Chapter1IntroductiontoBiology

Glossary

Vocabulary151*PageDescription解釋

repair管穗4torestorewornoutordamaged祥出化合物我黎遺孤細(xì)胞，以

bodypartstonormal,僧捕破箱成援燧的身髓部分，

functioningcondition,by俊英與篋2?？勺裥械臓钚?/p>

releasingnecessarychemicalsor

producingnewcells

growth當(dāng)收4theincreaseinsizeandbiomass生場的覆移大J仙土揚般的信

oforganisms,involvingthe加，袋中,涉皮的的分裂8分

divisionofcellsandtheir化，再雄合成彳⑥彳重麴的雄

differentiationintodifferent

typesoftissue

livingthing,住物4anythingthatexhibitsallthe佞佝更偏住命所有七艱的絹

organismsevencharacteristicsoflifeand徵，卷出一他或以上的細(xì)胞￡0

iscomposedofonecellormore成的f?6矍

nutrient簪*「5asubstancetakenbyacellfrom細(xì)胞建房碳磅;推取，或電細(xì)胞

itsenvironment,orproducedby倉契的揚爵，府用於.褪城,成分

acellitself,andusedinanabolic解把翻的遇程中

orcatabolicreactions

nutrition管卷G用5theprocessinwhichanorganism生物魚配或拶破戰(zhàn)趣便限他生

obtainsnutrientsfromthe存所需的管善專的遇程

environment,orproduces

nutrientsbyitselfnecessaryfor

itssurvival

excretion豺池＜5用6theprocessbywhichmetabolic代榭庭揚4二氧化碳、厚素

wasteproductssuchascarbon等，利源內(nèi)細(xì)胞斜走的通程

dioxideandureaareeliminated

fromthecellofthebody

irritability電軟性6theabilityofanorganismto生的麻沔外來刺?送彳。碳夠緩

detectexternalstimulior化，卷行出反感的能力

changesinenvironmentand

respondtothem

respiration呼吸6用6,thechemicalreactionsinacell細(xì)胞內(nèi)分解會的修家能矍的化

thatbreakfoodsubstancesdown號反感?，的祥女的能受儲希臊

toreleaseenergy,whichisstored=磁夠(ATP)內(nèi)

asATP

respiration呼吸6用6,177thechemicalreactionsinacell細(xì)胞內(nèi)分鼾會場祥紫能矍的化

thatbreakfoodsubstancesdown辱反感，所祥發(fā)的能號儲於臊

toreleaseenergy,whichisstored三磁魂(ATP)內(nèi)

asATP

VocabularyPageDescription解釋

stimulus利讖6anyphysicalorchemicalchange,使何能勇笈反感的揚理或化號

eitherexternalorinternalofthe愛化（包掂罐外典般內(nèi)的愛化）

body,thatleadstoareactionin

anorganism

sweat濟(jì)6asolutionsecretedbysweat出虎點篡的汗臊分泌的熔泡，

glandintheskin,containing含有恁的出罐外的磁揚管

mineralsaltstobeexcreted

urine原液6aliquidcontainingwaste^肝朦收經(jīng)的一行液健，內(nèi)含

materialssuchasureaand

mineralsalts,collectedinthe

kidney

asexual氫燎生孤7reproductioninvolvingone9?涉單一靚本的生殖模式，亞

reproductionparent,withoutthefusionof不?涉艮se孑的鼬合

gametes

movement建劭7thechangeinplaceorpositionof住筋的身纏或臭部分的所在他

bodypartsoforganisms器或色五的四愛

offspring建代7theindividualinlater住揚櫛住出的倜健，或臭役世

generationsoforganisms代的何髓

reproduction生箍行用7theformationofnewindividuals隹遇有俊或絲俊的方在，彭咸

thataresimilartotheparentsby聘魏本杓似的新金醴的遇彩

sexualorasexualmeans

sexual有修醫(yī)笳7themodeofreproduction奉?涉筑■孑融合的繁殖模式

reproductioninvolvingfusionofgametes

cowpox牛痘9amildcontagiousskindiseaseof源魚牛群，舞身健健第的俏喙

cattle,usuallyaffectingthe的虎.唐痣，擊癥毒的效，通常

udder,thatiscausedbyavirus在牛復(fù)的乳屋贊性感夢。人慈

andcharacterizedbytheeruption也畬爰此瘍感經(jīng)，痣狀陛微，

ofapustularrash主尊痣做包括含醴的疹破裂

EdwardJenner愛德軋金納9aBritishdoctor(1749-1823);英固穩(wěn)當(dāng)（17497823）,天是摟

discoveredvaccinationfor程的彝明老

smallpox

hypothesis硒9thedeductionsmadeafter淚變要一情漢接.所得出的施

studyinganoccurrence,by珠。提出假^前，需患艘經(jīng)有

collectingdataaboutthe端6.儲漢的材料，然摟.兵照之

occurrence,andturningitinto臂成有用的資料

usefulinformationtobackup

yourhypothesis

smallpox天柘9anacute,highlyinfectious出扇毒引致的離鹿信經(jīng)俊的念

diseasethatisoftenfatal,caused儻族痣，存在畬致命，工&稔

byvirus,symptomsincludehigh做包括豫熄、全身禰蓋，繼而

feverandacheswithsubsequent展出￡墨脆之@含健的海，以

widespreaderuptionofpimples反超成點夜

thatblister,producepus,and

formpockmarks

VocabularyPageDescription解釋

conclusion幺吉益10theresultoroutcomeofanactor通程或竹勃的鎮(zhèn).卷菇果；在科

process;inascientific辱碉究中，卷裊一2列秘察、

investigation,itistheresultor施恁上窗瞬便前端納出的菇果

outcomeofobservations,

postulationsandexperiments

observation拗察10theactofnoticingandwatching細(xì)2留毒至察看事施的打劫，

thingscarefully,sometimeswith可能需恁俄器的輔助

thehelpofinstruments

scientific科犀方法10themethodofsolvingproblems有2荻地翻法尚題的方法，⑥

methodsystematically,whichincludethe程包括然＞9褪察、贊尚合通的

stepsofcarefulobservation,尚髭、提出假gft、謔竹富驍以

raisingappropriatequestion,瞬修似J兌，冉房仔出潴檢的步

proposingahypothesis,testing臊，各步躡必?第宓正破次序暹

thehypothesis,anddrawinga竹

conclusioninacorrectsequence

antibiotic優(yōu)生素12asubstanceproducedby住揚（通常林落＞的鶻立第）的

organisms,usuallybacteriaand黎諼的的貧,封臬＜也在物右

fungi,whichistoxictoother官，戲常用於攀揚中以拓減瘍

organisms.Itisusedinmedicine質(zhì)罐

tokillpathogens

genetic遺得工程13thetechnologytoalternatethe隹遇X?卷為注合任揚的遺俏揚

engineeringstructureofgeneticmaterialof髓庫生改愛的科摩戰(zhàn)淅

anorganismbyartificialmeans

insecticide般矗翻13man-madechemicalsforkillingZ?遺的化號的，用以被減昆鑫

insects

Chapter2DiversityandClassificationofOrganisms

Glossary

Vocabularyw*PageDescription解釋

aquatic水隹的19todescribeorganismsthatare在水中土落的

livinginwater

diversityof生物的貧19thewidevarietyoforganisms在落杉地冰上彭彭式式

organisms檬傕l(xiāng)ivingondifferentpartsofthe的當(dāng)場

Earth

habitat生糖19theplaceorenvironmentwhere住場居住的地方

organismslive

terrestrial陛隹的19todescribeorganismsthatareG陞￡生怕的

livingonland

class察）20agroupingintheclassification分耙2線的￡0別之一，

system,whichisbelowphylum自巧之下，金分成各倜

andsubdividedintoorders

classification分瓶俵20thearrangementoforganisms根獴敵察得的生物綢做

intogroupsbasedonsimilaries的黑⑥把佳揚分叩別賣員

anddifferencesobserved

family科20agroupingintheclassification分燙員多貌中的一向.旗

oforganisms,whichisbelow別，出相豳的屋,所建成

orderandsubdividedintogenera

(severalgenus)

fertile能在盲的20atermusedtodescribean在任揚辱用留中，超容

organismwhichcanproduce在物能整諼能巖攆6用

functionalreproductivecellsand的在殘細(xì)胞，段能任考

producelivingoffspring存活的溪代

genus腐20agroupingintheclassification分類負(fù)名院中的一他組

(pl.genera)system,composedofclosely別,出相筋的彳重20威,

relatedspecies,similarand栩頹@栩讖的何屋在揚

relatedgeneraaregroupedintoa緞一成科

family

interbreed雄立斐然20tocrosstwoorganismsof使麗佃來與不同舄彳重的

differentvarieties住幼立.肥繁腦

kingdom界20thehighestgroupingin住物分想的最得甄別，

classification,organismsare遍相源生勃筋的基本栩

groupedtogetherbasedon你之虛而訂定出來

fundamentalsimilarities

VocabularyPageDescription解釋

VocabularyPageDescription解釋

order020agroupingintheclassification分藕每賽中的一?出

system,whichisbelowclassand別，自舞）以下，而細(xì)分

subdividedintofamily成鄉(xiāng)科

phylum20agroupingintheclassification分超多統(tǒng)＞中的雄別之

system,organismswithprimarily-,行界安基本綢假構(gòu)

thesamecharactersinakingdom⑥的任揚^耙同一四

areputintoaphylum;organisms之下、叩金加分

arefurtherdividedintoclass

species畿20agroupingofinterbreeding自誕竹花俊在痂的任揚

individualsin中，能誼遇五構(gòu)雄立是

sexually-reproducingorganisms,住臭住箍力的猱■代的住

abletoproducefertileoffspring;場，建成一彳重；眉謔柘

inasexuallyreproducing絲修住箍的住場中，損

organisms,individualsofhighly有離度慈似的夠熊、遺

similarforms,geneticand鐳共生（6胸微皮的雷生

biochemicalcharacteristics,落璞能等杓邊的住場，

livingplace,etcaregroupedinto端慈卷一彳重

aspecies

Aristotle至里斯多22agreatGreekscholarinthe4th生於22前4世紀(jì)的希

德century;dividedthelivingworld朦的俸大號老，提出把

intotwokingdomsofanimals在物世界分成勁揚界彳。

andplants秘的界

binomialsystem夔名注22systemofnamingorganismsby邃⑥菇合住場的屏名彳。

combiningbothgenusand彳重名，懸住物定名的S

speciesnames院

CarolusLinnaeus卡南.林秦22aSwedishbiologistinthe18th18世貂的瑞騏在場號

centurywhointroducedthe家，4）人復(fù)名法以把住

binominalsystemin揚分翻

classification

bacteria劍筠23alargegroupofunicellular,一群單頷的傲型住物,

(sing,bacterium)microscopicorganismsfoundin於空量、水、餛土以皮

air,water,soilandthebodiesof勁植揚花罐內(nèi)出猊

livingplantsandanimals

binaryfission二分裂23atypeofasexualreproductionin一棘絲傕叁箍彭式，罩

whichasinglecelldividesinto一落?胞分裂成曲等分，

twoequalparts,formingtwo彭咸麗他孑細(xì)胞；先質(zhì)

daughtercells;themajormode核名物主震的士3成方式

ofreproductioninprokaryotic

organisms

nucleus細(xì)胞核23,acircularorovalorganelle莫核細(xì)胞中呈圓超或橘

87presentineukaryoticcellsandit超的細(xì)胸器，內(nèi)藏帶

containshereditymaterialsinthe有遺俏揚爵的臻電■硬

formofchromosomes

organelle落＞胞器23,Aspecializedpartofthe鷹在篇內(nèi)的身叩部分，

87protoplasmwhichperformsa高素誕竹身彳重居定功能

particularfunction

VocabularyPageDescription解釋

Prokaryota正.修隹物23thekingdomoforganismsmade住場的英中一他界別，

界ofsimplecellsthatlacka住揚提.出筋單的細(xì)胞.被

well-defined,成，制的）攵有明額的、

membrane-enclosednucleus被假包（8的禽?跑修

prokaryote質(zhì)段4場23anorganismofthekingdom端人質(zhì)核在場界的住

Prokaryota,comprisingthe揚，包括細(xì)筋加急細(xì)

bacteriaandcyanobacteria,韻，其至凄睛微包括：

characterizedbytheabsenceofa波布明星負(fù)房被.傀包（D的

distinct,membrane-bound細(xì)胞核彳。細(xì)胞器，以艮

nucleusormembrane-boundDNA沒有￡0成舞爸雅

organelles,andbyDNAthatis

notorganizedintochromosomes

unicellular里禽?胞的23consistingofonecell,todescribe2花一向細(xì)胞的，衫辦

simpleorganismsmadeupof出一f?細(xì)的榜成的簡

onlyonecell簞在物

Acanthamoeba辣帚愛為24afree-livingamoebafoundintap4出落勁的建超盤，（1

墨water;cancausedamagestothe4來水中出設(shè)，能勤保

cornea臊造成虞名

algae榛24simplephotosyntheticorganism筋罩光合法揚，一皴尾

(sing,alga)generallyone-celledand單落1胞，通常於洛祥中

generallyfoundinoceanwater出現(xiàn)

cilia緘⑥24shorthair-likestructureprojected利都分落7胞表而伸出的

(sing,cilium)fromthesurfaceofcertaincells施J、毛鬢狀橫道

flagellum鞭毛24alongthread-likeoutgrowth出細(xì)胞向夕卜&出的意臻

(pl.flagella)fromthecellofmanybacteria狀橫道，通常崖責(zé)細(xì)胞

andunicellularorganisms;的彳多勤，多在細(xì)筋^^

usuallyallowsmovementofthe細(xì)胞名場中出現(xiàn)

cell

multicellular貧細(xì)胞的24consistingofmanycells;to出訴多細(xì)胞橫成的；用

describeorganismsmadeupof以提述在場出許多寄巧

manycellsthatarespecialized化的細(xì)胞橫成，細(xì)胞凝

fordifferentfunctions,andwork攆兆定的行用，再⑥建

togethertocomposeanorganism6以合成一交賽的在場

protoctist24simpleunicellularormulticelluar不能端人秘?fù)P器我勤的

organismwith界的筒單單細(xì)胞或多細(xì)

membraned-boundednucleus,胞在幼，細(xì)的存被睡包

noteasilygroupedasplantor凰的細(xì)胞修，常中包括

animal,includingprotozoaand發(fā)住勤勃檢.修

algae

VocabularyPageDescription解釋

Protoctista麻生名揚24thekingdomofprotoctist包掂正在住場的界別

舜

Protozoon發(fā)建勤揚24unicellularorganismsbelongto端入懸庵.土生物界中，

(pl.protozoa)thephylumProtozoainthe恁在勖揚四的單細(xì)胞在

kingdomProtoctista;generally揚；一皴思水在的，不

aquatic,non-photosynthetic,畬誕竹藝合圻用而連外

obtainfoodfromoutside,with界叁取合揚，花被■藤包

membrane-boundednucleusand圜的落1胞艇，或;爻有細(xì)

withoutcellwalls.胞壁

Euglena偲蠹糜25agenusinthekingdomof點住在揚界下的一屆，

protozoa;minutesingle-celled卷罩細(xì)胞佳的,錯超制

freshwaterorganisms,J,在廢水中在落，臭

characterizedbythepresenceof主宴第做包括奧有馥

chlorophyll,areddisheyespot,素、打◎的燙踏AG細(xì)

andasingleanteriorflagellum胞前方有一假糧邑

Fungi貞的界26akingdomofnon-motile住物中的一倜界別，⑥

organisms;unabletoundergo超住場不能66卷勤，

photosynthesisandobtainfood彳畬誕8?兆合6周，以

fromdecayingordeadorganic扇霸中或已死的有檄物

matter;bodyismadeupofa爵偉葛?金幼；身錯出菌

massofhyphae;reproduceby綠緞成。彭成施孑或孑

sporesorfruitingbodyformation宣醴6督循

hypha菌緣26finefilamentswhichmakeupthe.泡咸貞匐身罐的幼繪

(sing,hyphae)bodyoffungi

mould假的26growthoffungusmyceliumupon立給的笛的想叁金枝修

whateveritisusingasfood司司6懸會勃的揚爵￡

yeast酵冬韻26commontermforseveral強何科的單細(xì)胞衣物的

familiesofunicellularfungi,篇循，包括有用於破通

includesspeciesusedfor檢整逼癡包的彳重頻，A

brewingbeerandmakingbread,畬絲扇的彳重頻

aswellasspeciesthatcauses

diseases

Animalia勤物界27theanimalkingdom;inmost屋勖揚的界，￡多殿現(xiàn)，

modernclassificationsreferto代分^號9紇中是韭鄉(xiāng)

multicellularorganismswhich細(xì)胞的姓揚，卷些性揚

withnucleuswithoutcellwalls都有細(xì)胞修且漢有如）胞

anddonotcarryout屋，卷彳畬謔竹光合6

photosynthesis用

fem葭27non-floweringplantwith輿■雒窗雄.鋪i的絲笈梳

vasculartissues;livesindamp的，器僚）溟地方在落，

placeandreproducesbyspores黃俊背面的施孑審等殘

formedonthebackoftheleaves

VocabularyPageDescription解釋

floweringplant布加楂物27amajorgroupintheplant松物界中的一俺立惠40

kingdom,alsocalled別，冰痛懸被孑植的；

angiosperm,produceflowersas以是6卷土殘器官，是

thereproductiveorgan,develop出果寰檢裂遺彳重孑以6

fruitsandproduceseedsfor做脩

dispersal

gymnosperm襦孑植揚27agroupofseed-bearingwoody一凌佳彳重孑的木區(qū)植

plants,donotproduceflowers,的，拉彳屋鄉(xiāng)髭，行孑

theseedsareexposedtothe載器卷，果中，暴露於建

environment,carriedinthe俵中

cones.

moss看27aclassofplantinBryophyta;耨綴）牖入莒麻植勃阿；

small,greenplantswitherect懸恕的豚.色植的，眉

stems,anchoredtosoilby重?fù)舻妮啦?，以假梃?/p>

rhizoids,reproducebyspores定在泥土中，以施孑萋

殘

non-floweringplant絲在楂揚27alsosee“gymnosperm”衣見「祥孑植的」

Plantae植物界27thekingdomofplants,which出蔻雅多賓?跑的、◎當(dāng)

consistsofagroupofcomplex助逼感於誕行光合6用

multicellularorganismsadapted的住場（楂揚）《0成的

tocarryoutphotosynthesis界別，

capsule施銅28spore-containingpartofplants植物（例4珞）的內(nèi)含

suchasmosses施孑的部分

rhizoid假榴28athread-likeoutgrowthfrom優(yōu)著展出的稼狀橫道，

mossthatwithabsoiptive奧黑他構(gòu)耙似的吸收功

functionliketheroot能

spore施孑28anasexualreproductivecellthat絲性士箍細(xì)胞，套筑^

iscapableofdevelopingintoan更借印贊?官成成年生

adultorganismwithout揚，也蕨、福、莫給、

fertilization,producedbyferns,細(xì)菌彳。感性勤勃契遞

mosses,fungi,bacteriaand

protozoa

vasculartissue雉管稅浦i28,composedofxylemandphloem④植物的木^部彳。制度

96inplants,extendfromtheroots都.被成，然都a＜仲

throughthestemtootherpartsof廷f植揚的奧他部分；

theplantbody;insomeplants,在一些楂揚中，雎管束

thereisathinlayerofcambium內(nèi)布一屈搏搏的彭成

separatingthexylemandphloem魘,分福留）木貧部彳。弱

度都

cone卷果30cone-shapedreproductive褓孑秘物的踞招在殘橫

structureingymnosperms,the造，空果上的彼孑亞彳

seedsarenotenclosedinan被孑唐包森，而聶名在

ovarybutborneonthesurfaceof施孑季的老而

sporophylls

VocabularyPageDescription解釋

evergreentree簟雒樹30treewhichdoesnotshedallits不畬也同一疇陶全部必

leavesatagiventime,thus齡的樹木，樹木因而常

appearasgreenallthroughthe年呈^色

year

cotyledon孑盤31thefirstleavesformedaround藥荏植揚的彳重孑胚胎￡

theembryooftheseedof彩成的第一停考

floweringplants

dicotyledonous嬖孑等.精31plantinwhichtheseedswithtwoG建孑上每出而傳孑甘

plant(dicot)揚cotyledons,leaveswithnetwork的植物，尊仰有綢狀考

veins服

herbaceousplant革本植的31non-woodyplant,havingasoft就”木本楂的，1ipt

andgreenstemthatdiesand軟,呈修色，旃任是&

dropsdowntothegroundatthe破觸束嗝村芨，卷壁總