第八講

引申翻譯法Itwascleartomethatweweresoulmateswhenitcametoreducinggovernmentandexpandingeconomicopportunity.顯而易見，涉及減少政府干預和擴大經(jīng)濟機會這個問題，我們倆是心有靈犀一點通的。引申翻譯法：---就是根據(jù)上下文的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，從原詞句基本意義出發(fā)，根據(jù)具體語境和目的語表達習慣，透過句中詞或詞組乃至整句的字面意義由表及里，對某些詞語作一定的語義調(diào)整，將其改變?yōu)橐环N適于表達原文精神實質的新義，運用一些符合漢語習慣的表現(xiàn)法，選用確切的漢語詞句，將原文內(nèi)容實質準確地表達出來1、從詞義角度看，引申可分為：---抽象化引申：對原文中某些字面意義明確的具體的詞，采用漢語中的含義抽象、概括的詞語來表達出來，如：I’machildinthesematters.對于這種事我毫無經(jīng)驗。Ignoranceisthemotheroffearaswellasofsuperstition.愚昧是迷信之源，也是恐懼之源。Ifamanemptieshispurseintohishead,nomancantakeitawayfromhim,aninvestmentinknowledgealwayspaysthebestinterest.傾己所有追求知識，沒有人能奪走它；向知識投資，收益最佳。Purse引申為“金錢”Head引申為“知識”具體到抽象Thebottleisboiling.壺里的水開了。Thatmanisalwayschasingafterskirts.那個男子總在不斷地追逐女人。---具體化引申：指用代表抽象概念或屬性的詞來表示一種具體事物時，用具體化的事物來表達，還其本來面目，使讀者一目了然，如：ThecarinfrontofmestalledandImissedthegreen.我前頭的那輛車停住了，我錯過了綠燈。Althoughhestillcontinuedtoberead,WilliamJameswasconsideredbysomeofhiscontemporariestobeascientificembarrassment.盡管仍然有人在閱讀威廉.詹姆斯的著作，但他的一些同時代的人卻認為他是一個在科學方面令人尷尬的人物。2、從句法層面來看，引申可分為：---根據(jù)邏輯需要進行的引申---根據(jù)語用需要而進行的引申---根據(jù)修辭而進行的引申NewYorkhasthepoorestmillionaires,thesmallestgreatmen,thehaughtiestbeggars,theplainestbeauties,thelowestskyscrapers,thedolefulestpleasuresofanytownIeversaw.紐約有的是最貧窮的百萬富翁，最矮小的偉人，最目空一切的草包，最普通的美女，最低矮的摩天大樓和最令人悲哀的娛樂，這一切比我所見過的任何城市都有過之而無不及。紐約有的是心靈最空虛的百萬富翁，人格最渺小的偉人，最目空一切的草包，最使人瞧不上眼的美女，最卑鄙齷齪的摩天大樓和最令人悲哀的娛樂，這一切比我所見過的任何城市都有過之而無不及。矛盾修辭法英語詞語所需引申方知其義，因為英語里詞語的意義多取決于語境：Youknowawordbythecompanyitkeeps.Wordsdonothavemeaning,butpeoplehavemeaningforthem.（詞本無義，義隨人生）英漢互譯中1、要確定一個詞的具體意義，往往需要在該詞的語境中找出影響該詞義引申的因素，即該詞在該語境中所具有意義的理據(jù)。2、當譯者找到詞義引申的理據(jù)時，該詞的意義就會由原來空泛、籠統(tǒng)的意義變?yōu)榫唧w、明確的意義。TheratherarrestingspectacleoflittleoldJapanadriftamidbeigeconcreteskyscrapersistheverysymboloftheincessantstrugglebetweenthekimonoandtheminiskirt.在那米黃色混凝土摩天大樓叢中，漂浮著小巧玲瓏古色古香的日本水上人家。這情景頗有點兒引人矚目；恰好象征著和服和超短裙之間持續(xù)不斷的斗爭。Television,themostpervasiveandpersuasiveofmoderntechnologies,markedbyrapidchangeandgrowth,ismovingintoanewera,aneraofextraordinarysophisticationandversatility,whichpromisestoreshapeourlivesandourworld.電視，這種從迅速變化和成長為標志的最普及和最有影響力的現(xiàn)代技術，正在步入一個新時代，一個極為成熟和多樣化的時代，這將重塑我們的生活和世界。英語中有些動詞，如manage,continue,promise等，在其后接動詞不定式時，這些動詞本身不承載主要信息，它們往往用以說明其后面動詞不定式中動詞的形式方式或時間，因此它們的功能相當于一個助動詞Hemanagedtocarrytheheavysuitcaseintothehousealone.他好不容易一個人把那只很重的箱子搬進了屋子。Thedresssetofftoperfectiontheseventeen-inchwaist,thesmallestinthreecounties,andtightlyfittingbasqueshowedbreastswellmaturedforhersixteenyears.她的17英寸的腰圍，在附近三個縣里算是最細的了，這身衣服把她的細腰束得盡善盡美，年方16歲的她，乳房已經(jīng)十分豐滿，那緊而貼身的小馬甲，更使其躍然顯現(xiàn)。QingmingFestival

TheQingming(PureBrightness)Festivalisoneofthe24seasonaldivisionpointsinChina,fallingonApril4-6eachyear.Afterthefestival,thetemperaturewillriseupandrainfallincreases.Itisthehightimeforspringplowingandsowing.ButtheQingmingFestivalisnotonlyaseasonalpointtoguidefarmwork,itismoreafestivalofcommemoration.TheQingmingFestivalseesacombinationofsadnessandhappiness.Thisisthemostimportantdayofsacrifice.BoththeHanandminorityethnicgroupsatthistimeoffersacrificestotheirancestorsandsweepthetombsofthedeceased.Also,theywillnotcookonthisdayandonlycoldfoodisserved.OneachQingmingFestival,allcemeteriesarecrowdedwithpeoplewhocametosweeptombsandoffersacrifices.Trafficonthewaytothecemeteriesbecomesextremelyjammed.Thecustomshavebeengreatlysimplifiedtoday.Afterslightlysweepingthetombs,peopleofferfood,flowersandfavoritesofthedead,thenburnincenseandpapermoneyandbowbeforethememorialtablet.Incontrasttothesadnessofthetombsweepers,peoplealsoenjoyhopeofSpringonthisday.TheQingmingFestivalisatimewhenthesunshinesbrightly,thetreesandgrassbecomegreenandnatureisagainlively.Sinceancienttimes,peoplehavefollowedthecustomofSpringoutings.Atthistimetouristsareeverywhere.PeoplelovetoflykitesduringtheQingmingFestival.KiteflyingisactuallynotlimitedtotheQingmingFestival.Itsuniquenessliesinthatpeopleflykitesnotduringtheday,butalsoatnight.

Astringoflittlelanternstiedontothekiteorthethread

looklikeshiningstars,andtherefore,arecalled"god'slanterns."

DragonBoatFestival

TheDragonBoatFestival,the5thdayofthe5thlunarmonth,hashadahistoryofmorethan2,000years.ItisusuallyinJuneintheGregoriancalendar.Therearemanylegendsabouttheevolutionofthefestival,themostpopularofwhichisincommemorationofQuYuan(340-278BC).

QuYuanwasministeroftheStateofChuandoneofChina'searliestpoets.InfaceofgreatpressurefromthepowerfulQinState,headvocatedenrichingthecountryandstrengtheningitsmilitaryforcessoastofightagainsttheQin.Inhisexileddays,hestillcaredmuchforhiscountryandpeopleandcomposedimmortalpoemsincludingLiSao(TheLament),Tian

Wen(HeavenlyQuestions)andJiu

Ge

(NineSongs),whichhadfar-reachinginfluences.In278BC,heheardthenewsthatQintroopshadfinallyconqueredChu'scapital,sohefinishedhislastpieceHuai

Sha(EmbracingSand)andplungedhimselfintotheMiluoRiver,claspinghisarmstoalargestone.Thedayhappenedtobethe5thofthe5thmonthintheChineselunarcalendar.Afterhisdeath,thepeopleofChucrowdedtothebankoftherivertopaytheirrespectstohim.Thefishermensailedtheirboatsupanddowntherivertolookforhisbody.Peoplethrewintothewaterzongzi

(pyramid-shapedglutinousricedumplingswrappedinreedorbambooleaves)

andeggstodivertpossiblefishorshrimpfromattackinghisbody.ZongziisanessentialfoodoftheDragonBoatFestival.ItissaidthatpeopleatethemintheSpringandAutumnPeriod(770-476BC).Inearlytimes,itwasonlyglutinousricedumplingswrappedinreedorotherplantleavesandtiedwithcoloredthread,butnowthefillingsaremorediversified,includingjujubeandbeanpaste,freshmeat,andhamandeggyolk.Iftimepermits,peoplewillsoakglutinousrice,washreedleavesandwrapupzongzithemselves.Otherwise,theywillgotoshopstobuywhateverstufftheywant.Thecustomofeatingzongzi

isnowpopularinNorthandSouthKorea,JapanandSoutheastAsiannations.

OnDragonBoatFestival,parentsalsoneedtodresstheirchildrenupwithaperfumepouch.Theyfirstsewlittlebagswithcolorfulsilkcloth,thenfillthebagswithperfumesorherbalmedicines,andfinallystringthemwithsilkthreads.Theperfumepouchwillbehungaroundtheneckortiedtothefrontofagarmentasanornament.Theyaresaidtobeabletowardoffevil.DoubleSeventhFestival

TheDoubleSeventhFestival,onthe7thdayofthe7thlunarmonth,isatraditionalfestivalfullofromance.ItoftengoesintoAugustintheGregoriancalendar.Thisfestivalisinmid-summerwhentheweatheriswarmandthegrassandtreesrevealtheirluxuriousgreens.Atnightwhentheskyisdottedwithstars,andpeoplecanseetheMilkyWayspanningfromthenorthtothesouth.Oneachbankofitisabrightstar,whichseeeachotherfromafar.TheyaretheCowherdandWeaverMaid,andaboutthemthereisabeautifullovestorypasseddownfromgenerationtogeneration.Long,longago,therewasanhonestandkind-heartedfellownamedNiuLang(Cowhand).Hisparentsdiedwhenhewasachild.Laterhewasdrivenoutofhishomebyhissister-in-law.Sohelivedbyhimselfherdingcattleandfarming.Oneday,afairyfromheavenZhi

Nu(WeaverMaid)fellinlovewithhimandcamedownsecretlytoearthandmarriedhim.ThecowhandfarmedinthefieldandtheWeaverMaidwoveathome.Theylivedahappylifeandgavebirthtoaboyandagirl.Unfortunately,theGodofHeavensoonfoundoutthefactandorderedtheQueenMotheroftheWesternHeavenstobringtheWeaverMaidback.Withthehelpofcelestialcattle,theCowhandflewtoheavenwithhissonanddaughter.Atthetimewhenhewasabouttocatchupwithhiswife,theQueenMothertookoffoneof