Unit6 Journeysinmedicine

Warmingup

Listening&speakingConversation

Scripts

Yuting(Chinesestudent):Hi,Aaron!How’syourexperienceofstudyingtraditionalChinesemedicine,orTCM,inChina?

Aaron(internationalstudent):It’sbeenquitechallengingbecauseTCMhassomanytechnicalterms.Butit’sfascinating–Iespeciallyenjoytheacupunctureandtuinaclasses.They’rehands-onandreallybringtheconceptstolife.

Yuting:That’sgreattohear!I’veheardthatmoreandmorepeopleintheWestareturningtoTCMbecauseofitseffectiveness.Isittrue?

Aaron:Yes,that’strue.There’sagrowingrecognitionofitsbenefitsintheWest.WhileWesternmedicinetendstofocusonaddressingspecificsymptoms,TCMgenerallyadoptsaholisticapproach,takingintoaccountbothunderlyingcausesandvisiblesymptomsofacondition.Itincorporatesherbalmedicine,acupuncture,andpracticeslikeqigongandgongfu.

Yuting:IsittheholisticapproachtohealthcarethatattractsyoutostudyTCM?

Aaron:Itis!TheholisticaspectiswhatdrewmetoTCMinthefirstplace.Treatingthepatientasawholeisincrediblyimportantintoday’sworld.Duringmystudies,I’veevenbeenabletotreatsomepatientsusingthisapproachundermyteacher’sguidance,whichhasbeenafantasticlearningexperience.IhopetointegrateTCMwithWesternpracticeswhenIreturnhome.

Yuting:Thatsoundspromising.HowdoyouthinkTCMandWesternmedicinecanworktogether?

Aaron:Theyhavealottolearnfromeachother.Forexample,Westernmedicineoftenreliesonmedicinetomanagebloodpressure,whileTCMoftenfocusesonlifestylechanges,herbalremedies,andacupuncturetoaddressunderlyingimbalances.Bycombiningthesemethods,wecanachieveremarkableresults.

Yuting:Thatmakesalotofsense.You’vegotyourmaster’sdegreeinTCM.Areyougoinghomesoon?

Aaron:Perhapsnot.IplantotakethelicensingexamhereinChina.Itwillbetough,butit’sessentialformyfutureplans.OnceIpass,IhopetoopenaclinicbackhometointroduceTCManditsholisticapproachtohealthcare.

Referenceanswers

Listeningandunderstanding1

technicalterms

fascinating

bringtheconcepts

specificsymptoms

holisticapproach

bloodpressure

underlyingimbalances

remarkableresults

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T

Thinkingandspeaking

Whatisaholisticapproachinmedicine?PromotingTCMtotheworld

Passage1Scripts

Artmuseumsaren’ttraditionallyassociatedwithmedicaleducation.Butseveralmedicalschoolsareofferingcoursesthatgivestudentsachancetorefinetheirobservationskills,andinturntheirdiagnosticskills,bystudyingvisualart.

Therehasbeenagrowingrecognitionthatinadditiontoimprovingtheirdiagnosticskills,studyingtheartsmayhelpmedicalstudentsdevelopqualitiessuchasself-awarenessandcommunicationskillsthatareincreasinglyimportantfortheircareers.Theartmuseumenvironmentseemstooffersomethinguniqueandimportanttomedicalprofessionals,whoneedtocopewiththejob’srelentlessdemandsforcourageandquickdecisionsandbepreparedtotakehugerisks.Worksofartalsoofferinterpretivechallenges,whichresonatewiththefamiliardemandsofdiagnosisfacedbymedicalprofessionals.Besides,artmuseumscanalsoserveasasafeplaceformedicalprofessionalstosharetheirthoughtsandfeelingsaboutartandtheirownexperiences,whilebuildingononeanother’sideasinthesearchformeaning.Thiscanpromotetheirtoleranceofambiguityandhaveapositiveeffectonreducingburnout.Thehumanitiesingeneralarefoundtoworkinthesameway.

Nowadays,asmedicalpracticeshiftsfromindividualized,doctor-centeredcaretowardateam-based,patient-centeredapproach,somepeoplearguethatthepatient-doctorconnectioniswhatreallydefinesbeingadoctor.Bringingtheartsandhumanitiesintomedicaleducationhasprovedtobeagoodwayofhelpingmedicalstudentsformdeeperconnectionswithpatientsanddevelopempathyandresilience.“Theseareallcoreareasfordoctorsandcanbedevelopedthroughstudyingtheartsandhumanities,”saidoneresearcher.Headdedthatleadersacrossacademicmedicineareenthusiasticabouteffortstointegratetheartsandhumanitiesintomedicaleducation.

Referenceanswers

Listeningandunderstanding1

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4. 5. 7. 10. 11. 12. 13. 15.

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Thinkingandspeaking

Whatdefinesadoctor?

Importanceofhumanitiesinprofessionalgrowth

Passage2Scripts

Thehealthcareindustryiswitnessingaprofoundshiftdrivenbydigitaltechnologyandartificialintelligence,andthisisparticularlyevidentinhowpatientsseekcareandhowdoctorsdeliverit.

UsingAIhasmadeitpossibletoprovidequickandconvenientcaretohelpmorepeople.Forexample,AIchatbotsarealreadybeingusedasafirstpointofcontactforpatients.Theycanaskpatientsabouttheirsymptomsandcondition,triagethem,andscheduleappointments,savingthevaluabletimeofhealthcarestaff.Basedonthepatient’sanswers,thechatbotcanalsosuggesttreatmentsorafurthercourseofaction.Thiswillbeespeciallyusefulinruralcommunitieswithfewerhealthresources.

AIhasproventobeagamechangerinmedicalimaging,too.Inthepast,subtleabnormalitiesinscanscouldeasilygounnoticedbyhumans,potentiallydelayingcrucialtreatments.However,withtheassistanceofAIalgorithms,eventhetiniestirregularitiescannowbedetectedandanalyzed,empoweringmedicalprofessionalswithenhanceddiagnosticcapabilities.

Machinelearningmodelscanalsopredicthowpatientsreacttocertaindrugs,allowingdoctorstoproactivelyaddresspatients’needs.Thisnotonlymakesthediagnosticjourneyquickerbutalsoensuresahigherlevelofprecision,minimizingerrorsandmaximizingtreatmenteffectiveness.

Furthermore,doctorsandotherhealthcareworkerscanbenefitfromAIwhentheyareinundatedwithwork.AIassistantscanautomateprocedures,spotinconsistenciesanderrors,speedupdocumentation,andhelpwithday-to-daytaskslikerecordingmedicaltestresultsandissuingprescriptions.

Withagingpopulationsacrosstheworld,manyhealthcaresystemsareunderpressure.Fortunately,artificialintelligencehasthepotentialtoaddresssomeofthemostpressingchallengesinhealthcare.

Referenceanswers

Listeningandunderstanding1

1. 3. 4. 6.

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courseofaction

enhanceddiagnosticcapabilities

reacttocertaindrugs

patients’needs

inconsistenciesanderrors

day-to-daytasks

Thinkingandspeaking

AreyouwillingtoseeanAIdoctor?ChallengesofusingAIinhealthcare

LectureScripts

Goodmorning,everyone.Today,wewilltakeacloserlookatoneofthemostinfluentialfiguresinthehistoryofmedicine–Hippocrates,whoisoftenreferredtoasthefatherofmedicine.Hispioneeringworklaidthefoundationsformodernmedicalethicsandpractice,andhisteachingscontinuetoresonatewiththemedicalcommunitytothisday.Althoughstoriesabouthimaremorelegendthanfact,thishasn’tstoppedpeoplefromreferringtohimasthemodelofanidealdoctor.

So,whyisHippocratesconsideredsuchamonumentalfigure?Well,he’screditedwithtransformingmedicinefromapracticefullofsupernaturalbeliefstoonebasedonobservationandnaturalscience.BeforeHippocrates,illnesswasoftenattributedtodispleasedgodsormysticalforces.Hebroughtamorerationalperspective,onethatsoughtnaturalexplanationsandtreatmentsfordiseases.

Hippocratesemphasizedtheimportanceofclinicalobservation,notingthatakeeneyeandcarefuldocumentationareessentialforeffectivetreatment.Whilemodernmedicinehasevolvedsignificantly,theideaofobservingandunderstandingdiseaseprocessesremainscentral.

AnotherimportantthingHippocrateslefttousistheHippocraticoath,asetofethicalguidelinesthatcontinuetoshapethemoralframeworkofthemedicalprofession.Theoathurgesdoctorstoprioritizethewell-beingof

theirpatients.Italsostressestheimportanceofmaintainingconfidentiality,sharingmedicalknowledgethroughteaching,andpreservingprofessionalintegrity–principlesthatresonatedeeplyintoday’smedicalpractice.

TheHippocraticoathhasprofoundlyinfluencedmodernmedicinebyestablishingenduringethicalprinciples.ManymedicalschoolstodayrequirestudentstotakeaversionoftheHippocraticoathaspartoftheirgraduationceremonies,symbolizingtheircommitmenttoethicalpracticeandpatientcare.

Hippocratescontinuestoinspiregenerationsofhealthcareprofessionalswhoarededicatedtothewell-beingoftheirpatients.LetushonorHippocratesnotjustasanameinmedicalhistory,butasanenduringexampleofhowtopracticecompassionateandscientificallygroundedmedicine.

Referenceanswers

Listeningandunderstanding1

thefatherofmedicine

supernaturalbeliefs

observationandnaturalscience

ethicalguidelines

scientificallygroundedmedicine

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Thinkingandspeaking

TheenduringlegacyoftheHippocraticoath

AleadingfigureinthehistoryofChinesemedicine

Viewing&speakingScripts

Thisisaraceagainstdeath,alonelyrace.Hurryup!Hurryup!Wemustmakeit!

Where’syourwife?Howisshe?Pleasewaitoutsidetheyurt.Hello,baby!You’vemadeit!

Thisismygrandma,Dr.QinJisheng.In1950,shewasadmittedtotheMedicalSchoolofPekingUniversity.Aftergraduation,mygrandmawenttoInnerMongolia(AutonomousRegion)inresponsetothecalloftheCommunistPartyofChinatoassistthecountry’sfrontierareas.LifeinInnerMongolia(AutonomousRegion)wasveryhardatthetime.Mostofthelocalwomendeliveredbabiesathome.Therewasnodisinfectionequipment,nomidwife,andnoobstetrician.GrandmastayedinInnerMongolia(AutonomousRegion)for30straightyears.Whensheretired,thelocalmaternalmortalityratehaddroppedto1/17ofthefigureofthe1950s.

Forhercontributions,Grandmawasgrantedthecountry’shighestawardingynecologyandobstetrics,OutstandingGynecologistsandObstetricians–LinQiaozhiCup.

ThechildGrandmaholdinginherarmsismymom,LiaoQinping,whogrewupinInnerMongolia(AutonomousRegion).MomoftensaysthatshewasmorefamiliarwithGrandma’sbackthanherface.

DespiteMom’s“complaints”aboutGrandma’snever-endingbusyness,shechosetostudyinthesamemedicalschoolwhereGrandmagraduated,andbecameabusyobstetricianandgynecologistherself.

ShejoinedtheCommunistPartyofChinaaswell.Whiledoingherinternshipinahospital,Mommetanorphancouplewhogrewuptogether.

Wishwecanstillbetogetherinheaven.

Theyoungwoman’smalignanttumorwasincurable.Momwitnessedtheyoungwoman’sdreadfulsufferinganddeath.Afterthat,shemadeuphermindtoconquermalignantgynecologicaltumorsinpatients.FollowingGrandma’ssteps,shealsovolunteeredtoworkinamedicalteaminaremotearea.

Fortheimpoverishedwomenintheborderarea,Momwasnotonlyadoctor,butalsoasister,ananny,andevenanaccountant,whohelpedthemsavemoney.

LikeGrandma,Momwasalsograntedthehighestnationalawardingynecologyandobstetricsforhercontributionstothetreatmentofgynecologicaltumors.Thetwotopawardshavealwaysbeeninspiringtome.

MynameisLüTao,IhadthisphototakenwhenIwasworkinginXizang.In2001,Iwasenrolledby(the)PekingUniversityHealthScienceCenterandbecameanalumnaofGrandmaandMom.

Iamalsoanobstetricianandgynecologist.Myfocusofresearchisoncommonproblemsaffectingwomen’sliveslikeurinaryincontinence.FollowingthepathGrandmaandMomtookdecadesago,I’vealsovolunteeredtoworkinaremotearea,XizangAutonomousRegion.

Whysomanytents?They’reheretoseethedoctor.

ProbablyfewpeopleknowthatforTibetanherders,visitingadoctormeansamigrationoftheentirefamily.Fortunately,ahigh-altitudeecologicalrelocationpolicywaslaunched.EventhepoorestTibetanswerecoveredbythebasicmedicalinsurancesystem.

Workinginthedepartmentofobstetricsandgynecologyismuchharderthanyou’veimagined.Doyouwanttothinkitover?Didmygrandmasaythesamethingtoyoubackthen?

Inthe1950s,asaCPCmember,grandmastrivedtosavethelivesofpregnantwomenandtheirbabiesintheborderarea.Inthe1990s,asaCPCmember,Momstrivedtosavethepatientswithmalignantgynecologicaltumorswithmeticulousresearch.Inthe2020s,I’mworkinghardtohelpChinesewomenlivebetter.

Referenceanswers

Viewingandunderstanding1

1.N 2.Y 3.Y 4.N 5.N

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QinJisheng(Grandma):B ELiaoQinping(Mother):A F H

LüTao(Granddaughter):C D G

Thinkingandspeaking

Devotionofdoctors

Improvinghealthcareinremoteareas

Unitproject

FurtherlisteningConversationScripts

Q:Intoday’srapidlyevolvinghealthcarelandscape,thedoctor-patientrelationshipisundergoingsignificantchanges.Today,wehaveDr.Smith,arenowneddoctor,todiscusstheseshiftsandtheirimplications.

A:Thanksforhavingmehere.

Q:Dr.Smith,tostartwith,whatdoyouthinkisthemostsignificantshiftinthedoctor-patientrelationship?

A:Wearenowlivinginanage,wherepatientshaveaccesstoawealthofinformation.Thedoctorisstillthemostimportantfactorintermsofdecision-making,butpatientsareincreasinglyinvolvedintheprocess.Youknow,thesourcesofinformationaboutdiseaseandtreatmenthaveexpandedbeyondthedoctor’soffices.TheInternet,publications,andevencommunicationwithfriendsandneighborshaveallbecomesourcesofknowledgeaboutdisease,symptoms,andtreatmentoptions.

Q:Whatistheinfluenceofthisshift?

A:Well,theroleofmedicalstaffhasevolvedtoincludehelpingpatientsnavigatethevastamountofinformationandhelpingthemdistinguishhigh-qualityinformationfrommisleading,orevenfalseinformation.However,whenitcomestomakingfinaldecisions,patientsstilltendtodefertotheclinicalteam.

Q:Aremedicalworkersawareofthisshift?

A:Absolutely.Doctorsareveryopenandpreferthisapproachtomedicalcare.Theincreasedparticipationofpatientsinthedecision-makingprocessislikelytoimprovehealthoutcomes,enhancesatisfactionwiththehealthcareexperience,reducecosts,andevenbenefitthedoctor’sexperience.

Q:Howdoyouthinkthisshiftwillimpactthefutureofhealthcare?

A:Thisshiftisaveryhealthymove.Itallowsphysicianstobetterknowpatients’thoughtsandthefactorsthatinfluencetheirwillingnessandabilitytosticktodifferenttreatments.This,inturn,leadstogreateradherencetotreatmentdecisions.Duringthisprocess,doctorsandpatientsformamorecollaborativerelationshipwithmutualtrust.

Q:So,inyouropinion,theevolvingdoctor-patientrelationshipholdsgreatpromiseforbetterhealthcare,right?

A:Right!

Q:Thankyou,Dr.Smith,forsharingyourinsightsonthistopic.

A:Itwasapleasuretospeaktoyou.

Questions：

Whatisthemostsignificantshiftinthedoctor-patientrelationshipaccordingtoDr.Smith?

Whatismedicalstaff’sattitudetowardtheshiftinthedoctor-patientrelationship?

WhatdoesDr.Smiththinkoftheimpactoftheshiftinthedoctor-patientrelationship?

Referenceanswers

1.C2.A3.C

Passage1Scripts

Yourmindcanbeapowerfulhealingtoolwhengiventhechance.Theideathatyourbraincanconvinceyourbodythatafaketreatmentisrealandthusstimulatehealinghasbeenaroundformillennia.Thisisknownastheplaceboeffect.Now,sciencehasfoundthat,undertherightcircumstances,placeboscanbejustaseffectiveastraditionaltreatments.“Theplaceboeffectismorethanjustpositivethinking,thatis,believingatreatmentorprocedurewillwork.It’saboutstrengtheningtheconnectionbetweenthebrainandbody,”saysoneresearcherwhofocusesontheplaceboeffect.Placeboswon’tloweryourcholesterolorshrinkatumor.Instead,theyworkonsymptomsinfluencedbythebrain,suchastheperceptionofpain.Accordingtoresearch,placebosmaynotcureus,buttheycanmakeusfeelbetter.Theyhavebeenfoundtobemosteffectiveforconditionslikepain,stress-relatedinsomnia,andsideeffectsofcancertreatmentlikefatigueandfeelingsick.

Howplacebosworkisstillnotfullyunderstood,butitinvolvesacomplexneurobiologicalreaction,fromincreasesinfeel-goodneurotransmitterslikeendorphinsanddopamine,togreateractivityincertainbrainregionslinkedtomoods,emotionalresponses,andself-awareness.“Theplaceboeffectisawayforyourbrain

totellthebodywhatitneedstofeelbetter,”saystheresearcher.

However,placebosarenotallaboutreleasingbrainpower.Youalsoneedtheritualoftreatment.Asexplainedbytheresearcher,“Yougotoaclinicatcertaintimesandgetexaminedbymedicalprofessionalsinwhitecoats.Youreceiveallkindsofexoticpillsandundergomedicalprocedures.Allthiscanhaveaprofoundimpactonhowthebodyperceivessymptomsbecauseyoufeelyouaregettingattentionandcare.”

Questions:

Whatcanwelearnaboutthenatureoftheplaceboeffectfromthepassage?

Whattypeofsymptomsareplacebosmosteffectivefor?

Accordingtotheresearcher,whathelpsenhancetheplaceboeffect?

Referenceanswers

1.D2.B3.C

Passage2Scripts

Forcenturies,peopleacrosscountrieshaveturnedtotraditionalwaysoftreatment,usinghomeremediesandknowledgeofancientmedicinetoaddresstheirhealthandwell-beingneeds.Accordingtothe“WHOGlobalReportonTraditionalandComplementaryMedicine2019,”varioussystemsoftraditionalmedicinearebeingusedaroundtheworld,includingacupuncture,herbalmedicines,andosteopathy.

Traditionalmedicineissometimesseenaspre-scientific,withitspracticesandtreatmentstobereplacedbymodern,science-basedmedicine.However,whatislessknownisitscontributiontomodernmedicine.Throughouthistory,manytraditionalproductsandpracticeshavebeentranslatedintoeffectivetreatmentsforvarioushealthconditions.

Around40percentofpharmaceuticalproductstodaydrawfromnatureandtraditionalknowledge,includinggroundbreakingdrugssuchasaspirinandartemisinin.Acloserlookatthesedrugsrevealsthatthescientistsbehindthembuiltontraditionalknowledgetoachievetheirbreakthroughdiscoveries.Takeaspirin,forexample.Morethan3,500yearsago,barkfromthewillowtreewasusedbytheEgyptianstoreducepainandfightinflammation.Inlateryears,itwasusedinancientGreecetoeasethepainofchildbirthandcurefevers.Basedonthistraditionalknowledge,chemistFelixHoffmannproducedaspirinusingchemicalmethodsin1897.Sincethen,aspirinhasimprovedandsavedthelivesofmillionsofpeopleeveryday.Ithasmultiplebenefitsincludingpreventingheartattacksorstrokes,improvingbloodpressure,andrelievingpainandswelling.Aspirinisnowoneofthemostuseddrugsintheworld.

Theenduringlegacyoftraditionalmedicineisatestamenttoitsvalueandrelevanceinthemodernworld.Bycontinuingtoexploreandintegratetraditionalknowledgewithcontemporaryscientificresearch,wecanuncovernewtreatmentsandimproveexistingones,ultimatelyadvancingglobalhealthoutcomes.

Questions:

WhatdoestheWHOreportsayabouttraditionalmedicine?

Whatcanwelearnaboutaspirinfromthepassage?

Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

Referenceanswers

1.A2.C3.A

LectureScripts

Goodafternoon,everyone.Today,we’regoingtolookatatransformativetechnologyinmedicine:3D-printedorgans.Thistechnologyisnotjustaglimpseintothefuture–it’shappeningnowandcouldfundamentallychangehowweapproachorgantransplants.

Let’sbeginwiththeremarkablecaseofayoungwomanintheU.S.whoreceiveda3D-printedouterear,madefromlivingcells.Thisrepresentssignificantprogressinpersonalizedmedicinebecauseitusesthepatient’sowncells,greatlyreducingtheriskofimmunerejection.

3Dbioprintingisgoingfromanideatorealpracticeinmedicine.Thisinnovati