心理學考試題及答案英文

Multiple-choiceQuestions(2pointseach,10questionsintotal)1.Thescientificstudyofbehaviorandmentalprocessesiscalled______.A.SociologyB.PsychologyC.AnthropologyD.BiologyAnswer:B2.Whoisoftenconsideredthefatherofmodernpsychology?A.SigmundFreudB.WilhelmWundtC.WilliamJamesD.IvanPavlovAnswer:B3.Thepartoftheneuronthatreceivesincomingsignalsisthe______.A.AxonB.DendriteC.CellbodyD.MyelinsheathAnswer:B4.Whichtypeofmemorycanholdinformationforonlyaveryshorttime(afewseconds)?A.Long-termmemoryB.Short-termmemoryC.SensorymemoryD.EpisodicmemoryAnswer:C5.Classicalconditioningwasfirstdescribedby______.A.B.F.SkinnerB.AlbertBanduraC.IvanPavlovD.EdwardThorndikeAnswer:C6.Theprocessbywhichweinterpretandorganizesensoryinformationiscalled______.A.SensationB.PerceptionC.CognitionD.AttentionAnswer:B7.Whichstageofsleepischaracterizedbyrapideyemovement(REM)?A.Stage1B.Stage2C.Stage3D.REMsleepAnswer:D8.Thetendencytomaintainastableinternalenvironmentiscalled______.A.HomeostasisB.MotivationC.EmotionD.LearningAnswer:A9.Whichtheoryofemotionsuggeststhatphysiologicalarousalandemotionalexperienceoccursimultaneously?A.James-LangetheoryB.Cannon-BardtheoryC.Two-factortheoryD.Lazarus'scognitive-mediationaltheoryAnswer:B10.Amentalframeworkfororganizingandinterpretinginformationiscalleda(n)______.A.SchemaB.ConceptC.PrototypeD.AlgorithmAnswer:AMultiple-selectQuestions(2pointseach,10questionsintotal)1.Whichofthefollowingarepartsofthenervoussystem?A.CentralnervoussystemB.PeripheralnervoussystemC.AutonomicnervoussystemD.SomaticnervoussystemAnswer:ABCD2.Whichofthefollowingaretypesoflearning?A.ClassicalconditioningB.OperantconditioningC.ObservationallearningD.InsightlearningAnswer:ABCD3.Whichofthefollowingaremeasuresofcentraltendency?A.MeanB.MedianC.ModeD.RangeAnswer:ABC4.WhichofthefollowingaretypesofintelligenceaccordingtoHowardGardner'stheoryofmultipleintelligences?A.LinguisticintelligenceB.Logical-mathematicalintelligenceC.MusicalintelligenceD.SpatialintelligenceAnswer:ABCD5.WhichofthefollowingaredefensemechanismsproposedbyFreud?A.RepressionB.DenialC.ProjectionD.SublimationAnswer:ABCD6.Whichofthefollowingareaspectsofemotionalintelligence?A.Self-awarenessB.Self-managementC.SocialawarenessD.RelationshipmanagementAnswer:ABCD7.Whichofthefollowingarefactorsinfluencingperception?A.PastexperiencesB.ExpectationsC.MotivationD.AttentionAnswer:ABCD8.WhichofthefollowingarestagesofPiaget'scognitivedevelopmenttheory?A.SensorimotorstageB.PreoperationalstageC.ConcreteoperationalstageD.FormaloperationalstageAnswer:ABCD9.Whichofthefollowingaretypesofmemory?A.DeclarativememoryB.ProceduralmemoryC.SemanticmemoryD.EpisodicmemoryAnswer:ABCD10.Whichofthefollowingarecharacteristicsofagoodpsychologicaltheory?A.FalsifiabilityB.ParsimonyC.PredictivepowerD.GeneralizabilityAnswer:ABCDTrue-FalseQuestions(2pointseach,10questionsintotal)1.Psychologyisonlyconcernedwithabnormalbehavior.(False)2.Allneuronsinthehumanbodyarethesame.(False)3.Short-termmemoryhasanunlimitedcapacity.(False)4.Positivereinforcementalwaysincreasesthelikelihoodofabehavior.(True)5.DreamsonlyoccurduringREMsleep.(False)6.Intelligenceisentirelydeterminedbygenetics.(False)7.Everyoneexperiencesthesamebasicemotions.(False)8.Personalitytraitsarestableovertime.(True)9.Sensationandperceptionarethesameprocess.(False)10.Socialinfluencecanhaveasignificantimpactonbehavior.(True)Short-answerQuestions(5pointseach,4questionsintotal)1.Question:Brieflydescribethedifferencebetweenclassicalconditioningandoperantconditioning.Answer:Classicalconditioninginvolveslearningbyassociation,whereaneutralstimulusbecomesassociatedwithanunconditionedstimulustoelicitaresponse.Operantconditioningisaboutlearningthroughconsequences.Behaviorsarestrengthenedorweakeneddependingonthepositiveornegativeoutcomesthatfollowthem.2.Question:Whatarethemainfunctionsofthesympatheticandparasympatheticnervoussystems?Answer:Thesympatheticnervoussystempreparesthebodyfor"fight-or-flight"responses,increasingheartrate,dilatingpupils,etc.Theparasympatheticnervoussystemcalmsthebodydown,reducingheartrate,promotingdigestion,andrestoringthebody'snormalstateafterstress.3.Question:Explaintheconceptofself-esteem.Answer:Self-esteemisanindividual'soverallevaluationoftheirownworth.Itreflectshowmuchapersonvalues,approvesof,andrespectsthemselves.Highself-esteemisrelatedtopositiveself-regard,whilelowself-esteemmayleadtoself-doubtandnegativefeelings.4.Question:Whatistheroleofattentioninperception?Answer:Attentionfocusesourawarenessoncertainaspectsoftheenvironment.Ithelpsusselectrelevantsensoryinformationfromthevastamountavailable.Withoutattention,muchoftheincomingsensorydatawouldbemissed,andaccurateperceptionoftheworldarounduswouldbedifficult.DiscussionQuestions(5pointseach,4questionsintotal)1.Question:Discusshowculturalfactorscaninfluencethedevelopmentofpersonality.Answer:Cultureprovidesthevalues,norms,andsocialrolesthatshapepersonality.Forexample,inindividualisticcultures,self-relianceandindependenceareemphasized,whichmayleadtomoreassertivepersonalities.Incollectivistcultures,groupharmonyisvalued,fosteringtraitslikecooperationandhumility.Differentculturesalsohavedistinctchild-rearingpracticesthatimpactpersonalitydevelopment.2.Question:Howcanpsychologicalresearchhelpinimprovingmentalhealth?Answer:Psychologicalresearchhelpsidentifythecausesofmentalhealthproblems,suchasgenetic,environmental,andpsychologicalfactors.Italsoleadstothedevelopmentofeffectivetreatmentmethodslikecognitive-behavioraltherapy.Researchcaninformpreventionstrategies,earlyinterventionprograms,andpublichealthpoliciestoenhanceoverallmentalwell-being.3.Question:Debatethenature-nurtureissueinintelligence.Answer:Thenature-nurtureissueinintelligencequestionswhetherintelligenceismainlydeterminedbygenetics(nature)orenv