Parallelism

平行結構

Ihaveadreamthatonedaythisnationwillriseup...Ihaveadreamthatonedayontheredhillsof…IhaveadreamthatonedayeventhestateofMississippi…Ihaveadream….Ihaveadreamtoday…Ihaveadreamthatoneday…Ihaveadreamtoday…Ihavedreamthatoneday…-Dr.MartinLutherKing--IhaveadreamGeneralFunctionmake

the

speech

effective

and

forceful

make

the

speech

clear

and

logical

make

the

speech

more

rhythmical

and

emotional

ContentofparallelismDefinitionUsagesFunctioncontractDefinitionA

parallelism

is

a

figure

of

speech

that

uses

similar

structures

in

separate

sentences

to

express

related

ideas

and

with

which

the

sentence

is

emphatic

and

forceful.

In

parallel

structure

it

is

necessary

to

balance

word

for

word,

phrase

for

phrase,

clause

for

clause

and

sentence

for

sentence.平行結構就是把結構相同、意義并重、語氣一致的詞或詞組或句子排列成串，形成一個整體。其特點是：結構上整齊勻稱，讀起來鏗鏘有力Parallelism,byclarifyingtherelationshipbetweenawriter’sideas,orbetweenpartsofasingleidea,hasarhetoricaleffect.Itisthecomponentofliterarystyle,inwhichcoordinatesingleideasarearrangedinphrases,sentences,andparagraphsthatbalanceoneelementwithanotherofequalimportanceandsimilarwording.---------frombookInaparallelconstructionitisnecessarytobalancewordwithword,phrasewithphrase,clausewithclause,sentenceswithsentences.Thatistosay,thegeneralrhetoricalprincipleofparallelismis:similarideasareexpressedbysimilargrammaticalforms.

-------frombookusagesAseriesofwordsAgroupofphrasesArowofclausesAsetofsentencesAseriesofwords

Theywaitedfourhoursattheairport,readingandsleeping.(action)Theyoungactorwastall,dark,andhandsome.Galileostudied,thought,andexperimented.------frombookAn

Englishman

thinks

seated;

a

Frenchman,

standing;

an

American,

pacing;

an

Irishman,

afterward.

(O'

Malley)

英國人坐著想，法國人站著想，美國人走著想，愛爾蘭人事后想。Agroupofphrases

Shetraveled

byland,bysea,

andbyair.Tosupporthisfamily

andto

puthimselfthroughcollege,

heworkedseveralhoursaday.Buyingacar

andbeginningherjob

werethenextstepsinherlife.------frombookStudies

serve

for

delight,

for

ornament,

and

for

ability.

(Francis

Bacon:

Of

Studies)

讀書足以怡情，足以博采，足以長才。Arowofclauses

Ateacherwhospendstimewithhisstudentsandwhothoughtfullyanswerstheirquestionswillberespectedandloved.Ifyouwriteorifyoutelephone,waitfortwoweeksuntilIreturnfromChina.-------frombookAsetofsentences

Thereisnoreasonforustobeenemies.

Neitherofusseekstheterritoryoftheother;neitherofusseeksdominationovertheother;neitherofusseekstostretchoutourhandsandruletheworld.---------frombookWe

will

never

parley.

We

will

never

negotiate

with

Hitler

or

any

of

his

gang.

(W.

S.

Churchill)

我們決不談判，我們決不與希特勒或者他的任何幫兇協(xié)商。functionParallelismservestobeoneofthemeanstoachievecoherenceinasentencesandoftenresultsinlinguisticbrevity,structuralbalance,andpleasantrhythm.Ifawriterdevelopedthehabitoffrequentlyexpressinghimselfintermsofparallelform,s/hewouldtakeamajorsteptowardproducingeffectiveessays.contractRepetition:It’stheprofitnow,nottheproduct.Halfthetime,wecheat

theforemen,

theforemen

cheatthemanagement,

themanagement

cheats

thecustomer.