大學(xué)英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)要點(diǎn)

1.外來(lái)詞分為四類：1Denizens,cupfromcuppa,portformportus2)Aliensgarage,decor3)Translation

-loanse.g.longtimenosee4)Semantic-loans.e.g.dream.

2.Motivation分類：onomatopoeicmotivation,morphologicalmotivation,semanticmotivation,

etymologicalmotivation.Typesofmeaning:grammatical?&lexical?；conceptual~&associative

?(connotative?，stylistic-,affective?，collocative?,)

多義關(guān)系及兩種研究方法:Polysemyisacommonfeaturepeculiartoallnaturallanguagethatonewordhas

twoormoresensesormeanings.Diachronicapproachisanapproachtopolysemywhichstudieshowa

wordderiveditsdifferentmeaningsfromitsprimarymeaninginthecourseoftime.

3.Synchronicapproachisanapproachtopolysemywhichstudiesthecoexistenceofvarious

meaningsofthesamewordinacertainhistoricalperiodoftime.

4.Primarymeaningistheonlymeaningthatawordhadwhenitwasfirstcreated.

5.Derivedmeaningsarethemeaningsthatawordgetsfromtheprimarymeaningatdifferentstages

ofitsdevelopmentinthecourseoftime.

6.同形同音異義關(guān)系Homonymyisoneofthefeaturesofwordsthatawordisdifferentinmeaningfrom

another,buteitheridenticalbothinsoundandspellingoridenticalonlyinsoundorspellingwiththe

otherHomonymsgenerallyfallintothreeclasses:perfecthomonyms(samename);homographs(same

spelling)andhomophones(somesound).Perfecthomonymsarethosewordsidenticalbothinsound

andspelling,butdifferentinmeaning,e.g.bear/bea/(n)alargeheavyanimal;bear/bea/(v)toput

upwith.Homographsarethewordsidenticalonlyinspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaning,e.g.

saw//(v)toscatterseeds;sow/sau/(n)femaleadultpig.Homophonesrefertothewordsidentical

onlyinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaning,e.g.dear/dia/(n)alovedperson;deer/dia/(n)a

kindofanimal.

7.同形同音異義詞與多義詞的區(qū)別Perfecthomonymsandpolysemantsarefullyidenticalwithregardto

spellingandpronunciation.Thiscreatestheproblemofdifferentiation.Thefundamentaldifference

betweenhomonymsandpolysemantsliesinthefactthattheformerreferstodifferentwordswhich

happentosharethesameformandthelatteristheoneandsamewordwhichhasseveral

distinguishablemeanings.Oneimportantcriterionistoseetheiretymology,i.e.homonymsarefrom

differentsourceswhereasapolysemantisfromthesamesourcewhichhasacquireddifferentmeanings

inthecourseofdevelopment.Thesecondprincipalconsiderationissemanticrelatedness.Thevarious

meaningsofapolysemantarecorrelatedandconnectedtoonecentralmeaningtoagreaterorlesser

degree,e.g.neck(See6.1Polysemy).Ontheotherhand,meaningsofdifferenthomonymshave

nothingtodowithoneanother.Indictionaries,apolysemanthasitsmeaningsalllistedunderone

headwordwhereashomonymsarelistedasseparateentries.

8.同義關(guān)系Synonymsarewordswhichsharethesameornearlythesamemeaningwitheachotherbut

differentinsoundandspelling.Thereareabsolutesynonymsandrelativesynonymswhichresultfrom

borrowing,dialectsandregionalEnglish,figurativeandeuphemisticuseofwords,coincidencewith

idiomaticexpressions.Thereexiststhedifferencebetweenoramongsynonymsintermsoftheir

denotation,connotationorapplication.Absolutesynonymsorcompletesynonymsarewordswhichare

identicalinmeaninginallitsaspects.Relativesynonymsornear-synonymsaresimilarornearlythe

sameindenotation,butembracedifferentshadesofmeaningordifferentdegreesofagivenquality.

9.SourcesofSynonyms1)Borrowing2)DialectsandregionalEnglish3)Figurativeandeuphemistic

useofwords4)Coincidencewithidiomaticexpressions

10.如何區(qū)分同義詞？1Differenceindenotation2Differenceinconnotation3Differenceinapplication

11.Whatarethecharacteristicsofantonyms?

12.1)Antonymsareclassifiedonthebasisofsemanticopposition2)Awordwhichhasmorethanone

meaningcanhavemorethanoneantonym.3)Antonymsdifferinsemanticinclusion.4)Contraryterms

aregradableantonyms,differingindegreeofintenisty,soeachhasitsowncorrespondingopposite.

13.上下義關(guān)系:Hyponymydealswiththerelationshipofsemanticinclusion.Thatis,themeaning

ofamorespecificwordisincludedinthatofanothermoregeneralword.Superordinatesrefertosome

generalwords;subordinatesdenotethosemorespecificwords.Hyponymycanbedescribedintermsof

tree-likegraphs,withhigher-ordersuperordinatesabovethelowersubordinates.Buttheirstatuseither

assuperordinateorsubordinateisrelativetootherterms.Forexample,horse,dog,pigare

subordinatesinrelationtoanimal,butsuperordinatesofmare,houndandboar,Animalitselfbecomes

asubordinateofcreature.Andcreatureinturnbecomes

14.詞義變化的種類Therearefivetypesofmeaning,changes:extension,narrowing,degradation,

elevation,andtransferamongwhichextensionandnarrowingarethemostcommon.Changesin

meaningcanbeaccountedforfromextra-linguisticfactors(historicalreason,classreason,and

psychologicalreason)andintra-linguisticfactors(shortening,theinfluxofborrowing,andanalogy).

15.詞義的擴(kuò)大Extensionisaprocessbywhichawordwithaspecializedsenseisgeneralizedtocovera

broaderorless

16.definiteconcept.Comparethefollowing；詞義的縮小Narrowingisaprocessbywhichawordof

widermeaningacquiresaspecializedsense：詞義的升華Elevationisaprocessbywhichawordmoves

fromaderogatoryorneutralsensetoaneutraland/orappreciativesense；詞義的降格Degradationisa

processbywhichawordofreputationslidesintoapejorativeuse,；詞義的轉(zhuǎn)移Transferisaprocessby

whichaworddenotingonethingchangestorefertoadifferentbutrelatedthing.Paperservesasan

example.ThiswordformerlydenotedanAfricanplantpapyrus,whichwasonceusedtomakepaper.In

moderntimes,paperismadefromrags,wood,strawandthelike,buttheproducthasretainedthe

samename.Thereisassociatedtransfer.Thereareotherkindsoftransfer,suchas,concreteto

abstract,abstracttoconcreteandtransferofsensation.

17.語(yǔ)境的種類:非語(yǔ)言語(yǔ)境。語(yǔ)言語(yǔ)境：詞匯語(yǔ)境和語(yǔ)法語(yǔ)境。Therearetwotypesofcontexts:linguistic

contextandextra-linguistic(ornon-linguisticcontext).Extra-linguisticcontextreferstothose

situationsandfeatureswhicharenotdirectlyapartofthelanguageinusebutwhicheithercontribute

inconveyingamessageorhaveaninfluenceonlanguageuse.LinguisticorIntra-linguisticcontextis

furthersubdividedintolexicalcontextandgrammaticalcontext.Bylexicalcontextwemeanthewords

thatoccurtogetherwiththewordinquestion.Bygrammaticalcontextwemeanthatthemeaningsof

awordmaybeinfluencedbythestructureinwhichitoccurs.

18.語(yǔ)境的作用：Threemajorfunctionsofcontext:eliminationofambiguity,indicationofreferents,

provisionofcluesforinferringword-meaning.Contextanbesummedupasfollows:1)definition2)

explanation3)example4)synonymy5)Antonymy6)hyponymy7)relevantdetails8)wordstructure

19.英語(yǔ)習(xí)語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)Thecharacteristicsofidiomsincludesemanticunityandstructuralstability.

20.英語(yǔ)習(xí)語(yǔ)的分類Accordingtothecriterionoftheirgrammaticalfunctions,weclassifythemintoidioms

nominalinnature,idiomsadjectivalinnature,idiomsverbalinnature,idiomsadverbialinnature,and

sentenceidioms.Thestylisticfeaturesarecharacterizedwithcolloquialisms,slang,andliterary

expressions.

21.英語(yǔ)習(xí)語(yǔ)的使用Theuseofidiomsinvolvestheirstylisticfeatures,rhetoricalfeatures,and

variationsofidioms.

22.英語(yǔ)習(xí)語(yǔ)的修辭色彩Therhetoricalfeaturesofidiomsarerepresentedwithphoneticmanipulation

(alliteration頭韻法andrhyme疊韻),lexicalmanipulation(reiteration復(fù)用，repetitionMMand

juxtaposition反義詞疊用)，figuresofspeech(simile明喻，metaphor暗喻，metonymy轉(zhuǎn)喻，synecdoche

借代，personification擬人，euphemism委婉)

23.英語(yǔ)習(xí)語(yǔ)的變異形式Inthevariations,addition,deletion,replacement,position-shiftingand

dismemberingareinvolvedinthechangesinidiomsconstituents.

24.Associativemeaning:1)associativemeaningisthesecondarymeaningsupplementedtothe

conceptualmeaning.2)ltdiffersfromtheconceptualmeaninginthatitisopen-endedand

indeterminated.3)ltisliabletotheinfluenceofsuchfactorsasculture,experience,religion,

geographicalregion,classbackground,education,etc.4)Associativemeaningcomprisesfourtypes:

connotative,stylistic,affective,andcollocative.

25.Metonymy和Synecdoche，修飾有何區(qū)另！J?Bothmetonymyandsynecdocheinvolvesubstitutionof

names,yettheydifferinthattheformerisacaseofusingthenameofonethingforanotherclosely

associatedwithitandthelatteristhatofsubstitutingpartforthewholeandviceversa.

26.詞典的種類Therearefourtypesofdictionarieswiththeirfeaturesmentionedinthisparts:

(1)monolingualandbilingualdictionaries,(2)linguisticandencyclopedicdictionaries,(3)unabridged,

deskandpocketdictionaries,(4)specializeddictionaries.Amonolingualdictionaryisadictionarywhich

iswritteninonelanguage.

27.Abilingualdictionaryisoneinwhichtwolanguagesareinvolved.

28.Alinguisticdictionaryisadictionarywhichaimsatdefiningwordsandexplainingtheirusagesin

thelanguage.

29.Anencyclopedicdictionaryisoneinwhichencyclopedicinformationisprovidedalongwiththe

generalinformationasinalinguisticdictionary.

30.Anencyclopediaisadictionarywhichonlyprovideencyclopedicinformationconcerningeach

headword.

31.Anunabridgeddictionaryisanunshorteneddictionarywithatleast200,000headwordsthatcan

supplyagreatquantityofbasic,informationaboutaword.

32.Adeskdictionaryisamedium-sizeddictionarycontainingwordsrangingfrom50,000to150,000.

33.Apocketdictionaryisadictionarywhichhasabout50,000entriesorfewer.

七、分析綜合49-50*9

1對(duì)句子進(jìn)行理論分析，并改進(jìn)：ambiguous----原因cause----可以如何理解？----如何改進(jìn)？improve

2、對(duì)單詞進(jìn)行分析：re-collect-ion----freemorpheme,boundmorpheme---------解釋

3、構(gòu)詞法進(jìn)行分析：wordformation:例如：VIP=veryimportantperson屬于aronym

4、分析idiom二屬于什么短語(yǔ)---作用

注：重點(diǎn)有1、idioms相關(guān)知識(shí)；2、一些名詞解釋，如術(shù)語(yǔ)等；3、typesofmeaning；

二串講內(nèi)容

Introduction部分：

34.Lexicology這門(mén)課算哪一種學(xué)科的分支:Lexicologyisabranchoflinguistics.

35.Lexicology和那些重要的學(xué)科建立了聯(lián)系：

1)Morphology2)Semantics3)Stylistics4)Etymology5)Lexicography

36.研究lexicology的兩大方法:1)Diachronicapproach:歷時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué)2)Synchronicapproach:共時(shí)語(yǔ)言

學(xué)e.g.wife縱觀歷時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué)的方法論，woman詞義的變化算是詞義變化的哪一種模式？

Woman的詞義的變化算Narrowingorspecialization

第一章

37.Whatisword?詞具有哪些特點(diǎn)？詞的特點(diǎn)也就是對(duì)詞的名詞解釋。1)Awordisaminimalfreeformofa

language;2)Asoundunityoragivensound;3)aunitofmeaning;4)aformthatcanfunctionalonein

asentence.以上詞的四個(gè)特點(diǎn)也就是詞的名詞解釋

38.詞的分類(classificationofaword)詞根據(jù)發(fā)音可以分為哪兩種詞？或者說(shuō)詞根據(jù)拼寫(xiě)可以分為哪兩類詞

1)simplewords2)complexwords單音節(jié)詞例子：e.g.Manandfinearesimple多音節(jié)詞例子：e.g.

Management,misfortune,blackmailmanagement可以次戈U分為manage和-meritmisfortune可以次戈U

分為mis-和fortuneblackmail次劃分為black和mail

39.Whatistherelationshipbetweensoundandmeaning?

1)Thereis'nologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundandactualthing.e.g.dog.Cat

2)Therelationshipbetweenthemisconventional.

3)Indifferentlanguagesthesameconceptcanberepresentedbydifferentsounds.

40.Whatisrelationshipbetweensoundandform?

1)Thewrittenformofanaturallanguageisthewrittenrecordoftheoralform.Naturallythewritten

formshouldagreewiththeoralform,suchasEnglishlanguage.

2)ThisisfairlytrueofEnglishinitsearlieststagei.e.OldEnglish

3)Withthedevelopmentofthelanguage,moreandmoredifferencesoccurbetweenthetwo.

41.Whatarethegreatchangesthatcausesillogicalrelationshiporirregularitybetween

soundandform?

1)TheinternalreasonforthisisthattheEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans,whichdoes

nothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundinthelanguagesothatsomelettersmustdodouble

dutyorworktogetherincombination.

2)Anotherreasonisthatthepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears,and

insomecasesthetwohavedrawnfarapart.

3)Athirdreasonisthatsomeofthedifferenceswerecreatedbytheearlyscribes.

4)Finallycomestheborrowing,whichisanimportantchannelofenrichingtheEnglishvocabulary.

要記住以上四句話中的關(guān)鍵詞：

1)influencedbyRomans2)Pronunciationchanged3)earlyscribes4)borrowing

42.你能不能舉出外來(lái)語(yǔ)對(duì)英語(yǔ)發(fā)音，拼寫(xiě)造成不一致的例子有哪些？e.g.stimulus(L),fiesta(Sp),eureka(Gr),

kimono(Jap)外來(lái)語(yǔ)對(duì)英語(yǔ)造成的最大的影響就是'soundandform'不一致。

43.Whatisvocabulary?Vocabularyreferstothetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage,butitcan

standforallthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod.Vocabularyalsoreferstoallthewordsofa

givendialect,givenbook,agivendisciplineandthewordspossessedbyanindividualperson.

44.ClassificationofWords(本課的一個(gè)重點(diǎn)，年年考試都考)

45.Whatistheclassificationofwords?Howtoclassifywordsinlinguistics?

Threecriteria:1)Byuseoffrequency2)Bynotion3)Byorigin

Byuseoffrequency可劃分為：1)Thebasicwordstock2)Nonbasicwordvocabulary

Bynotion可劃分為:1)Contentword2)FunctionalwordContentwordsarealsoknownasnotional

words.(Contentwords的另U稱)Functionalwordsarealsoknownasemptywords,orformwords.

(Functionalwords的別稱)Functionalwordspossessesacharacteristicofbasicwordstock,i.e.stability

46.AccordingtoStuartRobertson,etal(1957),*(年年考試必考)theninefunctionalwords,

namely,and,be,have,it,of,the,to,will,you

47.Whatarethecharacteristicsofbasicwordstock?

1)Allnationalcharacter2)Stability3)Productivity4)Polysemy5)Collocability

要把握住'Allnationalcharacter'詞,就是和我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钕⑾⑾嚓P(guān)的，最普通詞

48.穩(wěn)定性是基本詞的一個(gè)很大特點(diǎn)，請(qǐng)你舉例說(shuō)明？e.g.man,woman,fire,water...e.g.machine,video,

telephone...e.g.bow,chariot,knightStabilityisrelative,notabsolute.

49.根據(jù)詞的usefrequency劃分出的基本詞之外，還有一類詞叫作Nonebasicvocabulary,非基本詞有幾大特

點(diǎn)？或者是幾大分類？1)Terminologye.g.sonata,algebra2)Jargone.g.Bottomline(Jargon)3)Slang

e.g.smoky,bear(Slang)4)Argote.g.persuaders)Dialectalwordse.g.station(AusE=ranch)bluid

(ScotE=blood)6)Archaismse.g.wilt(will)7)Neologismse.g.email(Neologisms)beaver是girl的

slang表達(dá)方式，但是二者之間存在著Stylisticdifference

50.WhichconstitutesthelargernumberamongEnglishvocabulary,contentorfunctional

words?Answer:ContentwordsWhatisnativewords?Answer:(1)Byorigin,Englishwordscanbe

classifiedintonativewordsandborrowedwords.(2)NativewordsarewordsbroughttoBritaininthe

fifthcenturybytheGermantribes:theAngles,theSaxons,andtheJutes,thusknowasAnglo-Saxon

words.(3)WordsofAnglo-Saxonoriginaresmallinnumber‘a(chǎn)mountingtoroughly50,000to60,000,

buttheyformthemainstreamofthebasicwordstockandstandatthecoreofthelanguage

51.什么叫borrowedwords?Answer:(1)wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguagesareknowas

borrowedwordsorloanwordsorborrowingsinsimpleterms.(2)ItisestimatedthatEnglishborrowings

constitute80percentofthemodernEnglishvocabulary(3)TheEnglishlanguagehasvastdebts.Inany

dictionarysome80%oftheentriesareborrowed.

52什么叫Denizens?Denizensarewordsborrowedearlyinthepastandnowarewellassimilatedinto

theEnglishlanguage.InotherwordstheyhavecometoconformtotheEnglishwayofpronunciation

andspelling,suchasportfromportus(L).'Denizens'的例子都要記：Portfromportus(L),cupfromcuppa

(L),shiftfromskipta(ON),shirtfromskyrta(ON),changefromchangier(F),porkfrompore(F).

53什么口UTranslation-loans?Translation-loansarewordsandexpressionsformedformtheexisting

materialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodeledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage,suchas

*longtimenoseefromhaojiumeijian(Ch)

54什么口USemantic-loans?wordsofthiscategoryarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform,But

theirmeaningareborrowed,inotherwords,Englishhasborrowedanewmeaningforanexistingword

inthelanguage,suchastheworddream,whichoriginallymeant'joy'and'musicanditsmodern

meaningwasborrowedlaterfromtheNorse.

第二章：ThedevelopmentoftheEnglishvocabulary

TheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyItisassumedthattheworldhasapproximately3,000(someput

it5,000)languages,whichcanbegroupedintoroughly300languagefamiliesonthebasisofsimilarities

intheirbasicwordstockandgrammar.

55.(重點(diǎn)：語(yǔ)系劃分的標(biāo)準(zhǔn))Whatisthecriteriatodividelanguagefamilies?

Theanswer:1.thebasisofsimilaritiesintheirbasicwordstock2.grammar(重點(diǎn))TheBalto-Slavic

comprisessuchmodernlanguagesas(選擇題內(nèi)容：)Prussian,Lithuanian,Polish,Czech,

Bulgarian.SlovenianandRussian.

56.'Indo-European'兩大分支：1.Easternset2.WesternsetEasternset:Balto-Slavic,Indo-Iranian,

ArmenianandAlbanianWesternset:Celtic,Italic,Hellenic,Germanic.InthewesternSet,Greekisthe

modernlanguagederivedfromHellenic.Celtic：Scottish,Irish,Welsh,BretonThefiveRomance

languages,namelyPortuguese,Spanish,French,Italian,RoumanianallbelongtotheItalic.

TheGermanicfamilyconsistsofthefourNorthernEuropeanLanguages:Norwegian,Icelandic,Danish

andSwedish,whicharegenerallyknownasScandinavianlanguages.ThenthereisGerman,

Dutch,FlemishandEnglish.WithVikings*invasion,manyScandinavianwordscameintotheEnglish

language.Itisestimatedthatatleast900wordsofScandinavianoriginhavesurvivedinmodern

English.OldEnglishhasavocabularyofabout50,000to60,000words.Itwasahighlyinflected

languagejustlikemodernGerman.

57.重點(diǎn)句：ModernEnglishbeganwiththeestablishmentofprintinginEngland

古英語(yǔ)最大的模糊性的概念來(lái)自于(scripts)古英語(yǔ)正因?yàn)槌霈F(xiàn)印刷術(shù)才打破了(earlyscripts)Soundandform

真正達(dá)至ij統(tǒng)一是在什么時(shí)期？.Soundandformreachedtheirconcordin(ModernEnglishperiod)如果從詞

匯變化的角度而言，ModernEnglish又可以細(xì)劃分為earlyperiod,modernperiod.

58「現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)早期階段屬于哪一種文化現(xiàn)象的發(fā)展時(shí)期(重要的選擇或填空內(nèi)容)

EarlymodernEnglishappearedintheRenaissance

59.ModernEnglishperiod有什么樣的外來(lái)語(yǔ)的進(jìn)入？

TheLatinwordsswarmedintoEnglishinearlymodernEnglishperiod現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)時(shí)期，英語(yǔ)詞匯大量豐富還

有另夕卜一個(gè)原因是(colonization)TherichnessofModernEnglishinvocabularyalsoarisesfrom

(Colonization)TheEnglishlanguagehasevolvedfromasyntheticlanguagetothepresentanalytic

language(重要選擇或填空內(nèi)容)GrowthofPresent-dayEnglishVocabulary

60.Threemainsourcesofnewwords:

1)Therapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology

2)Social,economicandpoliticalchanges;3)Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguage

61.ModesofVocabularyDevelopment1)creation2)semanticchange3)borrowing2)Semantic

change(還包括夕卜來(lái)詞的Semanticloans)Elevation,degradation,extension,narrowing,transfer夕卜來(lái)

詞可以被稱作borrowedwords,因止匕又可以被稱作.重點(diǎn)句：borrowedwordsarealsoknownasloaned

words.恢復(fù)古英語(yǔ)的用詞是美國(guó)英語(yǔ)的一大特色Revivingarchaicorobsoletewordsalsocontributestothe

growthofEnglishvocabularythoughquiteinsignificant.ThisisespeciallytrueofAmericanEnglish.

62.英語(yǔ)從syntheticlanguage發(fā)展至(lpresentanalyticallanguage是在英語(yǔ)的哪一個(gè)階段完成的？

答案：ModernEnglishperiod

63.文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期，恰逢英語(yǔ)發(fā)展的哪個(gè)階段？答案：EarlyModernEnglishperiod

64.在英語(yǔ)發(fā)展過(guò)程在哪個(gè)階段出現(xiàn)三語(yǔ)鼎立的現(xiàn)象？French,Latin,EnglishinMiddleEnglishperiod

65.easel,port,freight,出現(xiàn)于英語(yǔ)發(fā)展的哪個(gè)階段，屬于哪一種外來(lái)詞的引入？

答案：MiddleEnglish,Dutch

66.在英語(yǔ)發(fā)展的某一個(gè)階段，有一種語(yǔ)言進(jìn)入英語(yǔ)，它一共帶來(lái)了2500個(gè)詞匯，這種語(yǔ)言是什么？

答案：Dutch(前年考題)

67.據(jù)現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)家的統(tǒng)計(jì)，英語(yǔ)中目前所占本族詞的數(shù)量有多少？

答案：50,000to60,000他們的來(lái)源是(Anglo_Saxontongue)第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以后，大量外來(lái)詞進(jìn)入英語(yǔ)中，

如：Maojackets,blackbelt,kongfu,這些詞屬于英語(yǔ)詞匯發(fā)展的Present-dayEnglishVocabulary注意：

第二章出大題的內(nèi)容無(wú)非就是請(qǐng)簡(jiǎn)述印歐語(yǔ)系的發(fā)展與組成。

68.OldEnglish和MiddleEnglish最大的strikingdistinction存在于哪一個(gè)方面？

答案：OldEnglishwasalanguageoffullendings,MiddleEnglishwasoneofleveledendings.

69.文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期，哪兩種文化得到了復(fù)興，這對(duì)英語(yǔ)詞匯的豐富具有什么樣的影響?答案：Greek,Romancultur

70.某些希臘詞被引入到了英語(yǔ)是在什么階段？答案：ModernEnglish

71.十六世紀(jì)，有一種新工業(yè)出現(xiàn)對(duì)詞匯的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生重要的影響，這是哪一種industry?

答案：Printing這導(dǎo)致soundandform出現(xiàn)concord,standardization.

第三章復(fù)習(xí)

72.ThesmallestunitintheEnglishlanguagerefersto(morphemes)

73.TheminimalfreeformintheEnglishlanguagerefersto(word)

74.Inthepluralformchanging,someofthewordswilltakeinternalvowelchange,thisinternalvowel

changeiscalled(allomorphs)

75.Deer復(fù)數(shù)沒(méi)有變，還是deer,sheep復(fù)數(shù)沒(méi)有變，還是sheep,因此，這種變化被稱作(zeroderivation)

名詞解釋：

76.Morphemes:Theminimalmeaningfulunitsinalanguageareknownasmorphemes.Inother

words,themorphemesisthesmallestfunctioningunitincompositionofwords

77.Allomorphs:Thealternativemorphsareknownasallomorphs,e.g.themorphemeofplurality{-s}

hasanumberofallomorphsindifferentsoundcontext,e.g.incatsinbags,matchesItcanberealized

bythechangeofaninternalvowelasinfoot-feet,man-men,goose-geeseorbyzeromorphsasin

deer-deer,fish-fish

78.whatarethetypesofmorphemes?(答簡(jiǎn)答題時(shí)，名詞解釋)

答案：Freemorphemesandboundmorphemes。

79.Freemorphemes:1)Freemorphemesareindependentofothermorphemesandareconsideredto

befree.2)Thesemorphemeshavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedasfree

grammaticalunitsinsentences.3)Theyareidenticalwithrootwords,aseachofthemconsistsofa

singlefreerootwords,aseachofthemconsistsofasinglefreeroot4)freemorphemesarefreeroots.

80.boundmorphemes:1)Morphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparatewordsarebound..2)Theyare

boundtoothermorphemestoformwords.3)Boundmorphemesincludetwotypes:boundrootand

affixaffix分為兩類：inflectionalandderivationalaffixes.Inflectionalaffixes:Affixesattachedtothe

endofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareinflectional,thusknownasinflectional

morphemes.Derivationalaffixes:1)derivationalaffixesareaffixesaddedtoothermorphemesto

createnowwords.2)Derivationalaffixescanbefurtherdividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.

root:1)arootisthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.

2)theroot,whetherfreeorbound,generallycarriesthemaincomponentofmeaninginaword

3)aTootisthatpartofawordformthatremainswhenallinflectionalandderivationalaffixeshavebeen

removed5stem:1)astemmayconsistofasinglerootmorphemeasinironoroftworootmorphemes

asinacompoundlikehandcuff.

2)Itcanbearootmorphemeplusoneormoreaffixationalmorphemesasinmouthful,underestimate.

3)Therefore,astemcanbedefinedasaformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.

81.問(wèn)題：Stem和root有一個(gè)最大的區(qū)別在哪里？(連著兩年沒(méi)有考過(guò))

答案：astemcanbedefinedasaformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.

82.問(wèn)題：請(qǐng)加以區(qū)別下面兩個(gè)詞的特征：nation,diet請(qǐng)加以理論的分析？

Bothnationanddietbelongtoroots,nationisfreeroot,whichcanfunctionaloneinasentence,Nation

asafreeroot,hascompletemeaning,whenbothprefixesandsuffixesattachedtoitareremoved,

nationasafreeroot,stillremainsDietisaboundroot,whichcannotfunctionalonegrammatically,diet

carriesthefundamentalmeaningofwords,diethastocombinewiththeothermorphemestocreatenew

words,forexample,dictionary,contradiction.

83.問(wèn)題：分析下面一句話：Heismuchmoreclevererthananyotheroneinthevillage,tooheadsarebetter

thanone.請(qǐng)從構(gòu)詞角度分析以上的例子，cleverer,bettercleverer(-er:inflectionalaffixes)better

(good,well的特殊變化)Itisallomorphofgoodandwell.

第四章：

84.問(wèn)題：在英語(yǔ)中,主要的構(gòu)詞法分為哪幾種？

答案：有七種：1)Affixation2)Compounding3)conversion4)shortening5)clipping6)acronymy7)

blending有三種最常用：affixation,compoundingandconversion

85.問(wèn)題：由專有名詞變?yōu)槠胀~是詞義變化的哪一種？答案：Extension

86.問(wèn)題：由普通名詞變?yōu)閷Ｓ忻~是詞義變化的哪一種模式？答案：Narrowing

87.問(wèn)題：Affixation又被稱為什么？它分為哪兩類？答案：AffixationisalsoknownasderivationAffixation

fallsintotwosubclasses:prefixationandsuffixation要點(diǎn)：有哪些前綴屬于什么樣的類別:a-,non,ir:

negativeprefixesde-,dis-(既屬于negative,也屬于reversativeprefixes)mal-,pseudo-,mis