿爾弗德年輕時(shí)學(xué)過(guò)許多民歌，并能穿插演一些雜技和小魔術(shù)使自己的節(jié)目多樣化。阿爾弗雷德人數(shù)不多的軍隊(duì)開(kāi)始在阿塞爾納慢慢集結(jié)時(shí)，他親自潛入丹麥入侵司令官古瑟羅姆的營(yíng)地。丹麥軍已在切本哈姆扎下?tīng)I(yíng)準(zhǔn)備過(guò)冬，阿爾弗雷便來(lái)到此地。他馬上發(fā)現(xiàn)丹麥軍紀(jì)律松弛，他們以征服者自居，安全措施馬馬虎虎。他們靠掠奪附近的地區(qū)的財(cái)物過(guò)著舒適的生活。他們不僅搜刮吃的喝的，而且搶掠?jì)D女，安逸的生活已使丹麥軍隊(duì)變得軟弱無(wú)力。阿爾弗雷德在敵營(yíng)呆了一個(gè)星期后，回到了阿塞爾納。他集結(jié)在那里的軍隊(duì)和丹麥大軍相比是微不足道的，然而，阿爾弗雷德斷定，丹麥人已不再適應(yīng)持久的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，他們的軍需供應(yīng)處于無(wú)組織狀態(tài)，只是靠臨時(shí)搶奪來(lái)維持。因此，面對(duì)丹麥人的進(jìn)攻，阿爾弗雷德沒(méi)有貿(mào)然同敵人作戰(zhàn)，而是采用騷擾敵人的戰(zhàn)術(shù)。他的部隊(duì)不停地移動(dòng)，牽著敵人的鼻子，讓他們跟著跑。他派出巡邏隊(duì)阻止敵人搶劫，因而饑餓威脅著丹麥軍隊(duì)。這時(shí)，阿爾弗雷德發(fā)起一連串小規(guī)模的進(jìn)攻，結(jié)果不出一個(gè)月，丹麥人就投降了。這一幕歷史可以說(shuō)是王室諜報(bào)活動(dòng)中最精彩的篇章。.Lesson10Siliconvalley硅谷Firstlistenandthenanswerthefollowingquestion.聽(tīng)錄音，然后回答以下問(wèn)題。Whatdoesthecomputerindustrythriveonapartfromanarchy?TechnologytrendsmaypushSiliconValleybacktothefuture.CarverMead,apioneerinintegratedcircuitsandaprofessorofcomputerscienceattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,notestherearenowwork-stationsthatenableengineerstodesign,testandproducechipsrightontheirdesks,muchthewayaneditorcreatesanewsletteronaMacintosh.Asthetimeandcostofmakingachipdroptoafewdaysandafewhundreddollars,engineersmaysoonbefreetolettheirimaginationssoarwithoutbeingpenalizedbyexpensivefailures.Meadpredictsthatinventorswillbeabletoperfectpowerfulcustomizedchipsoveraweekendattheoffice--spawninganewgenerationofgaragestart-upsandgivingtheU.S.ajumponitsforeignrivalsingettingnewproductstomarketfast.'We'regotmoregarageswithsmartpeople,'Meadobserves.'Wereallythriveonanarchy.'AndonAsians.Already,orientalsandAsianAmericansconstitutethemajorityoftheengineeringstaffsatmanyValleyfirms.AndChinese,Korean,FilipinoandIndianengineersaregraduatingindrovesfromCalifornia'scolleges.Astheheadsofnext-generationstart-ups,theseAsianinnovatorscandrawoncustomsandlanguagestoforgerighterlinkswithcrucialPacificRimmarkets.Forinstance,AlexAu,aStanfordPh.D.fromHongKong,hassetupaTaiwanfactorytochallengeJapan'snearlockonthememory-chipmarket.India-bornN.DamodarReddy'stinyCaliforniacompanyreopenedanAT&TchipplantinKansasCitylastspringwithfinancingfromthestateofMissouri.Beforeitbecomesaretirementvillage,SiliconValleymayproveaclassroomforbuildingaglobalbusiness.USNEWSANDWORLDREPORT,October2,1989Newwordsandexpressions生詞和短語(yǔ)siliconn.硅integratedadj.綜合的circuitn.線路，電路Californian.加利福尼亞（美國(guó)州名）workstationn.工作站chipn.芯片，集成電路片，集成塊newslettern.時(shí)事通訊Macintoshn.蘋(píng)果機(jī)，一種個(gè)人電腦penalizev.處罰，懲罰customizev.按顧客具體需要制造spawnv.引起，釀成thrivev.興旺，繁榮anarchyn.無(wú)政府狀態(tài)，混亂orientaln.東方人constitutev.構(gòu)成droven.群innovatorn.發(fā)明者forgev.發(fā)展memory-chipn.內(nèi)存條AT&T美國(guó)電話電報(bào)公司(AmericanTelephoneandTelegraph)Kansasn.堪薩斯（美國(guó)州名）Missourin.密蘇里（美國(guó)州名）參考譯文技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)有可能把硅谷重新推向未來(lái)。卡弗.米德--集成電路的一位先驅(qū)，加州理工學(xué)院的計(jì)算機(jī)教授--注意到，現(xiàn)在有些計(jì)算機(jī)工作站使工程技術(shù)人員可以在他們的辦公桌上設(shè)計(jì)、試驗(yàn)和生產(chǎn)芯片，就像一位編輯在蘋(píng)果機(jī)上編出一份時(shí)事通訊一樣。由于制造一塊芯片的時(shí)間已縮短至幾天，費(fèi)用也只有幾百美元，因此，工程技術(shù)人員可能很塊就可充分發(fā)揮他們的想像力，而不會(huì)因失敗而造成經(jīng)濟(jì)上的損失。米德預(yù)言發(fā)明者可以在辦公室用一個(gè)周末的時(shí)間生產(chǎn)了完美的、功能很強(qiáng)的、按客戶需求設(shè)計(jì)的芯片--造就新一代從汽車間起家的技術(shù)人員，在把產(chǎn)品推向市場(chǎng)方面使美國(guó)把它的外國(guó)對(duì)手們打個(gè)措手不及。“我們有更多的汽車間，那里有許多聰明人，”米德說(shuō)?！拔覀兇_實(shí)是靠這種無(wú)政府狀態(tài)發(fā)展起來(lái)的。”靠的是亞洲人。硅谷許多公司中工程技術(shù)人員的大多數(shù)是東方人和亞裔美國(guó)人。中國(guó)、韓國(guó)、菲律賓和印度的工程師一批批地從加州的大學(xué)畢業(yè)。作為新掘起一代的帶頭人，亞裔發(fā)明家可以憑借他們?cè)诹?xí)慣和語(yǔ)言上的優(yōu)勢(shì)，與關(guān)鍵的太平洋沿岸市場(chǎng)建立起更加牢固的聯(lián)系。比如說(shuō)，亞歷克斯.奧，一位來(lái)自香港的斯坦福大學(xué)博士，已經(jīng)在臺(tái)灣建廠，對(duì)日本在內(nèi)存條市場(chǎng)上近似壟斷的局面提出了挑戰(zhàn)。印度出生的N.達(dá)莫達(dá).雷迪經(jīng)營(yíng)的小小的加州公司在堪薩斯城重新啟用了美國(guó)電話電報(bào)公司的一家芯片工廠，并從密蘇里州獲取了財(cái)政上的支持。在硅谷變成一個(gè)退休村之前，它很可能成為建立全球商業(yè)的一個(gè)教學(xué)場(chǎng)地。Lesson11Howtogrowold如何安度晚年Firstlistenandthenanswerthefollowingquestion.聽(tīng)錄音，然后回答以下問(wèn)題。What,accordingtotheauthor,isthebestwaytoovercomethefearofdeathasyougetolder?Someoldpeopleareoppressedbythefearofdeath.Intheyoungthereisajustificationforthisfeeling.Youngmenwhohavereasontofearthattheywillbekilledinbattlemayjustifiablyfeelbitterinthethoughtthattheyhavecheatedofthebestthingsthatlifehastooffer.Butinanoldmanwhohasknownhumanjoysandsorrows,andhasachievedwhateverworkitwasinhimtodo,thefearofdeathissomewhatabjectandignoble.Thebestwaytoovercomeit--soatleastitseemstome--istomakeyourinterestsgraduallywiderandmoreimpersonal,untilbitbybitthewallsoftheegorecede,andyourlifebecomesincreasinglymergedintheuniversallife.Anindividualhumanexistenceshouldbelikeariver--smallatfirst,narrowlycontainedwithinitsbanks,andrushingpassionatelypastbouldersandoverwaterfalls.Graduallytherivergrowswider,thebanksrecede,thewatersflowmorequietly,andintheend,withoutanyvisiblebreak,theybecomemergedinthesea,andpainlessly