考研英語(閱讀)模擬試卷91

一、閱讀(常規(guī)閱讀理解)(本題共2。題，每題

分,共20分。)

Allnationsagreethatcooperativeeffortsareneededtoshareinresearch(ostudyand

predictearthquakes.InJuly1956thefirstWorldConferenceonEarthquakeEngineering

washeldinTokyo.Althoughvvearealongwayfromconsensusonhowfarweshouldgo

intermsofaddressingscientificquestionswithpotentialapplicationtoearthquake

prediction,manypointoutthatlow-probabilityshort-termforecasts,whilenotjustifying

massevacuationofcities,mayhelpmaintainastateofpreparednessbeneficialin

earthquake-proneareas.Time-dependenthazardmapsalreadyinuseinCaliforniahave

ledtosignificantpracticalbenefitsintermsofincreasedinvestmentinaseismatic

buildingconstruction.However,thereisalsoapotentialdownsidetoidentifyingsome

areasasbeingathighrisk,inthesensethatthismayleadtounwarrantedcomplacencyin

areasidentifiedasbeingatlowrisk.Weremainalongwayfromprovingthatany

earthquakepredictionschemecansucceedbetterthanpredictionsbasedonthestatistics

ofearthquakes,butthisdebatehashighlightedintheclearesttermspossiblethatwhen

scientistsspeakof"earthquakeprediction",(heydonotimply(hetypeofaccurateshort-

termpredictionthatmightallowpublicevacuationsbeforeanindividualevent.Instead

(hepredictionsimpliedcomeunderthegeneralcategoryofprobabilisticforecastsfora

populationofearthquakes.Aldepthsofseveralmilesinsidetheearth,theweightofrocks

causesgreatpressurewhichsometimescausesrockstobreakandslip,forming

faults(greatcracks).Whenslippageoccurs,shockwavesarefeltandcanbedetectedwith

seismographsthousandsofmilesaway,butitisimportanttonotethatintheend,itisthe

collapseofman-madestructuresthatcausesmostofthedeathanddamage.Whilewe

continuetoexplorethedegreeofpredictabilityofearthquakesonrigorousobservational,

statisticalandtheoreticalgrounds,wcshouldthereforenotlosesightofthefactthatthe

bestwayofpreparingfortheinevitableremainsinthedevelopmentoflanduseplans,

andbuildingandinfrastructuredesigncodestomitigatetheirworsteffects.

1、Whichofthefollowingtitlesismostappropriatetothetext?

A^TheFailedSearchforanEarthquakePredictionSystem

B、TheMeritsofTi-yingtoPredictEarthquakes

C、TheDebateoverEarthquakePredictionSystems

D、TheDrawbacksofEarthquakePredictionSystems

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：屬主旨思想題。本文探討地震的預(yù)防，C項(xiàng)切合文章主題。

2、Theword"unwarranted"(line3,para.2)mostprobablymeans"

A^undeserved

B、unnecessary

C、extreme

D、unfair

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：屬詞義推斷題。根據(jù)承前提示，雖然被確定為低危區(qū)，但在地震這件

嚴(yán)肅的事情上產(chǎn)生沾沾自喜的情緒，是莫名其妙、毫無來由的，可斷定A最為貼

近該詞的含義，理解為“不應(yīng)有的

3、Themostfrequentcauseofmajorearthquakesis.

A^faulting

folding

C、landslides

D、tidalwaves

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：屬事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。文中只提到產(chǎn)生斷層會(huì)導(dǎo)致地震。

4、Theseismographismostusefulin.

A、controllingfaults

B、pinpointingthelocationofshockwaves

C、preventingdestruction

D、warningofforthcomingearthtremors

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：屬事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。第四段直接提到：“用地震儀在幾千米外就能感知和

探測(cè)到?jīng)_擊波

5、Muchofthedamageinpastearthquakescouldhavebeenpreventedby.

A、morefrequentuseofseismographs

B、betterconstructionofbuildings

C、quickermethodsofevacuation

D^internationalcooperation

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：屬信息推斷題。第四段指出：“最終導(dǎo)致大部分死亡和破壞的是人工

結(jié)構(gòu)的崩塌。”可見，如果建筑結(jié)構(gòu)改善，地震的大部分損壞本來可以得到避免。

Wealthieruniversitypressescouldaffordtodiversifymoreefiectively,andsupplya

varietyofbooksratherthanaglutofthosethatjustmakemoney.Thebusinessof

universitypublishinghadenteredintodangerousarithmetic.Productiongrewalmostfour

timesfasterthanthemarket.Thetotaloutputofalluniversitypresseswas31million

books.Afterdeductingthe5millionbooksboughtbylibraries,eachandeveryoneofthe

millionfacultymembersinacademeintheU.S.wouldneedtobuy26university-press

booksayeartoreachmarketequilibrium.Thereremainstodayastubborn,widespread

fantasythatlibrarieswillbuyenoughcopiesofabooktopayforthecostofproducingit.

True,onceuponatime,auniversitypresscouldexpecttosellabout1,500copiesofa

typicalmonograph,with800to1,000ofthosesalesioacademiclibraries.Buiby1990,

thenumberforlibrarysaleshaddroppedto500or600.Currently,itiscommontohear

200,andnotunusualtohearstilllowernumbers.Howdiduniversitypressesmovesofar

intothetrademarketplace,everfurtherthantheiruniversities0Librarybudgetsshifted

dramaticallytowardscienceandtechnologyjournalsandlargeexpensivedatabases,so

theyhadlessandlessmoneyforbooks.Asonemarketdiminished,anotherhadtobe

found.Universityadministratorscametoassumethatauniversitypresscouldpayfor

books(hatlosemoneybypublishingbooks(hatmakemoney.Academicauthorsmade

marketingamoreiinporiantreasonforchoosingapress(hanrefereeing,editing,or

proofreading.Thesituationissadandneedstobeaddressedinahealthyacademicdebate

abouttheethicsofcommercialpublishing.

6、Whentheauthorsaysuniversitypublishinghasenteredintodangerous

arithmctic(lincs2-3,para.I)hcmeans.

A、publishersarelosingmoney

B、publishershaveunderestimatedtheirproblems

C、publishingisnotreflectingmarketdemand

D^publishingisoverproducingduetobadestimatesofsales

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：屬信息歸納題。從第一段的數(shù)字列舉可以看出，書籍的產(chǎn)量供過于

求，出版并沒有反映市場(chǎng)需求。

7、Bysayinguniversitypresseshavemoved"sofarintothetrademarketplace"(line1,

para.3)theauthormeanstomakewhatpoint?

A、Universitypressesarenowsellinginprivateoutletsratherthanthelibrary.

B、Universitypressesareusingprofitcriteriaintheirdecisions.

C、Universitypressesarenowmakingprofitseventhoughtheyarenotsupposedto.

D、Universitypressesareneglectingtheircivicandpublicduty.

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：屬詞義推斷題。第三段談到，由于圖書館購書款項(xiàng)減少，一處市場(chǎng)縮

小，必須發(fā)現(xiàn)另一處，大學(xué)出版社可以通過出版賺錢圖書來彌補(bǔ)賠錢圖書。根據(jù)后

續(xù)提示，可判斷A項(xiàng)為恰當(dāng)?shù)慕忉尅?/p>

8、Oneofthereasonsthatuniversitypressesover-publishedwas.

A、thattheywanttocompensatemoneythatsomebookslose

B、thattheydidn'testimatetheirmarketcorrectly

C、thatthelibrariesrefusedtobuythemsotheywerestuckv/ithtoomany

D、thattheyfeltobligated(oservicetheacademiccommunity

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：屬信息推斷題。第二段開頭指出：“現(xiàn)在廣泛存在著一種固執(zhí)的幻

想，認(rèn)為圖書館購買的圖書數(shù)量足以支付其生產(chǎn)成本?！笨梢?，這是對(duì)市場(chǎng)的錯(cuò)誤

評(píng)估，導(dǎo)致大學(xué)出版社出版過量。

9、Thechoicethatacademicauthorsmaketorapublisheroftendependson.

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：屬信息推斷題。文章開頭指出：,?一項(xiàng)新的神經(jīng)成像研究提供了有力

證據(jù)，證明孩子過于害羞可能是由于扁桃核，即與警覺和恐懼有關(guān)的大腦結(jié)構(gòu)較為

活躍所致?！边@說明害羞是天生的。

12、Accordingtothetext,theexperienceofshynesscanbemeasured.

A^bybrainimagingexperimentswithyoungchildren

B、bymeasuringthesizeoftheamygdala

C、bythedegreeofsocialphobiaanindividualhas

D、byusinganMR1machinewithadults

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析；屈事實(shí)信息題。第二段末尾表明，害羞的經(jīng)歷可以通過用磁共振成像

研究成人得到測(cè)定。

Thereasonwhythestudy'sdesignallowed"anevenmorewildhypothesis'1was

that.

A、thepartofthebrainhadneverbeenstudiedbefore

B、itentailedusingamachinetolookatacertainareaofthebrain

C、itmeantaddingthenotionthatinfantshynesscouldbemeasuredinadults

D、itaddedthepossibilitythatshynesswasrelatedtosocialphobia

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：屬涉輯關(guān)系題。第二段的最后?句其前后部分可以看成前果后因，即

這個(gè)假定之所以怪異是因?yàn)樗J(rèn)為“造成嬰兒害羞的大腦差異可以在二十年后借助

磁共振成像看到?！?/p>

14>Thetexttellsusthatthereasoninhibitedtemperamentscannotbesoeasily

connectedtosocialphobiais.

A、thereisweakevidencelinkingthetwo

B、therearemanyuninhibitedtemperamentsthatdonotdevelopsocialphobia

C^thereactionsin(hebrainaresubstantiallydifferent

D、temperamentsarcpartofhumandiversity,notabnormalities

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：屬邏輯關(guān)系題。本文的最后兩句應(yīng)為前果后因：在童年受到抑制不一

定患上社會(huì)恐懼癥，這是I大為性格本身是人類的基本特點(diǎn)，而不是病征。

15、Itcanbeconcludedfromthetextthat.

A、thephenomenonofshynessisincurable

B、theshynessisnotsomethingachildcaneasilycontrol

C、theshynessisabraindefectthatmayrequireoutsidehelp

D^theshynessisanormalpartofallchildren(osomeextentoranother

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：屬信息推斷題。既然文章認(rèn)為害羞是先天的，所以它不是孩了?可以輕

易控制的。

What'sthebestway(omakesureakideatsanapple?Askhimifhewantsone.It'sreally

thatsimple,accordingtoarecentYaleUniversitystudyinwhichcafeteriaworkersasked

studentsiftheywantedfruitwiththeirmeal,andraisedconsumptionofthegoodstuff

from40to70percent.Wanthertocathervegetables,too?Renamethem.Whena

Cornellresearchertoldkindergartnerstheywereeating"X-rayvisioncarrotsnratherthan

plainoldvegetables,thekidsate50percentmore.Despiteyearsofjunk-foodbansand

stringentnutritionstandardsin(henation'sschoolcafeterias,childhoodobesityhasn't

dropped.Nowresearchersaretestingsimplerstrategiesdesignedto"nudge"students

towardhealthierdecisions.LisaMancinooftheU.S.Departrr.entofAgriculture,which

overseesschool-mealprograms,calls(henewapproach"stealthhealth',,gettingkidsto

eathealthywithoutevenrealizingit.Asitturnsout,theproblemmaynotbethepresence

ofjunkfoodafterall;it'sthatthegoodfoodjustisn'tappealingenough.Stealthhealthis

anapplicationofbehavioraleconomics,anacademicfieldthatstudiestheroleof

environmentalfactorsindecisionmaking."Thegeneralprincipleisfindingchangesthat

pushpeopleintherightdirectionwithoutlimitingtheirchoices,"saysDavidJust,a

behavioraleconomistatCornellUniversity.Inthecafeteria,thatmeansusing

environmentalcuestomakethemostnutritiousdecisionthemostdesirableone.The

schoollunchprovideslotsofopportunitiesforincreasingtheappealofhealthyfoods;

verbalencouragementwhileordcring(askingthefruitquestion),descriptivelabcls("rich

vegetablemedleysoup"soundsalotbetterthan"vegetablesoup")andimprovedacccss(a

cafeteria,forexample,wherethe"grabandgo"sectionisthehealthiest)canallhelpsway

astudent'sdecision.Eventhemethodofpaymentmatters.Onerecentstudyfoundthat

studentswhopayforamealwithcashmakesignificantlyheathierdecisionsthanthose

whouseaprepaidcard.DavidJustthinkssuchchanges,whichhelpkidsmakehealthy

decisionsevenwhenunhealthyoptionsareavailable,betterpreparestudentsfor(hereal

worldthanlla(-outbansonjunkfood.NotallnutritionexpertsarethrilledwithJusl's

suggestionthatschoolsbackoffonbansandbringbackcookies."Wedon'texposekids

tocigarettesinschools,wedon'tteachthemcomicbooksinEnglishclass,sowhywould

weprovideunhealthyoptionsinthecafeteria?"saysTracyFox,vicepresidentofthe

SocietyforNutritionEducation.Shelikestheideaofcafeteriaworkerssuggestingfruit,

butisskepticalthatkids,ifgiventhechoice,wouldpickbananasoverbrownies.

16、BywritingParagraphIjheauthorintendsto.

A、provetheaccuracyofYale'sstudy

B、introducethetheorymentionedbelow

C、demonstratetheimportanceofeatingfruits

D、claimchildrenarefascinatedaboutX-ray

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：屬邏輯關(guān)系題,本題考查的是考生對(duì)作者意圖的理解，仔細(xì)閱讀第一

段會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)在這一段中耶魯大學(xué)和康奈爾大學(xué)的研究只是兩個(gè)例子，而非本文的中心

內(nèi)容。通過閱讀第二段，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)作者引人了“隱形健康”這一概念，由此可知作者

講到這兩個(gè)例子就是為了引出這個(gè)概念，因此選項(xiàng)B符合題意。選項(xiàng)A、C、D均

不符合題意。

17、Junk-fbodarcforbiddeninschooPscafeteriaprobablybecause.

A^adolescenceobesityisaseriousnationwideproblem

B、U.S.governmentwantstooverseetheschool-mealprograms

C、goodfooddoesn'thaveenoughattractiontostudents

D、stealthhealthturnsoutanot-so-goodapproach

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案:A

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：屬信息推斷題。文章第二段第一句話講到盡管學(xué)校餐廳很多年都禁止

垃圾食品，但仍然沒有解決兒童肥胖問題，因此可知之所以要禁止垃圾食品，就是

因?yàn)閮和逝诌@一問題，故選項(xiàng)A符合題意。選項(xiàng)B犯了移花接木的錯(cuò)誤，將美

國農(nóng)業(yè)部的職能進(jìn)行套用，故錯(cuò)誤。選項(xiàng)C迷惑性較大，但是這一觀點(diǎn)是兒童不

愛吃健康食品的原因，與禁止垃圾食品的原因并無關(guān)系，故錯(cuò)誤。選項(xiàng)D犯了曲

解文意的錯(cuò)誤，作者認(rèn)為隱形健康這種新方法還是比較有用的，故錯(cuò)誤。

18、Whicho