Unit8ChinesePhilosophiesTheIntellectualFoundations—Legalism1,Taoism2andConfucianism3

中國(guó)古代的主要哲學(xué)思想早在先秦時(shí)期就已經(jīng)基本形成,如儒家、道家、法家、墨家等。

通過本文的學(xué)習(xí),您就可以用英語向外國(guó)人介紹它們了。Therewerethreemostinfluential4schools5ofthoughtsin

traditionalChinesehistory:Legalism,Taoism,andConfucian-

ism.Theyallaimedattheidealofpeaceandharmonybuttheir

approachesweredifferent.Legalismaimedattheunity6ofthepoliticalkingdomand

workedforpeaceandharmonyoftheempire7.TheLegalists8

feltthathumannaturewasselfishandinevitablyproducedcon-

flicts.Severelawsandpunishmentsweretheonlymeansofbringingthemtheorderandsecuritywhichtheywereeagerfor.

Therulercouldnotrelyonmoralvirtues9buthadtocontrolthe

peoplebyclearlydefinedrewardsandpunishments.①Anyone

whofailedtoachievewhathewasassignedtodomustbepun-

ished.Peopleweretobemade“mutual10responsible”forone

another

sactions,andthosewhofailedtodenounce11alaw-

breakerweretobeconsideredguiltyofthesamecrime.TheLe-

galistsbelievedthatifthepenalties12weremadesevere,thepeoplewouldbeforcedintocompleteobedience13andthatthere

would,infact,benopenaltiesbutorder,unity,peaceandhar-

mony.Theirphilosophywasdesignedtohelptherulerincon-

solidating14hispositionandpower.However,Legalismlefta

lastingmarkonChinesecivilization.ThroughthetriumphofCh

inandtheimperial15systemthatCh

increated,itbecameavi-

talpartofChinesesociety,accountingforthehighlycentralized

16stateoflatertimes.②DirectlyoppositetoLegalismwasTaoismwhichlaidstresson

individualfreedomand“beingnatural”.Althoughthepoliti-

calideasofTaoismwereoppositetoLegalism,theyaimedat

orderforgreatunity,andauniversal17organizationofpeace

andharmony,too.Theytriedtodestroyman-madethingsinor-

dertoachievegreaterharmony.Primitivity18wastheidealof

theTaoists,andtheirexpressivetermforitwas“pu”mean-

ingliterallyanuncarved19blockofwood.③ThepoliticalidealoftheTaoistswasasmallstatefromwhichthecocksanddogsof

anearbystatecouldbeheard,andwherethepeopleweresosat-

isfiedthatnonehadeverbotheredtovisittheneighboringvil-

lages.Taoismhadservedasanadmirablebalancewheel20tothe

dominantconceptsofChineseculture:thecentralizationof

powerwhichplacedsharplimitsonhumanfreedom.ButinTao-

ism,theindividualscouldachievefullself-expressionandthe

intellect21oftheTaoistswasfreetowander22atwill23.BetweenthetwoextremesofLegalismandTaoismwasConfu-

cianism.Whilethe“l(fā)aws”ofLegalismwereimpersonaland

inhuman,andthe“nature”ofTaoismlackedcontrol,Confu-

cianismtookcareofbothindividualneedsandsocialneeds.Ina

broadsense,Confucianismmaybesaidtobehumanism24.

Confucianismaimedatpeaceandharmonyanditskeytosolve

humanproblemswas“education”.ByConfucianeducation,

theteachingwouldhavenoalienation25,noseparation,noclas-sification26,nograding,allinall27,nodiscrimination28.InCon-

fucianism,therewerezhong(loyalty),xiao(filialpiety29),li

(ritual30),yi(righteousness31),ren(benevolence32)andai

(love).Thebalancingofinnervirtuesandexternalpolishwas

characteristicofthe“moderation33”ofConfucianideas.Ifwecompareandcontrastthethreeschoolsofthoughtson

“individualfreedomandcontrol”,wewouldfindthatTaoism

wasextremelyfree,whileLegalismwasextremelystrictwithConfucianisminthemiddle.Onpoliticaltheoryandconceptsof

progress,Legalismwasthemostadvancedanddirectingtothe

future,whileTaoismwasreactionary34andreturningtothe

primitivenaturewithagainConfucianisminthemiddle.Indeed,

moderationandbalancewereperhapsthemajorreasonsforthe

finaltriumphofConfucianismintraditionalChinesehistory.——http//ihome.cuhk.edu.hk/s050326/legalismtaoismconf.doc(600words)Notes①Therulercouldnotrelyonmoralvirtuesbuthadtocontrol

thepeoplebyclearlydefinedrewardsandpunishments.統(tǒng)治者不能依靠高尚的品德而應(yīng)通過明確的獎(jiǎng)懲以控制人

民。②ThroughthetriumphofCh

inandtheimperialsystemthat

Ch

increated,itbecameavitalpartofChinesesociety,ac-

countingforthehighlycentralizedstateoflatertimes.通過秦朝所取得的勝利和創(chuàng)建的帝國(guó)體系,法家思想成為中

國(guó)社會(huì)的重要組成部分,成為后來高度中央集權(quán)制國(guó)家產(chǎn)生

的根源。③PrimitivitywastheidealoftheTaoists,andtheirexpressivetermforitwas“pu”meaningliterallyanuncarvedblockof

wood.原始狀態(tài)是道家的理想,他們用以表達(dá)的術(shù)語是“樸”,字面

意思是一塊未經(jīng)雕琢之木。ExercisesⅠ.There

are

five

questions

or

unfinished

statements

based

on

the

passage.

For

each

of

them

choose

the

best

answer

from

the

four

choices

marked

A,B,C

and

D.1.WhichoneofthefollowingdoesnotbelongtotheChineseancient

philosophies?A.Taoism.B.Legalism.C.Confucianism.D.Materialism.2.AccordingtoLegalism,ifyourbrotherwerefoundguiltyofacertain

crime,whatwouldhappentoyou?A.Youwouldbepunishedbecauseyouweremademutualresponsiblefor

thecrime.B.Youhadnothingtodowiththecrimecommittedbyyourbrother.C.Youshouldhelptocaptureyourbrotherinordertoescapethepunish-

ment.D.Youcouldescapethepunishmentifyouhadfledawayearly.3.WhatwerethepoliticalideasofTaoism?A.Individualfreedomand“beingnatural”.B.Greatunityandauniversalorganizationofpeaceandharmony.C.Greaterharmony.D.Primitivity.4.AccordingtoConfucianism,

is/arethekeytosolvehumanprob-

lems.A.punishmentB.educationC.emperorD.lawandorder5.AmongthethreeschoolsofthoughtsintraditionalChinesehistory,which

onehasthecharacteristicofthe“moderation”?A.Taoism.B.Legalism.C.Confucianism.D.Allofabove.Ⅱ.Fill

in

the

blanks

of

the

following

sentences,using

the

words

or

phrases

given

below.Change

the

form

where

necessary.influentialaccountformutualvirtueuniversal

harmonyachieverelyoncriticizewander1.He

forhislackofleadership.2.Shewasoneofthemost

figuresinlocalpolitics.3.Youmay

itthatIshallhelpyou.4.Suchproblemsarea

featureofoldages.5.Theriver

throughsomebeautifulcountries.6.Theabilitytorecognizedifferencesbetweenfactsandopinionscanhelp

usto

adeeperlevelofunderstandinginourreading.7.Thecashierwasaskedto

everypennyofthemoneythatwas

entrustedtohim.8.Theyseemedtohaveahappylifein

withnature.9.Billdislikedthemanimmediately,andthefeelingwas

.10.Amonghermany

areloyalty,courageandtruthfulness.Ⅲ.Translate

the

following

Chinese

sentences

into

English.1.嚴(yán)刑峻法是實(shí)現(xiàn)他們渴望的長(zhǎng)治久安的唯一手段。2.道家的政治理想是國(guó)小民安,雞犬相聞,老死不相往來。3.儒家的“中庸”思想以內(nèi)修外煉的平衡為特征。4.在傳統(tǒng)的中國(guó)歷史上,儒家思想最終獲勝的主要原因是中庸和平衡。SectionAIn

this

section,you

are

going

to

read

a

passage

with

ten

statements

attached

to

it.Each

statement

contains

information

given

in

one

of

the

paragraphs.I-

dentify

the

paragraph

from

which

the

information

is

derived.You

may

choose

a

paragraph

more

than

once.Each

paragraph

is

marked

with

a

letter.TraditionalChinesePhilosophyandTraditionalChineseMedicineA)TraditionalChinesemedicineisbasedontheconceptofthe

universeoutlinedinthephilosophyofTaoism.Taoismisbotha

religionandaphilosophy.Taoistssearchedforimmortality(不

朽)byexploringtheuseofbreathingexercises,meditation(冥

想)techniques,andherbal(藥草的)ormineralmaterial,whichhadprofoundinfluenceonthetheoretical(理論的)development

oftraditionalChinesemedicine.B)Since600B.C.,Taoistshadobservedthenaturallawsand

theirrelationshiptohumanbeingsforthousandsofyears.This

observationyieldedfivebasicprinciples:Therearenaturallawsthatgoverntheuniverse.·Thenaturalorderoftheuniverseisharmoniousandorganized.·Theuniverseisdynamic(動(dòng)態(tài)的);changeisconstant.·Alllifeisinterconnectedandinterdependent.·Humansareapartoftheuniverseandarecloselyconnectedto

theenvironment.C)TheseprinciplesformthefoundationsforYinandYang,FiveElementsandQi.Theseconceptsinturnbecamethetheo-

reticalbackboneoftraditionalChinesemedicine.Yin

and

YangD)ThetheoryofYinandYangsaidthatallthingshavetwooppositesides,

YinandYang,whicharebothoppositeandatthesametimeinterdependent.

Anythingmoving,hot,brightandhyperactive(極度活躍的)isYang,and

anythingstagnant,cold,dimandhypoactiveisYin.E)TheYinandYangqualitiesofthingsarenotabsolutebutrelative,arenot

stationarybutinconstantmotion.Asanobjectorpersonchanges,sodothe

YinandYangcomponents.Forexample,asnight(Yin)fadesitbecomesday

(Yang),andasYangfadesitbecomesYin.YinandYangaretherefore

changingintoeachotheraswellasbalancingeachother.F)YinandYangeachhavetheirownareaswithinthehumanbody.Yincon-

trolstheinternalandthelowerpartofthebody;whileYangdominatesthe

externalandtheupperpart.Halfofthevitalorgans(器官)belongtoYinand

halftoYang.AhealthypersonisinastateofharmonyandsuchastateofharmonyisabalancebetweenYinandYang.Whenthisbalanceisde-

stroyed,wewillfeelillanddiseaseswilloccur.BycorrectingtheYinYang

imbalance,thebodycanreturntoahealthystate.Five

ElementsG)TheconceptofFiveElementsisanintegratedpartofYinYangTheory.

FiveElementsareatoolusedtoexplainthephysiological(生理的)and

pathological(病理的)relationshipbetweentheinternalorgans,theirrela-

tionshipwiththeenvironment,thetreatmentandthepropertyofherbs.The

FiveElementsaresymbolicrepresentationsofbasicforces.Huang

Ti

Nei

ChingstatesthefiveelementsWood,Fire,Earth,MetalandWaterinclude

allthephenomenaofnature.H)Themostimportantpartoftheseforcesistheirinterplay.Theseforcesin-

teractinspecificpatternsaccordingtotheirnaturalrelationships.Eachforce

hasagenerative(能生產(chǎn)的)influenceonanotherforceand,inturn,isgen-

eratedbyadifferentone.I)Thegenerativecycleproceedsasfollows:·WoodburnstogenerateFire.·Fireproducesashes,whichgeneratesEarth.·EarthgeneratesMetal,whichisminedundertheground.·Whenheated,Metalbecomesmolten,likeWater.·Waterpromotesgrowthofplants,makingWood.J)Bynature,eachvitalorganofhumanbeingsbelongstooneoftheFiveEl-

ements.Forexample,heartandsmallintestine(腸)arecategorized(將……

分類)asFire,spleen(脾)andstomacharecategorizedasEarth,lungsandlargeintestinearecategorizedasMetal,kidneys(腎)andurinarybladder(膀

胱)arecategorizedasWater,andliverandgallbladder(膽囊)arecatego-

rizedasWood.K)Usingthesegenerativecycles,Chinesedoctorswereabletoexplainhow

vitalorgansinteractandinfluenceeachother.Forexample,theheart(corre-

spondingtoFire)istheproducerofspleen(correspondingtoEarth),sowhen

theheartisweakenedbyaweakeningliver(correspondingtoWood),the

spleenmayalsobeweakenedthroughtheheart.Therapy(治療)istherefore

basedonstimulatingorinhibitingcertainreactionscausedbytheseFiveEl-ementscorrespondences.QiL)Qiisacomplexconcept.Qiliterallymeansbreathorairandistheessen-

tiallyvitalenergyinallformsoflife.TherearedifferentformsofQi.Dis-

tinctiveprefixisaddedtoQitodescribeitsnature.Qiisbothtransferable

andtransmutable(可變形的).Forexample,digestionextractsQifromfood

andthentransferstheenergytothebody;breathingextractsQifromairand

transfersittothelungs.ThesetwoformsofQichangeinthebloodstreamto

becomehumanQiwhichthenmovesthroughoutthebodyasvitalenergy.Itisthequality,quantityandthebalanceofQithatdeterminethestateof

health.M)AnotherconceptofQiisoftenassociatedwiththeinvisible,intercon-

nectedchannelscalledmeridians(經(jīng)絡(luò))undertheskin.Thereare12main

meridians,sixofwhichareYinandsixareYang,whichformanetwork

throughwhichQimovesthroughoutthebody.Eachmeridianisnamedafter

anorganorfunction:lung,kidney,gallbladder,stomach,spleen,heart,small

intestine,largeintestine,liver,urinarybladderandpericardium(心包).N)WhentheflowofQiisinterruptedalongthepathofmeridian,illnessoc-curs.Thesymptomsofadiseasedorgancanbedetectedthroughtheinter-

connectedmeridians.Acombinationofproperdiet,exercise,breathingtech-

niques,acupuncture(針灸),anduseofherbalmedicinehelptorestorethe

diseasedorgantoitsoriginalnaturalfunction,therebycorrectstheimbalance

ofvitalenergy.——http://www.virtualsciencefair.org/2003/lijam3j/public_html/theory.html(882words)

1.TheideaoftheuniversesummarizedinthephilosophyofTaoismisthemainfoundationofthetraditionalChinesemedicine.

2.Yin,Yang,FiveElementsandQiarethemaintheoriestosupport

traditionalChinesemedicine.

3.Inordertobeimmortal,Taoiststooksuchmeasuresastheuseof

breathingexercises,theapplicationofmeditationtechniquesandthepractice

ofherbalormineralmaterial.

4.AccordingtothetheoryofYinandYang,theheadiscontrolledby

Yang.

5.SixYinmeridiansandsixYangonesformanetworkthrough

whichQimovesthroughoutthebody.

6.FiveElementscanbeusedtoexplainthehumanrelationshipwith

theenvironment.

7.LargeintestinebelongstometalaccordingtotraditionalChinese

medicine.

8.FiveElementscanbeusedtoexplainthephysiologicalandpatho-

logicalrelationshipbetweentheinternalorgans.

9.Thequality,thequantityandthebalanceofQideterminewhether

oneishealthyornot.

10.Thediseasedorgancanberestoredtoitsoriginalnaturalfunction

throughproperdiet,exercise,breathingtechniques,acupunctureandherbal

medicine.Time

required:15minutesTime

used:

minutesSectionBIn

this

section,there

is

a

passage

with

ten

blanks.You

are

required

to

select

one

word

for

each

blank

from

a

list

of

choices

given

in

the

word

bank.Read

the

passage

through

carefully

before

making

your

choices.You

may

not

use

any

of

the

words

in

the

bank

more

than

once.BetterknowninChinaas“MasterKong”(Chinese:Kongzi),Confu-ciuswasafifth-centuryB.C.ChinesethinkerwhoseinfluenceuponEast

Asianintellectualandsocialhistoryisimmeasurable.Asaculturally1

figure,hehasbeenalternately2,deified(神化),dismissed,abused,and

3overthousandsofyearsbybothAsianandnon-Asianthinkersand

regimes.GivenhisextraordinaryimpactonChinese,Korean,Japanese,and

Vietnamesethought,itis4thatsolittlecanbeknownaboutConfucius.

Thetraditionthat5hisname—“Confucianism”(Chinese:Rujia)—

ultimatelytracesitselftothesayingsandbiographicalfragments6in

thetextknownastheAnalects(Chinese:Lunyu).AstoConfuciushimself,

scholarsdisagreeabouttheoriginsandcharacteroftheAnalects,butitre-mainsthetraditionalsourceforinformationaboutConfucius

lifeandteach-

ing.Mostscholarsremainconfidentthatitispossibletoextract(提取,引用)

fromtheAnalectsseveralphilosophical7andviewsthatmaybesafely

8tothisancientChinesesage.Theseareprimarilyethical,ratherthan

analytical—logicalormetaphysical(形而上學(xué)的)innature,andinclude

Confucius

claimthatTian(“Heaven”)isaligned(使結(jié)盟,使一致)with

moralorderbut9uponhumanagentstoactualizeitswill;hisconcern

forli(ritualpropriety)asthe10

throughwhichthefamily,thestate,and

theworldmaybealignedwithTian

smoralorder;andhisbeliefinthe

“contagious”natureofmoralforce,bywhichmoralrulersspreadmoralitytotheirsubjects,moralparentsraisemoralchildren,andsoforth.——http://www.iep.utm.edu/confucius(246words)Time

required:8minutesTime

used:

minutesSectionCIn

this

section

there

is

a

passage

followed

by

some

questions

or

unfinished

statements.For

each

of

them

choose

the

best

answer

from

the

four

choices

marked

A,B,C

and

D.ChineseCultureandTraditionsChinahasenjoyedalongandrichhistory.Muchoftheculture

andtraditionsofChinahavecomedownthroughtheageslarge-

lyunchanged.Itisaculturefullofbeauty,balance,creativity

andcontrasts.AlthoughvisitorstomodernChinawillseethemodernworldontheforefront,anabundanceoftraditionalChi-

neseculturestillpermeates(滲透)thelivesofChinesecitizens.Philosophy/ValuesTraditionalChinesephilosophyisderivedfromacombinationofseveral

schoolsofthoughtthatweredevelopedbasedontheteachingsofscholars,

philosophersandthinkers.ThemostcommonsourcesareConfucianism,

BuddhismandTaoism.Chinesephilosophycentersaroundmoralethics,

benevolence,wisdom,familyandharmony.Heavyemphasisisalsoplacedonhonoringancestors.Chinesephilosophyvaluesthe“internal”and

viewshumandesiresaslessimportant.Thesevaluesareappliedtoallas-

pectsofChinesesociety.Martial

ArtsAlthoughtraditionalChinesephilosophyvaluesbenevolenceandcoopera-

tion,martialartsisamongthetraditionsassociatedwithChineseculture.The

Chinesehavebeenpracticingmartialartsforthousandsofyears.Martial

artsisadistinctsportbecauseithelpsthedevelopmentofthemindandthe

muscles.Martialartspresentsacontrastbetweenfiercefightingtechniquesandmentalcultivation.Italsoservesasaformofexerciseandphysicalcon-

ditioningtopromotehealth,energyandstrength.ArtChineseartisappreciatedallovertheworld.Chineseartistsareskilledina

varietyofmediumsandtechniquesincludingpaintingandcalligraphy.Chi-

nesepaintingsareknown,admiredandrespectedfortheirgracefulstrokes

andfinedetail.TraditionalsubjectsofChinesepaintingsincludeserene(寧

靜的)landscapesandaspectsofnaturesuchasplantsandanimals.Chinese

calligraphyisaswellknownasotherpaintingtechniques.Tocreateworksofcalligraphy,artistsmustpossessasharpeyeandasteadyhand.FoodFortheChinesepeoplediningismorethanjustsatisfyinghunger.Intradi-

tionalChineseculture,foodisviewedasaformofart.Fromtheingredients

usedtothepreparationtechniques,Chinesechefsemphasizethebeautyas

wellasthetasteoffood.TraditionalChineseculturealsoemphasizesthe

medicinalaspectsoffood.Inadditiontohavingvisualappealanddelicious

flavoring,Chinesefoodalsoseekstopromotehealthandisusedtotreata

varietyofillnesses.——http://www.ehow.com/about_5076891_chinese-culture-traditions.html(372words)1.WhatcanvisitorsenjoywhentheyvisitChinaaccordingtothepassage?A.TheycanenjoybothamodernprosperousChinaandrichChineseculture.

B.TheycanlearnagreatdealaboutChinesephilosophy.C.TheycanenjoymanyChinesefoodsandarts.D.TheycanlearndifferentkindsofChinesemartialarts,suchasTaijiand

Qigong.2.WheredoestraditionalChinesephilosophycomefrom?A.Longandrichtraditions.B.Acombinationofdifferentcultures.C.Avarietyofeasternandwesternvalues.D.Acollectionofseveralschoolsofthought,suchasConfucianism,Bud-

dhismandTaoism.3.Whyismartialartsadifferentsport?A.Becauseitsymbolizesacontrastbetweenviolentfightingskillsandmen-

talalertness.B.Becauseitisaformofexercisepromotinghealth.C.Becauseitpracticesyourmindandbody.D.Becauseithelpsyoubecomemoreaggressiveandboastful.4.WhyareChinesepaintingsknownandadmired?A.Becausetheyneedasharpeyeandasteadyhand.B.Becausetheycostpaintersmuchenergy.C.Becausetheyrequireelegantstrokesandfinedetail.D.Becausetherearemanynaturallandscapesinthem.5.Chinesefoodmainlyfocusesonallthefollowingexcept

.A.satisfyinghungerB.heavyproteinandvitaminsC.themedicinalaspectsoffoodD.thebeautyaswellasthetasteoffoodTimerequired:8minutesTimeused:

minutesUnit9ChineseKungfuAnIntroductiontoChineseKungfu武術(shù)不只是踢打蹦跳,其中還蘊(yùn)含著中國(guó)的民族精神和道德觀念。對(duì)中國(guó)武術(shù)很感興趣的

西方人也不少,學(xué)習(xí)了本課,您可以試著用英語向他們說說中國(guó)功夫。Brief

historyKungfuisatermthathasbeenborrowedintoEnglishtorefertoChinese

martialarts1.Accordingtolegend2,Chinesemartialartsoriginated3during

thesemi-mythical4XiaDynastymorethan4,000yearsago.ItissaidtheYel-

lowEmperorintroducedtheearliestfightingsystemstoChina.Theearliest

referencestoChinesemartialartsarefoundinThe

Spring

and

Autumn

An-

nals

(5thcenturyB.C.),whereahandtohandcombat5theoryismen-

tioned.①Acombatwrestling6systemcalledJueliismentionedintheClassic

of

Rites.JuelibecameasportduringtheQinDynasty(221B.C.~207B.C.).StartingfromtheTangDynasty(618~907),Kungfuexaminationwaspro-

posed7andimplemented8.TheSong(960~1279)andYuan(1206~1368)Dy-

nastieswitnessedtheclimaxofKungfudevelopment.Themodernconcepts

ofKungfuwerefullydevelopedbytheMing(1368~1644)andQing(1644~

1912)Dynasties.Philosophical9

influencesTheideasassociatedwithChinesemartialartschangedwiththeevolutionof

Chinesesocietyandovertimeacquiredsomephilosophicalbasesfromthe

ZhuangziconcerningthepsychologyandpracticeofmartialartsandtheTao

Te

Ching,anotherDaoisttextthatcontainsprinciplesapplicable10tomartial

arts.AccordingtooneoftheclassictextsofConfucianism,Zhou

Li,archery1

1andcharioteering12werepartofthe“sixarts”②,includingrites,music,

calligraphyandmathematicsoftheZhouDynasty(1122B.C.~256B.C.).Daoistpractitioners13havebeenpracticingTaoYin③,physicalexercisessim-

ilartoQigongfromasearlyas500B.C.Also,thenotedphysician,HuaTuo,

composed14the“FiveAnimalsPlay”④—tiger,deer,monkey,bear,and

bird,around220A.D..Daoistphilosophyandtheirapproachtohealthand

exercisehaveinfluencedtheChinesemartialartstoacertainextent.DirectreferencetoDaoistconceptscanbefoundinsuchstylesasthe“EightIm-

mortals”⑤whichusesfightingtechniquesthatareattributed15tothecharac-

teristicsofeachimmortal.Shaolin

and

temple-based

martial

artsTheShaolinstyleofWushuisregardedasamongthefirstinstitutionalized16

Chinesemartialarts.TheoldestevidenceofShaolinparticipationincombat

isastele17from728A.D.thatgivesevidenceofadefenseoftheShaolin

Templefromrobbersaround610A.D..Betweenthe16thand17thcenturies,

nofewerthanfortysourcesexisttoprovideevidenceboththatmonksofShaolinpracticedmartialarts,andthatmartialpracticebecameanintegral18

elementofShaolinmonasticlife.ReferencesofmartialartspracticeinShaolinappearinvariousliterarystyles

ofthelateMing:martial-artsmanuals19,militaryencyclopedias,historical

writings,fictionandpoetry.Thesesources,incontrasttothosefromthe

Tangperiod,refertoShaolinmethodsofarmedcombat.Thisincludeaskill

forwhichShaolinmonkshadbecomefamous—thestaff20.TheMingGen-

eralQiJiguangincludeddescriptionofShaolinQuanFaandstafftechniques

inhisbook.Martial

morality21and

cultureTraditionalChineseschoolsofmartialarts,suchasthefamedShaolin

monks,oftendealtwiththestudyofmartialartsnotjustasameansofself-

defenseormentaltraining,butasasystemofethics.⑥Martialmoralitydeals

withtwoaspects:moralityofdeedandmoralityofmind.Moralityofdeed

concernssocialrelations;moralityofmindismeanttocultivatetheinner

harmonybetweentheemotionalmindandthewisdommind.Theultimate

goalisreaching“noextremity22”,wherebothwisdomandemotionsarein

harmonywitheachother.ReferencestotheconceptsanduseofChinesemartialartscanbefoundin

popularculture.Historically,theinfluenceofChinesemartialartscanbe

foundinbooksandintheperformanceartsspecifictoAsia.Recently,those

influenceshaveextendedtothemoviesandtelevisionthattargetsamuch

wideraudience.Asaresult,Chinesemartialartshavespreadbeyonditseth-

nicrootsandhaveaglobalappeal.——http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts(619words)Notes①TheearliestreferencestoChinesemartialartsarefoundinThe

Spring

and

Autumn

Annals(5thcenturyB.C.),whereahandtohandcombattheory

ismentioned.《春秋》(公元前5世紀(jì))中最早提到中國(guó)武術(shù)以及肉搏戰(zhàn)理論。②sixarts六藝,指中國(guó)古代儒家要求學(xué)生掌握的六種基本才能:禮、樂、射、御、

書、數(shù)。③TaoYin導(dǎo)引:古代的一種健身方法,由意念引導(dǎo)動(dòng)作,配合呼吸,由上而下或由下

而上地運(yùn)氣。相當(dāng)于現(xiàn)在的氣功或體育療法。④FiveAnimalsPlay五禽戲,是通過模仿虎,鹿,熊,猿,鳥(鶴)五種動(dòng)物的動(dòng)作,以保健強(qiáng)身的一種氣功功法。這是中國(guó)古代醫(yī)學(xué)家華佗在前人的基礎(chǔ)上創(chuàng)造的,故又稱

華佗五禽戲。⑤EightImmortals八仙,是指民間廣為流傳的道教八位神仙:鐵拐李、漢鐘離、張果老、何

仙姑、藍(lán)采和、呂洞賓、韓湘子、曹國(guó)舅。⑥TraditionalChineseschoolsofmartialarts,suchasthefamed

Shaolinmonks,oftendealtwiththestudyofmartialartsnotjustasameans

ofself-defenseormentaltraining,butasasystemofethics.傳統(tǒng)的中國(guó)武術(shù)各大流派,如著名的少林和尚,經(jīng)常研究武術(shù)。(他們)不

僅僅(把武術(shù))當(dāng)作自衛(wèi)或心理訓(xùn)練的手段,也當(dāng)作倫理系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行研究。ExercisesⅠ.There

are

five

questions

or

unfinished

statements

based

on

the

passage.

For

each

of

them

choose

the

best

answer

from

the

four

choices

marked

A,B,

C

and

D.1.Accordingtothetext,whenwasChineseKungfufirstreferredtoina

book?A.Morethan4,000yearsago.B.5thcenturyB.C..C.221B.C.~207B.C..D.618~907.2.WhendidKungfumakethegreatestachievementinitsdevelopment?A.IntheTangDynasty.B.IntheMingandQingDynasties.C.IntheQinDynasty.

D.IntheSongandYuanDynasties.3.WhatcanbeinferredaboutHuaTuofromthepassage?A.HuaTuowasnotaDaoistpractitioner.B.HuaTuowasonlyanotedphysician.C.HuaTuowasaDaoistpractitionersaswellasafamousphysi