物理化學(xué)術(shù)語PhysicalChemicalTerms第十課第1頁1.changesofstateSolidliquidgasSolidgasfusioncrystallizationvaporizationcondensation

sublimationdepositionliquefactionmelting第2頁2.FluidityofasubstanceViscosity:TheresistanceofasubstancetoflowSurfacetension:theamountofenergyrequiredtoexpandthesurfaceofaliquidbyaunitarea.Impartsmembrane-likebehaviortothesurface.第3頁3.SolidAmorphoussolid:asubstanceinwhichtheatoms,molecules,orionshavearandomandnonrepetitivethree-dimensionalarrangement.Crystallinesolid:asubstanceinwhichtheatoms,molecules,orionshaveacharacteristicregular,andrepetitivethree-dimensionalarrangement.第4頁3.1CrystalCrystal:asolidthathasashapeboundedbyplanesurfacesintersectingatfixedanglesSpacelattice:asystemofpointsrepresentingsiteswithidenticalenvironmentsinthesameorientationinthecrystalUnitcell:themostconvenientsmallpartofaspacelattice,ifrepeatedinthreedimension,willgeneratetheentirelattice.第5頁3.1.1Unitcell:Primitiveunitcell:aunitcellinwhichonlythecornersareoccupiedMultipleunitcell:containotherlatticepointsinadditiontothoseatthecornersTheoreticaldensity:themassoftheunitcelldividedbythevolumeoftheunitcell第6頁P(yáng)olymorphous:abletocrystallizeinmorethanonecrystalstructureIsomorphous:havethesamecrystalstructure第7頁4.SolutionSaturatedsolution:theconcentrationofdissolvedsoluteisequaltothatwhichwouldbeinequilibriumwithundissolvedsoluteunderthegivenconditions.Solubility:theconcentrationofasaturatedsolution.unsaturatedsolution:candissolvemoresolute.Supersaturatedsolution:holdsmoresolutethanwouldbeinequilibriumwithundissolvedsolute第8頁4.1miscibilityMiscibility:themutualsolubilityoftwosubstancesinthesamephase.Likedissolveslike:Substancesthataresimilarinstructure,bonding,andespeciallyinintermolecularforcestendtobehighlyoreveninfinitelymiscible.Immisicible:第9頁4.2Idealsolution

Idealsolutionofamolecular:theforcesbetweenallparticleofbothsolventandsoluteareidentical.Idealsolutionofanionicsolute:theionsinsolutionareindependentofeachotherandattractedonlytosolventmolecules.Henry’slaw:Atconstanttemperature,thepartialpressureofagasoverasolutionisdirectlyproportionaltothesolubilityofthegasinthatsolution第10頁4.3standardsolutionstandardsolution:asolutionofknownconcentrationConcentrationofsolution:

1.mass(weight)percent=

(massofsolute/massofsolution)×100%2.molarity=molesofsolute/litersofsolution3.molality=molesofsolute/kilogramofsolution第11頁4.4colligativepropertyRaoult’slaw:Thevaporpressureofaliquidinasolutionisequaltothemolefractionofthatliquidinthesolutiontimesthevaporpressureofpureliquid.colligativeproperty:anypropertyofasolutionthatdependsontherelativenumbersofsoluteandsolventparticles第12頁5.SemipermeablemembraneSemipermeablemembranes:membranesthatallowthepassageofsomemoleculesbutnotothers.Osmosis:thepassageofsolventmoleculesthroughasemipermeablemembranefromamoredilutesolutionintoamoreconcentratedsolution.Osmosispressure:theexternalpressureexactlysufficienttoopposeosmosisandstopit第13頁6.colloidColloid:

colloidaldispersion,asubstancemadeupofsuspendedparticleslargerthanmostmolecules,buttoosmalltobeseeninanopticalmicroscopySol:solidparticlessuspendedinaliquid,suchasmudGel:solidparticles,usuallyverylargemolecules,uniteinarandomandintertwinedstructurethatgivesrigiditytothemixtureEmulsion:particlesofaliquidsuspendedinanotherliquidFoam:tinybubblesofgassuspendedinaliquidAerosol:airorgasisthesuspendingmedium第14頁7.ChemicalkineticsChemicalkinetics:thestudyoftheratesandmechanismofchemicalreactionsActivationenergy:theminimumenergythatreactantsmusthaveforreactiontooccur第15頁7.1reactionratereactionrate:thechangeinconcentrationofareactantoraproductinaunitoftimeRateequation:themathematicalrelationshipbetweenthereactionrateandtheconcentrationofoneormoreofthereactantsRateconstant:relatesreactionratetosomefunctionofreactantconcentrationsraisedtovariouspowersInhibitors;catalyst;promoters第16頁7.2equilibriumconstantequilibriumconstant:Kisequaltotheproductoftheconcentrationsofthereactionsproducts,eachraisedtothepowerequaltoitsstoichiometriccoefficient,dividedbytheproductoftheconcentrationsofthereactants,eachraisedtothepowerequaltoitsstoichiometriccoefficientReactionquotient:Q,takesthesameformasKbutisusedforreactionnotatequilibrium第17頁Solubilityproduct:Ksp,theequilibriumconstantforasolidelectrolyteinequilibriumwithitsionsinsolutionDissociationconstant:Kd,theequilibriumconstantforthedissociationofcomplexions第18頁8.ElectrochemistryElectrochemistry:dealswithoxidation-reductionreactionsthateitherproduceorutilizeelectricalenergy第19頁colligativepropertyRaoult’slaw:Thevaporpressureofaliquidinasolutionisequaltothemolefractionofthatliquidinthesolutiontimesthevaporpressureofpureliquid.colligativeproperty:anypropertyofasolutionthatdependsontherelativenumbersofsoluteandsolventparticles第20頁Colloid:

colloidaldispersion,asubstancemadeupofsuspendedparticleslargerthanmostmolecules,buttoosmalltobeseeninanopticalmicroscopySol:solidparticlessuspendedinaliquid,suchasmudGel:solidparticles,usuallyverylargemolecules,uniteinarandomandintertwinedstructurethatgivesrigiditytothemixtureEmulsion:particlesofaliquidsuspendedinanotherliquidFoam:tinybubblesofgassuspendedinaliquidAerosol:airorgasisthesuspendingmediumcolloid第21頁equilibriumconstantequilibriumconstant:Kisequaltotheproductoftheconcentrationsofthereactionsproducts,eachraisedtothep