2001年全國攻讀碩士學(xué)位研究生入學(xué)考試英語試題

PartIClozeTest

Directions：

Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choose

thebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets

withapencil.(10points)

Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases

1thetrialofRosemaryWest.

Inasignificant2oflegalcontrolsoverthepress,LordIrvine,theLordChancellor,willintroducea3bill

thatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses4andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof5thatcanbegivento

acase6atrialbegins.

InalettertoGeraldKaufman,chairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommittee,LordIrvinesaidhe7

withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot8sufficientcontrol.

9ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda10ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe11of

privacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges12toParliament.

TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBill,which13theEuropeanConventiononHuman

Rightslegally14inBritain,laiddownthateverybodywas15toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourt

toprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies.

“Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands16ourBritishjudges,”hesaid.

Witnesspaymentsbecamean17afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesses

were18tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised19witnesses

mightbeencouragedexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto20guiltyverdicts.

1.［A］asto［B］forinstance［C］inparticular［D］suchas

2.［A］tightening［B］intensifying［C］focusing［D］fastening

3.［A］sketch［B］rough［C］preliminary［D］draft

4.［A］illogical［B］illegal［C］improbable［D］improper

5.［A］publicity［B］penalty［C］popularity［D］peculiarity

6.［A］since［B］if［C］before［D］as

7.［A］sided［B］shared［C］complied［D］agreed

8.［A］present［B］offer［C］manifest［D］indicate

9.［A］Release［B］Publication［C］Printing［D］Exposure

10.［A］storm［B］rage［C］flare［D］flash

11.［A］translation［B］interpretation［C］exhibition［D］demonstration

12.［A］betterthan［B］otherthan［C］ratherthan［D］soonerthan

13.［A］changes［B］makes［C］sets［D］turns

14.［A］binding［B］convincing［C］restraining［D］sustaining

15.［A］authorized［B］credited［C］entitled［D］qualified

16.［A］with［B］to［C］from［D］by

17.［A］impact［B］incident［C］inference［D］issue

18.［A］stated［B］remarked［C］said［D］told

19.［A］what［B］when［C］which［D］that

20.［A］assure［B］confide［C］ensure［D］guarantee

PartIIReadingComprehension

Directions:

Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestionstherearefouranswersmarked[A],

[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.Thenmarkyour

answeronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)

Passage1

Specialisationcanbeseenasaresponsetotheproblemofanincreasingaccumulationofscientificknowledge.By

splittingupthesubjectmatterintosmallerunits，onemancouldcontinuetohandletheinformationanduseitasthebasisfor

furtherresearch.Butspecialisationwasonlyoneofaseriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingtheprocessof

communication.Anotherwasthegrowingprofessionalisationofscientificactivity.

Noclear-cutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscience:exceptionscanbefoundtoany

rule.Nevertheless,theword“amateur”doescarryaconnotationthatthepersonconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothe

scientificcommunityand,inparticular,maynotfullyshareitsvalues.Thegrowthofspecialisationinthenineteenthcentury,

withitsconsequentrequirementofalonger,morecomplextraining,impliedgreaterproblemsforamateurparticipationin

science.Thetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratory

training,andcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedKingdom.

AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasing

emphasisontheprimacyofresearch,butalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.Thus,

inthenineteenthcentury,localgeologicalstudiesrepresentedworthwhileresearchintheirownright;but,inthetwentieth

century,localstudieshaveincreasinglybecomeacceptabletoprofessionalsonlyiftheyincorporate,andreflecton,thewider

geologicalpicture.Amateurs,ontheotherhand,havecontinuedtopursuelocalstudiesintheoldway.Theoverallresulthas

beentomakeentrancetoprofessionalgeologicaljournalsharderforamateurs,aresultthathasbeenreinforcedbythe

widespreadintroductionofrefereeing,firstbynationaljournalsinthenineteenthcenturyandthenbyseverallocalgeological

journalsinthetwentiethcentury.Asalogicalconsequenceofthisdevelopment,separatejournalshavenowappearedaimed

mainlytowardseitherprofessionaloramateurreadership.Arathersimilarprocessofdifferentiationhasledtoprofessional

geologistscomingtogethernationallywithinoneortwospecificsocieties,whereastheamateurshavetendedeithertoremain

inlocalsocietiesortocometogethernationallyinadifferentway.

AlthoughtheprocessofprofessionalisationandspecialisationwasalreadywellunderwayinBritishgeologyduringthe

nineteenthcentury,itsfullconsequenceswerethusdelayeduntilthetwentiethcentury.Insciencegenerally,however,the

nineteenthcenturymustbereckonedasthecrucialperiodforthischangeinthestructureofscience.

21.Thegrowthofspecialisationinthe19thcenturymightbemoreclearlyseeninsciencessuchas_______.

[AJsociologyandchemistry[B]physicsandpsychology

[C]sociologyandpsychology[D]physicsandchemistry

22.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat_______.

[A]thereislittledistinctionbetweenspecialisationandprofessionalisation

[B]amateurscancompetewithprofessionalsinsomeareasofscience

[C]professionalstendtowelcomeamateursintothescientificcommunity

[D]amateurshavenationalacademicsocietiesbutnolocalones

23.Theauthorwritesofthedevelopmentofgeologytodemonstrate______.

[A]theprocessofspecialisationandprofessionalisation

[B]thehardshipofamateursinscientificstudy

[C]thechangeofpoliciesinscientificpublications

[D]thediscriminationofprofessionalsagainstamateurs

24.Thedirectreasonforspecialisationis_______.

[A]thedevelopmentincommunication[B]thegrowthofprofessionalisation

[C]theexpansionofscientificknowledge[D]thesplittingupofacademicsocieties

Passage2

Agreatdealofattentionisbeingpaidtodaytotheso-calleddigitaldivide-thedivisionoftheworldintotheinfo

(information)richandtheinfopoor.Andthatdividedoesexisttoday.MywifeandIlecturedaboutthisloomingdanger

twentyyearsago.Whatwaslessvisiblethen,however,werethenew,positiveforcesthatworkagainstthedigitaldivide.

Therearereasonstobeoptimistic.

Therearetechnologicalreasonstohopethedigitaldividewillnarrow.AstheInternetbecomesmoreandmore

commercialized,itisintheinterestofbusinesstouniversalizeaccess-afterall,themorepeopleonline,themorepotential

customersthereare.Moreandmoregovernments,afraidtheircountrieswillbeleftbehind,wanttospreadInternetaccess.

Withinthenextdecadeortwo,onetotwobillionpeopleontheplanetwillhenettedtogether.Asaresult,Inowbelievethe

digitaldividewillnarrowratherthanwidenintheyearsahead.AndthatisverygoodnewsbecausetheInternetmaywellbe

themostpowerfultoolforcombatingworldpovertythatwe’veeverhad.

Ofcourse,theuseoftheInternetisn’ttheonlywaytodefeatpoverty.AndtheInternetisnottheonlytoolwehave.But

ithasenormouspotential.

Totakeadvantageofthistool,someimpoverishedcountrieswillhavetogetovertheiroutdatedanti-colonialprejudices

withrespecttoforeigninvestment.Countriesthatstillthinkforeigninvestmentisaninvasionoftheirsovereigntymightwell

studythehistoryofinfrastructure（thebasicstructuralfoundationsofasociety）intheUnitedStates.WhentheUnitedStates

builtitsindustrialinfrastructure,itdidn’thavethecapitaltodoso.AndthatiswhyAmerica’sSecondWave

infrastructure-includingroads,harbors,highways,portsandsoon-werebuiltwithforeigninvestment.TheEnglish,the

Germans,theDutchandtheFrenchwereinvestinginBritain’sformercolony.Theyfinancedthem.ImmigrantAmericans

builtthem.Guesswhoownsthemnow?TheAmericans.IbelievethesamethingwouldbetrueinplaceslikeBrazilor

anywhereelseforthatmatter.ThemoreforeigncapitalyouhavehelpingyoubuildyourThirdWaveinfrastructure,which

todayisanelectronicinfrastructure,thebetteroffyou’regoingtobe.Thatdoesn'tmeanlyingdownandbecomingfooled,or

lettingforeigncorporationsrununcontrolled.Butitdoesmeanrecognizinghowimportanttheycanbeinbuildingtheenergy

andtelecominfrastructuresneededtotakefulladvantageoftheInternet.

25.Digitaldivideissomething_______.

[A]gettingworsebecauseoftheInternet[B]therichcountriesareresponsiblefor

[C]theworldmustguardagainst[D]consideredpositivetoday

26.GovernmentsattachimportancetotheInternetbecauseit_______.

[A]offerseconomicpotentials[B]canbringforeignfunds

[C]cansoonwipeoutworldpoverty[D]connectspeopleallovertheworld

27.ThewritermentionedthecaseoftheUnitedStatestojustifythepolicyof_______.

[A]providingfinancialsupportoverseas[B]preventingforeigncapital’scontrol

[C]buildingindustrialinfrastructure[D]acceptingforeigninvestment

28.Itseemsthatnowacountry’seconomydependsmuchon______.

[A]howwell-developeditiselectronically[B]whetheritisprejudicedagainstimmigrants

[C]whetheritadoptsAmerica’sindustrialpattern[D]howmuchcontrolithasoverforeigncorporations

Passage3

WhydosomanyAmericansdistrustwhattheyreadintheirnewspapers?TheAmericanSocietyofNewspaperEditorsis

tryingtoanswerthispainfulquestion.Theorganizationisdeepintoalongself-analysisknownasthejournalismcredibility

project.

Sadtosay,thisprojecthasturnedouttobemostlylow-levelfindingsaboutfactualerrorsandspellingandgrammar

mistakes,combinedwithlotsofheadscratchingpuzzlementaboutwhatintheworldthosereadersreallywant.

Butthesourcesofdistrustgowaydeeper.Mostjournalistslearntoseetheworldthroughasetofstandardtemplates

(patterns)intowhichtheyplugeachday’sevents.Inotherwords,thereisaconventionalstorylineinthenewsroomculture

thatprovidesabackboneandaready-madenarrativestructureforotherwiseconfusionsnews.

Thereexistsasocialandculturaldisconnectbetweenjournalistsandtheirreaderswhichhelpsexplainwhythe

“standardtemplates”ofthenewsroomseemalienmanyreaders.Inarecentsurvey,questionnairesweresenttoreportersin

fivemiddlesizecitiesaroundthecountry,plusonelargemetropolitanarea.Thenresidentsinthesecommunitieswere

phonedatrandomandaskedthesamequestions.

RepliesshowthatcomparedwithotherAmericans,journalistsaremorelikelytoliveinupscaleneighborhoods,have

maids,ownMercedeses,andtradestocks,andthey’relesslikelytogotochurch,dovolunteerwork,orputdownrootsin

community.

Reporterstendtobepartofabroadlydefinedsocialandculturalelite,sotheirworktendstoreflecttheconventional

valuesofthiselite.Theastonishingdistrustofthenewsmediaisn’trootedininaccuracyorpoorreportorialskillsbutinthe

dailyclashofworldviewsbetweenreportersandtheirreaders.

Thisisanexplosivesituationforanyindustry,particularlyadecliningone.Hereisatroubledbusinessthatkeepshiring

employeeswhoseattitudesvastlyannoythecustomers.Thenitsponsorslotsofsymposiumsandacredibilityproject

dedicatedtowonderingwhycustomersareannoyedandfleeinginlargenumbers.Butitneverseemstogetaroundto

noticingtheculturalandclassbiasesthatsomanyformerbuyersarecomplainingabout.Ifitdid,itwouldopenupits

diversityprogram,nowfocusednarrowlyonraceandgender,andlookforreporterswhodifferbroadlybyoutlook,values,

education,andclass.

29.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

[A]needsofthereadersallovertheworld.

[B]causesofthepublicdisappointmentaboutnewspapers.

[C]originsofthedecliningnewspaperindustry.

[D]aimsofajournalismcredibilityproject.

30.Theresultsofthejournalismcredibilityprojectturnedouttobe______.

[A]quitetrustworthy[B]somewhatcontradictory

[C]veryilluminating[D]rathersuperficial

31.Thebasicproblemofjournalistsaspointedoutbythewriterliesintheir______.

[A]workingattitude[B]conventionallifestyle

[C]worldoutlook[D]educationalbackground

32.Despiteitsefforts,thenewspaperindustrystillcannotsatisfythereadersowingtoits_______.

[A]failuretorealizeitsrealproblem[B]tendencytohireannoyingreporters

[C]likelinesstodoinaccuratereporting[D]prejudiceinmattersofraceandgender

Passage4

Theworldisgoingthroughthebiggestwaveofmergersandacquisitionseverwitnessed.Theprocesssweepsfrom

hyperactiveAmericatoEuropeandreachestheemergingcountrieswithunsurpassedmight.Manyinthesecountriesare

lookingatthisprocessandworrying:"Won'tthewaveofbusinessconcentrationturnintoanuncontrollableanti-competitive

force?"

There'snoquestionthatthebigaregettingbiggerandmorepowerful.Multinationalcorporationsaccountedforless

than20%ofinternationaltradein1982.Todaythefigureismorethan25%andgrowingrapidly.Internationalaffiliates

accountforafast-growingsegmentofproductionineconomiesthatopenupandwelcomeforeigninvestment.InArgentina,

forinstance,afterthereformsoftheearly1990s,multinationalswentfrom43%toalmost70%oftheindustrialproduction

ofthe200largestfirms.Thisphenomenonhascreatedseriousconcernsovertheroleofsmallereconomicfirms,ofnational

businessmenandovertheultimatestabilityoftheworldeconomy.

IbelievethatthemostimportantforcesbehindthemassiveM&Awavearethesamethatunderlietheglobalization

process:fallingtransportationandcommunicationcosts,lowertradeandinvestmentbarriersandenlargedmarketsthat

requireenlargedoperationscapableofmeetingcustomers'demands.Allthesearebeneficial,notdetrimental,toconsumers.

Asproductivitygrows,theworld'swealthincreases.

Examplesofbenefitsorcostsofthecurrentconcentrationwavearescanty.Yetitishardtoimaginethatthemergerofa

fewoilfirmstodaycouldre-createthesamethreatstocompetitionthatwerefearednearlyacenturyagointheU.S.,when

theStandardOiltrustwasbrokenup.Themergersoftelecomcompanies,suchasWorldCom,hardlyseemtobringhigher

pricesforconsumersorareductioninthepaceoftechnicalprogress.Onthecontrary,thepriceofcommunicationsiscoming

downfast.Incars,too,concentrationisincreasing-witnessDaimlerandChrysler,RenaultandNissan-butitdoesnotappear

thatconsumersarebeinghurt.

Yetthefactremainsthatthemergermovementmustbewatched.Afewweeksago,AlanGreenspanwarnedagainstthe

megamergersinthebankingindustry.Whoisgoingtosupervise,regulateandoperateaslenderoflastresortwiththe

giganticbanksthatarebeingcreated?Won'tmultinationalsshiftproductionfromoneplacetoanotherwhenanationgetstoo

strictaboutinfringementstofaircompetition?Andshouldonecountrytakeuponitselftheroleof“defendingcompetition”

onissuesthataffectmanyothernations,asintheUS.vs.Microsoftcase?

33.Whatisthetypicaltrendofbusinessestoday?

[A]totakeinmoreforeignfunds.[B]toinvestmoreabroad.

[C]tocombineandbecomebigger.[D]totradewithmorecountries.

34.Accordingtotheauthor,oneofthedrivingforcesbehindM&Awaveis______

[A]thegreatercustomerdemands.[B]asurplussupplyforthemarket.

[C]agrowingproductivity.[D]theincreaseoftheworld'swealth.

35.Fromparagraph4wecaninferthat______.

[A]theincreasingconcentrationiscertaintohurtconsumers

[B]WorldComservesasagoodexampleofbothbenefitsandcosts

[C]thecostsoftheglobalizationprocessareenormous

[D]theStandardOiltrustmighthavethreatenedcompetition

36.Towardthenewbusinesswave,thewriter'sattitudecanhesaidtobe_______.

[A]optimistic[B]objective

[C]pessimistic[D]biased

Passage5

WhenIdecidedtoquitmyfulltimeemploymentitneveroccurredtomethatImightbecomeapartofanew

internationaltrend.Alateralmovethathurtmyprideandblockedmyprofessionalprogresspromptedmetoabandonmy

relativelyhighprofilecareeralthough,inthemannerofadisgracedgovernmentminister,Icoveredmyexitbyclaiming“I

wantedtospendmoretimewithmyfamily”.

Curiously,sometwo-and-a-halfyearsandtwonovelslater,myexperimentinwhattheAmericansterm

“downshifting”hasturnedmytiredexcuseintoanabsolutereality.Ihavebeentransformedfromapassionateadvocateofthe

philosophyof“havingitall”,preachedbyLindaKelseyforthepastsevenyearsinthepagesofShemagazine,intoawoman

whoishappytosettleforabitofeverything.

Ihavediscovered,asperhapsKelseywillafterhermuch-publicizedresignationfromtheeditorshipofSheaftera

build-upofstress,thatabandoningthedoctrineof“jugglingyourlife”,andmakingthealternativemoveinto“downshifting”

bringswithitfargreaterrewardsthanfinancialsuccessandsocialstatus.Nothingcouldpersuademetoreturntothekindof

lifeKelseyusedtoadvocateandIonceenjoyed:12-hourworkingdays,pressureddeadlines,thefearfulstrainofoffice

politicsandthelimitationsofbeingaparenton“qualitytime”.

InAmerica,themoveawayfromjugglingtoasimpler,lessmaterialisticlifestyleisawell-establishedtrend.

Downshifting-alsoknowninAmericaas“voluntarysimplicity”has,ironically,evenbredanewareaofwhatmightbe

termedanticonsumerism.Thereareanumberofbestsellingdownshiftingself-helpbooksforpeoplewhowanttosimplify

theirlives;therearenewsletter's,suchasTheTightwadGazette,thatgivehundredsofthousandsofAmericansusefultipson

anythingfromrecyclingtheircling-filmtomakingtheirownsoap;thereareevensupportgroupsforthosewhowantto

achievethemid-'90sequivalentofdroppingout.

WhileinAmericathetrendstartedasareactiontotheeconomicdecline——afterthemassredundanciescausedby

downsizinginthelate’80s——andisstilllinkedtothepoliticsofthrift,inBritain,atleastamongthemiddle-class

downshiftersofmyacquaintance,wehavedifferentreasonsforseekingtosimplifyourlives.

Forthewomenofmygenerationwhowereurgedtokeepjugglingthroughthe’80s,downshiftinginthemid-'90sisnot

somuchasearchforthemythicalgoodlife——growingyourownorganicvegetables,andriskingturningintoone——asa

personalrecognitionofyourlimitations.

37.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoparagraph1?

[A]Full-timeemploymentisanewinternationaltrend.

[B]Thewriterwascompelledbycircumstancestoleaveherjob.

[C]“Alateralmove”meanssteppingoutoffull-timeemployment.

[D]Thewriterwasonlytooeagertospendmoretimewithherfamily.

38.Thewriter’sexperimentshowsthatdownshifting____

[A]enableshertorealizeherdream[B]helpshermoldanewphilosophyoflife

[C]promptshertoabandonherhighsocialstatus[D]leadshertoacceptthedoctrineofShemagazine

39.“Jugglingone’slife”probablymeanslivingalifecharacterizedby_____.

[A]non-materialisticlifestyle[B]abitofeverything

[C]extremestress[D]anti-consumerism

40.Accordingtothepassage,downshiftingemergedintheU.S.asaresultof_____

[A]thequickpaceofmodernlife[B]man’sadventurousspirit

[C]man’ssearchformythicalexperiences[D]theeconomicsituation

PartIIIEnglish-ChineseTranslation

Directions:

ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshould

bewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)

Inlessthan30years’timetheStarTrekholodeckwillbeareality.Directlinksbetweenthebrain’snervoussystemanda

computerwillalsocreatefullsensoryvirtualenvironments,allowingvirtualvacationslikethoseinthefilmTotalRecall.

41）Therewillbetelevisionchatshowshostedbyrobots,andcarswithpollutionmonitorsthatwilldisablethemwhen

theyoffend.42）Childrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwithpersonalitychips,computerswithin-builtpersonalitieswillbe

regardedasworkmatesrat