2022年云南大學(xué)英語考試真題卷

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1.WhenSecretaryofStateCondoleezzaRicestoodbesideAfghanPresident

HamidKarzai,shemadeanenlightenedstatementaboutcuttingAfghanistan,

sopiumproduction,saying:"ItisaprobIemthattookawhiIetodeveIop,

anditwi11taketimetoendtheproblem."Rice'sstatementinMarch

istheclearestconfirmationyetofagradualmminU.S.poIicysince

early2004,whentheBushadministrationandCongresswerecallingfor

animmediatecrackdownonAfghanistan,sbiggestcashcrop.Herstatement

showstheUnitedStates'newpatienceandacceptancethatitwi11take

timeforademocraticAfghanistantoeliminateopiumproduction.When

theUnitedStatesearIierpushedKarzaitoimmediatelyendopium

productioninhiswar-tomcountry-withoutinstitutingtherepressive

tacticsthathistoricallyhaveledtorapidsuccess-theUnitedStates

wasgivingtheAfghanleaderavirtuallyimpossibletask.Afghanistart

couldpleasetheUnitedStatesonlybyaggressiveactionthatwould

furtherimpoverishitsalreadypoorpopuIationandunderminethe

government,slegitimacy.TheTalibanannouncedabanongrowingpoppies

—thesourceofopium-inAfghanistaninJuly2000,sayingthis

reflectedtheteachingsoftheKoran.AlreadyfearedbyAfghansforits

brutaIity,theTaIibanachievedcompIiancewithitspoppybanbytearing

upthefieldsofafewearlyproducerswhoviolatedtheban,thereby

showingthatthegovernmentwasserious.TheresultoftheTaiiban,

sorderwasadramaticreductioninAfghanopiumproduction,whichfelI

from3,600tonsin2000tojust185tonsin2001.ThiscausedworIdopium

productiontofaIIbymorethan60percent.Thiswasn'tthefirsttime

thatlargeandrapidreductionsinopiumproductionhavebeenachieved

bymassivegovernmentrepression.WhentheCommuniststookpowerin

Chinain1949,thenationwasamajoropiumproducerandsufferedfrom

whatmayhavebeentheworld'sworstopiumconsumptionproblem.Within

twoyearsofapolicecrackdownonopiumproductionandconsumption一

resultinginmassexecutionsandimprisonments-opiumproductionand

usehadessentiallydisappearedinChina.TheIslamicRevoIutionin1979

inIranusedsomeofthesamepoIice-slatetacticsasChinatoeliminate

thelargeproductionandconsumptionofopiumthathadprevailedunder

theruleoftheshahofIran.Thisyeartheremaybeyetanother,sIightIy

lessdramaticinstanceofsuccessfulreduction.Myanmar,formerlyknown

asBurma,istheworld1ssecond-largestproducerofopium.Arebel

movement,theUnitedWaStateArmy,hascontrolofthemajorpoppy-growing

areasandhasalreadyreducedproductionbythree-quartersinthepast

sixyears,witharealisticpromisetoendproductionbyJunethisyear.

IthasaccompIishedthismostIybyforciblerelocationofsome100,000

peasantfarmingfamiIieswhogrowpoppies.ButifAfghanistan1scurrent

governmentresortedtothetacticsoftheTaIiban,theChineseCommunists,

Iran'sdictatorshipandtherebeIsinMyanmartoendopiumproduction,

itwouldrightIybecondemnedbytheUnitedStatesandotherdemocratic

nations.Thisisbecauseineachofthesuccessfulcrackdownsonopium,

authoritiesreIiedonmethodsthataresimplynotacceptabIeina

democraticnation,nomatterhownoblethepurpose.Thesuccessof

anti-opiumcampaignsinmorepoliticallyopensettingsismuchmore

gradual.Thailand,onceamajorworldopiumproducer,istheleading

example.AcombinationofgeneraleconomicdeveIopmentandtargeted

programs-bothcropsubstitutionandlawenforcement-ledThailandto

aImostenditsopiumproductionoveraperiodofmorethanadecade.

Pakistan,alsoaformerlysignificantproducer,hasmanagedtoaImost

entirelyexitopiumproductionoverasimilarperiod,notwithstanding

arecentupturninpoppyharvests.Goingaftertraffickersratherthan

farmers,albeitpoIitica11ymuchmoreacceptabIe,isevenmoredifficult.

Fewgovernments,authoritarianorotherwise,havehadahighdegreeof

successinthisarena.Whileendingpoppyproduction,IranandPakistan

arestillmajordragtraffickers.TherecentThaicrackdown,withthe

extra-judicialkiIIingof2,000drugdeaIersinlessthanayear,seems

tohavelesseneddomesticdrugusebutdoesnotofferaheIpfuImodel

forademocracy-buiIdingAfghanistan.SecretaryRice1scalIfor

patienceinthefightagainstopiumproductioninAfghanistanshowsan

acceptanceofthediIemmaAfghanistanfacesandisanencouraging

indicationthattheU.S.governmenthaslearnedfromhistory.

WhichoneisnotthereasonwhyAfghanistangovernmentcannoteIiminate

opiumquickly

A.OpiumiscloselyrelatedwiththeeconomysituationofAfghanistan

people

B.Itisahardjobwhichneedstime

C.Afghanistanisnotademocraticcountry

D.1lisaproblemlefIbyhistoryandiIneedmorepatience

2.GoingForth,TheNationsMultiplyUnevenIyDespitewars,famines,and

epidemics,Earth1spopuIationisboomingaheadtonewrecords-withno

endinsight.Everyday,theworldaddsenoughpeopIetopopulatea

medium-sizedcityintheUS.Inonemonth,thenumberofnewworIdcitizens

to1.3percent.ThedecIineingrowthisevensharperintheCentral

AfricanRepubIic,whererateswi11dipfrom2.4percentto0.7percent,

hiThailandwhichalreadyhadlowbirthrates,AIDSwi11drivepopulation

downwardto0.8percentayear.Inthe16countriesthatarehithardest,

AIDSwiIIlowerpopulationsby121millionoverexpectedprojectionsby

2020.InAfrica,theimpactofAIDSissogreatthattrendstowardlonger

Iifespansduringthepast40yearsarebeingreversed.SomenationswiII

sufferdeciinesinaverageIifespansof10to30yearscomparedwith

expectedIifespanswithoutAIDS.IntheIIS,whereAIDSisalsoa

substantiaIproblem,theimpactwi11belowerbecausethediseaseis

mostIyIimitedtohomosexuaIsanddrugusers,saysPeterWay,aCensus

Bureauresearcher.InmanyAfricannations,AIDSisprevaIentamongthe

heterosexualpopulation,whichsharplyboostsinfantmortality.A

compe11ingchapterintheresearchdealswithaging.Todaythemedian

ageindeveIopedcountriesis35,andindevelopingnationsareonly23.

By2020,thecorrespondingfigureswi11be42and28.Todaythereare

feweradultsover60(525mi11ion)thanchiIdrenunder5(636million).

AstheworIdpopuIationages,by2020thenumberover60wiIIbomore

than1billion,whilethoseunder5wi11total717million.

Sub-SaharanAfricancountries.

A.willhavethelargestworldpopulationby2020

B.havethehighestreproductiverateintheworld

C.areonlymodestlyaffectedbyAIDS

D.willhaveincreasinglylonglifespans

3.Storytellingisanancientandhonoredart.Storytellersentertained

duringtheIongdarkhoursbeforesIeeparrivedafterthesundisappeared

overthewesternhorizon.Butthestoryteller*sjobismorethanjust

entertainmentBeforetheprintedpageappeared,storytellersprovided

culturalcontinuity,preservingthepasttoserveasguidethroughthe

future.Storyte11erstoldtalesofheroestoprovidepositiveexampIes,

thelegendsthatheldthetribetogetherandprovideditsidentity,and

thestoriesoffooIishoreviIbeingstoremindyoungandoIdthepenaIties

fornotrivingcorrectIy.EvenbehaviortoohorribletospeakofdirectIy,

suchascannibalism,cowardiceordeath,couldbeexaminedthroughthe

mediationofastory.Eventoday,books,magazines,radio,television

andmoviesstillhavenotrepIacedthestoryte11er.Noneofthese

permanent,reproduciblemediaareabletodeliverapersonal,

individualizedmessagewiththeimpactofawe11-toIdstory.Whether

thepurposeofastoryistosetamood,toentertain,toteachalesson,

toamuseortoscare,nothingworksIikeagoodstoryattherightmoment.

AstorywithanobviousmessageconcerningtheresuItsofanotherperson,

smisbehaviorcandeliverawarninganddeterrentthatadirect

confrontationcannotproduceandthestorywi11dosowithouthurting

egos.Apositiverelationshipcanbemaintainedand,sometimes,even

strengthenedwhilestilldeliveringanunweIcomemessage.Thisisthe

powerofthestoryteIIer.NoteverystorywiIIfiteverysituation.The

storytelIerneedstoseIectastorywhichwiIImeettheneedsofthe

situationandthonthestorytelIermusttailorthestorytofitthetime

avaiIable,theageoftheaudience,theIocationandthemooddesired.

Agoodstorychoicewi11capturetheinterestoftheaudience.Audience

memberswi11relatetoalocation,experienceoremotionthattheyshare

incommonwiththestorytellerandwiIIsuspenddisbelieflongenough

tobedrawnintothestoryasitunfolds.GoodstoriesbuiIdtoaclimax

withabeginning,amiddleandanend.TheeIementsofthestoryreveaIed

ineachsectionwiIIleadtothenext.PredicamentsandsolutionswiII

dependonthedetaiIsofthestoryrevealedinanearIiersection.However,

betterstoriesmayaddatwisttomaketheendingunexpectedand,

therefore,moreinteresting.Scarystoriesshouldbematchedtotheage

oftheaudience.AlittlefeeIingoffrightasthestoryistoldmaybe

beneficialinlearninghowtodeaIwithscarythings,buttheuseof

Iingeringfearthatiscarriedawayfromthestowissimplyterrorizing

asusceptiblepersonandhelpsnoone.ItistheresponsibiIityofthe

storymiIertodeterminewhatisappropriateandnottoabusetheaudience)

sgoodfaith.Storiescancomefromnearlyanywhere.Folktales,myths,

legends,history(especiallyIocaIhistory),Indianstories,adventure

yamsandotherstowtellersarealIsourcesofinspiration.Ashort

IistingofcollectedstoriesisappendedalongwithseveralexampIesof

goodstories.However,thebestsourcesofstoriesforgoodstowtellers

aretheirownexperiences.Wheninspirationandopportunityunite,a

storyisreadytobeborn.Nomatterwhatthesource,thebeststories

arethoseofwhichthestorytelIerhassomepersonaIexperienceor

knowledge.ThiscanbecombinedwithothersourcesandaIittIepractice

toproducethetaletobetold.Whenpersonalexperienceisthebaseon

whichastoryisbuilt,thestowwi11"ringtrue*'totheaudienceand

haveagreatervitality.AdisIikeofinsectscrawlingonyourskin,an

encounterwithawiIdanimalorthememoryofaweirdnoiseexperienced

whenyouwerehomealonecaneachprovidetheexperienceorfeelingthat

wi11formthebasisofastory.Theexperienceneedonlybeaweepart

ofthestory,butthatcanbeenough.Whenyouhavechosenasourcefrom

abookoranotherstoryteller,learnthestowthoroughlybeforegiving

itpubIicly.Donotmemorizethestory!MemorizetheoutIineandflow

ofthestow.TakespeciaInoteofkeypoints,eventsandnamesthatthe

storyhingeson.Alsonotewhereandhowtheyfitinthenarrative.If

therearekeyphrasesmakesureyouanchortheminyourmemorysothey

comeoutnaturaIlywheretheyshouId.Don'ttrytodeliverastowverbatim,

astoryshouldbetoldinyourownwords.Makethestoryapartofyou

andthensharethatpartwithyou.LivethestowasyoutelIit.Asyou

continue,youwi11findthattellingastoryismorethanchoosingthe

rightwordstosay,italsoinvolvesestabIishingyourpresence.When

youarethestowteller,youareincontrol.Walkconfidentlyforward

toyourplace,stand,pause,relax,gatheryourthoughtsandbecomepart

ofyourstoryasyoubuildanticipation,waitforquietandattention,

andthenandonlythen,quietlystartyourstory.Trynottoexplainwhat

youareabouttodo,insteadc

A.perpetuateculture.

B.providerolemodels.

C.discouragebadbehaviors.

D.makphnrrihlphphavinrshnnorahl

4.Westerntattooistsworkwithaspecialelectricalinstrument,

somethingIikeadentist,sdri11.Itholdsanumberofveryfineneedles,

which,forthepurposeofreproducingtheapproveddrawing,aredipped,

inblackink.Whenthecurrentisswitchedon,andtheinstrumentpassed

rapidlyovertheoutIine,theactionofth?needIesdrivestheinkinto

theskin.Thetattooistisconstantlywipingawayexcessinkasheworks.

Thisiswhereskillissoimportant,forthespeedoftheinstrumentmeans

thathemustworkrapidlyoverIineswhichareaImostpermanentlycovered

over.Thebasicdrawingthenhastobecoloredin,usingthesamemethod

butwithnon-poisonouspaintnowreplacingtheink.Theaveragetattoo

containsfourorfivecolors,eachinjectedwithaseparateinstrument.

Howmanyneedlesareusedeachtimewi11dependontheareatobecovered,

butitispossibletouseasmanyastenortweIve,givingupto3,000

injectionsaminute.FillinginisalengthierprocessthanoutIining,

and,sincemostpeoplefindhalfanhourundertheneedlesquiteenough,

amajortattoocantakeanumberofvisitst6compIete.Everyvisitwi11

leavetheskinsoreandstinging,andtopreventinfectiontheareais

finallytreatedwithanantisepticcreamandcoveredwithadressing.

AfterafewdaysitfinalIyhealsover,Ieavingthenewtattooclearly

visibleundertheskin.Andthereitstays,for,asthosewhoget

tattooedandthenthindbetterofitsoondiscover,gettingridofthe

tattooisafarmoredifficultbusinessthangettingit.Thetattooist

ispowerlesstoundowhathehasdoneandcanonlyreferunhappycustomers

totheirdoctorswho,nomatterhowsympathetic,areabletoofferIittIe

encouragementRemovingatattoo,ifitcanbedoneatall,hastobeby

oneoftwomethods,neitherofthempleasantorevencompIeteIy

satisfactory,Thefirstisbysurgeryandskinreplacment,anoperation

whichIeavespermanentmarks.TheotherpossibiIityistore-tat-tooover

theoffendingdesignwithaspecialacidbasedsubstancewhichabsorbs

thecolorsasitgoes.Thisisapainfulandlengthyprocesswhich,though

lessexpensivethanprivatesurgery,isstillquitecostIy."Tattooing

isathorninthesideofthemedicaIprofession",istheviewofone

HarleyStreetskinspecialist.Hereceivesaconstantstreamofenquiries

aboutremovaI,butinmostcasestheexpenseanddiscomfortofhaving

itdonemakepeopIedecidetogoonIivingwiththeirunwanteddesigns."

Patientshavetowantitverymuchgotothroughwithit,"hesays."Those

whodoareusuallytheoneswhofindthattheyarerefusedjobs,orcannot

getadvancementbecausetheirhandsaredecorated."Thisissucha

commoneventthatresponsibletattooistsrefusetoworkonareaswhich

cannotnormaIIybecoveredup.nThetroubleisthatmostpeopledon,

tthinkaboutituntiIit'stoolate."saysonetattooistwhohadhis

ownhandstattooedsomeyearsago,andfreelyadmitstoregrettingit"

Irealizenowthatitlooksinbadtaste.\

Beforealarge-scaletattooisfinished,thecustomermay.

A.havehadhalfanhourundertheneedles

B.havehadasmanyastenortwelveneedlesusedonhim

C.havehadtogoseveraltimestothetattooist

D.havehadbeengiveupto3000injections

5.ThesuccessofJaneEyreisnotonlybecauseofitssharpcriticism

oftheexistingsociety,butalsoduetoitsintroductiontotheEnglish

novelthefirstheroine.

A.explorer

B.peasant

C.worker

D.governess

6.WhenSecretaryofStateCondoleezzaRicestoodbesideAfghanPresident

HamidKarzai,shemadeanenlightenedstatementaboutcuttingAfghanistan'

sopiumproduction,saying:"ItisaprobIemthattookawhiIetodevelop,

anditwi11taketimetoendtheproblem."Rice'sstatementinMarch

istheclearestconfirmationyetofagraduaImminU.S.policysince

earIy2004,whentheBushadministrationandCongresswerecallingfor

animmediatecrackdownonAfghanistan*sbiggestcashcrop.Herstatement

showstheUnitedStates'newpatienceandacceptancethatitwi11take

timeforademocraticAfghanistantoeliminateopiumproduction.When

theUnitedStatesearIierpushedKarzaitoimmediateIyendopium

productioninhiswar-tomcountry-withoutinstitutingtherepressive

tacticsthathistoricaIIyhaveIedtorapidsuccess——theUnitedStates

wasgivingtheAfghanleaderavirtuallyimpossibletask.Afghanistan

couldpleasetheUnitedStatesonlybyaggressiveactionthatwould

furtherimpoverishitsalreadypoorpopuIationandunderminethe

government,slegitimacy.TheTalibanannouncedabanongrowingpoppies

——thesourceofopium——inAfghanistaninJuly2000,sayingthis

refIectedtheteachingsoftheKoran.AlreadyfearedbyAfghansforits

brutaIity,theTaiibanachievedcompIiancewithitspoppybanbytearing

upthefieldsofafewearlyproducerswhoviolatedtheban,thereby

showingthatthegovernmentwasserious.TheresultoftheTaliban'

sorderwasadramaticreductioninAfghanopiumproduction,whichfelI

from3,600tonsin2000tojust185tonsin2001.Thiscausedworldopium

productiontofaIIbymorethan60percent.Thiswasn'tthefirsttime

thatlargeandrapidreductionsinopiumproductionhavebeenachieved

bymassivegovernmentrepression.WhentheCommuniststookpowerin

Chinain1949,thenationwasamajoropiumproducerandsufferedfrom

whatmayhavebeentheworld'sworstopiumconsumptionproblem.Within

twoyearsofapolicecrackdownonopiumproductionandconsumption——

resultinginmassexecutionsandimprisonments-opiumproductionand

usehadessentiallydisappearedinChina.TheIslamicRevoIutionin1979

inIranusedsomeofthesamepolice-sIatetacticsasChinatoeliminate

thelargeproductionandconsumptionofopiumthathadprevailedunder

theruleoftheshahofIran.Thisyeartheremaybeyetanother,sIightIy

lessdramaticinstanceofsuccessfulreduction.Myanmar,formerlyknown

asBurma,istheworld1ssecond-largestproducerofopium.Arebel

movement,theUnitedWaStateArmy,hascontroIofthemajorpoppy-growing

areasandhasalreadyreducedproductionbythree-quartersinthepast

sixyears,witharealisticpromisetoendproductionbyJunethisyear.

IthasaccompIishedthismostIybyforciblereIocationofsome100,000

peasantfarmingfamiIieswhogrowpoppies.ButifAfghanistanJscurrent

governmentresortedtothetacticsoftheTaiiban,theChineseCommunists,

Iran*sdictatorshipandtherebelsinMyanmartoendopiumproduction,

itwouldrightIybecondemnedbytheUnitedStatesandotherdemocratic

nations.Thisisbecauseineachofthesuccessfulcrackdownsonopium,

authoritiesreIiedonmethodsthataresimplynotacceptableina

democraticnation,nomatterhownoblethepurpose.Thesuccessof

anti-opiumcampaignsinmorepoliticallyopensettingsismuchmore

gradual.Thailand,onceamajorworldopiumproducer,istheleading

example.AcombinationofgeneraleconomicdeveIopmentandtargeted

programs-bothcropsubstitutionandlawenforcement-ledThaiIandto

aImostenditsopiumproductionoveraperiodofmorethanadecade.

Pakistan,alsoaformerlysignificantproducer,hasmanagedtoaImost

entirelyexitopiumproductionoverasimilarperiod,notwithstanding

arecentupturninpoppyharvests.Goingaftertraffickersratherthan

farmers,albeitpoliticalIymuchmoreacceptabIe,isevenmoredifficult.

Fewgovernments,authoritarianorotherwise,havehadahighdegreeof

successinthisarena.Whileendingpoppyproduction,IranandPakistan

arestillmajordragtraffickers.TherecentThaicrackdown,withthe

extra-judicialkiIIingof2,000drugdealersinlessthanayear,seems

tohavelesseneddomesticdrugusebutdoesnotofferaheIpfuImodel

forademocracy-buiIdingAfghanistan.SecretaryRice1scalIfor

patienceinthefightagainstopiumproductioninAfghanistanshowsan

acceptanceofthedilemmaAfghanistanfacesandisanencouraging

indicationthattheU.S.governmenthaslearnedfromhistory.

TheauthorusedthehistoryofChinaandIraninorderto.

A.criticizethesecountries

B.explaintheeffectofmassiverepressiononopiumproductionand

assumption

C.warnAfghanistanguvernnieiiL

D.provethesecountriesarenot"democratic”

7.GoingForth,TheNationsMultiplyUnevenIyDespitewars,famines,and

epidemics,Earth,spopuIationisboomingaheadtonewrecords-withno

endinsight.Everyday,theworIdaddsenoughpeopIetopopuIatea

medium-sizedcityintheUS.Inonemonth,thenumberofnewworIdcitizens

equaIsthepopuIationofNewYorkCity.Everyyear,thereare90mi11ion

moremouthstofeed,morethanthetotalpopulationofGermany.Several

factorsarepropelIingthisrapidgrowth,includinganeIementthatis

oftenoverlooked:thehugenumberofteenagerswhoarebecomingmothers,

particularlyinthecountriesofsub-SaharanAfrica.InfourAfrican

nations-Niger,Mali,SierraLeone,andIvoryCoast-1outofevery

5adolescentfemalesofchildbearingagehasababyannually.TheUS

BureauoftheCensussaysthishighrateofmotherhoodamongteenshas

heIpedtomaintainthehighpaceofbirthsacrossmostoftheAfrican

continent.Bystartingafamilyearly,atypicaIwomanisSomaIia,for

instance,hassevenchiIdrenduringherIifetime.EquaIlylargefamiIies

aretheruleinZambia,Zaire,Uganda,Mauritania,Mali,Malawi,and

Ethiopia.Thecurrentrecord-holderforfertiIityisstrife-tomRwanda,

whereatypicalmotherhasatleasteightorninechiIdren.WhiIe

popuIationexpertsoftenfocusonAfrica1sproblems,analystsnotethat

teenagedmothersarealsofarmoreprevalentintheUnitedStatesthan

inFrance,Germany,Italy,Sweden,orBritain.Thisissue——“babies

havingbabies"-hasrecentlygainedprominenceintheUS.Teenaged

motherhoodintheUShasfueIedanexpansionofthestatefederalwelfare

systemandbroughtcriesforwelfarereformfromlawmakers.Withits

highrateofteenbirths,theUSnowranksalongsideIndonesiaandparts

ofSouthAmerica,andonIymodestIyaheadofMexico,India,andPakistan.

OveraII,thefertiIityrateamongAmericansremainsrelativelylowat

2.1birthsperwoman-abouttherepIacementlevel.AlthoughtheUS

popuIationisexpectedtoclimbsteadily,from260milliontodayto323

millionby2020,mostofthatgrowthwi11courtfromimmigration.The

CensusBureauestimatesthatinHaiti,wherethousandsofcitizensare

tryingtofleetotheUSbecauseofmiIitaryoppressionandpoverty,AIDS

wiIIcuttheannuaIgrowthrateduringthenext25yearsfrom2.1percent

to1.3percent.ThedecIineingrowthisevensharperintheCentraI

AfricanRepubIic,whererateswi11dipfrom2.4percentto0.7percent,

hiThailandwhichalreadyhadlowbirthrates,AIDSwi11drivepopuIation

downwardto0.8percentayear.Inthe16countriesthatarehithardest,

AIDSwiIIlowerpopulationsby121millionoverexpectedprojectionsby

2020.InAfrica,theimpactofAIDSissogreatthattrendstowardlonger

Iifespansduringthepast40yearsarebeingreversed.SomenationswiII

sufferdeciinesinaverageIifespansof10to30yearscomparedwith

expectedIifespanswithoutAIDS.IntheUS,whereAIDSisalsoa

substantiaIproblem,theimpactwiIIbelowerbecausethediseaseis

mostIyIimitedtohomosexuaIsanddrugusers,saysPeterWay,aCensus

Bureauresearcher.InmanyAfricannations,AIDSisprevalentamongthe

heterosexualpopulation,whichsharplyboostsinfantmortality.A

compe11ingchapterintheresearchdeaIswithaging.To