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英語（一）

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2022年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試

英語（一）試題

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumbered

blankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Theideathatplantshavesomedegreeofconsciousnessfirsttookrootinthe

early2000s;theterm“plantneurobiology”was1aroundthenotionthatsome

aspectsofplantbehaviorcouldbe2tointelligenceinanimals.3plantslack

brains,thefiringofelectricalsignalsintheirstemsandleavesnonethelesstriggered

responsesthat4consciousness,researcherspreviouslyreported.

Butsuchanideaisuntrue,accordingtoanewopinionarticle.Plantbiologyis

complexandfascinating,butit5sogreatlyfromthatofanimalsthatso-called6

ofplants’intelligenceisinconclusive,theauthorswrote.

Beginningin2006,somescientistshave7thatplantspossessneuron-like

cellsthatinteractwithhormonesandneurotransmitters,8“aplantnervoussystem,

9tothatinanimals,”saidleadstudyauthorLincolnTaiz,“They10claimed

thatplantshave‘brain-likecommandcenters’attheirroottips.”

This11makessenseifyousimplifytheworkingsofacomplexbrain,12

ittoanarrayofelectricalpulses;cellsinplantsalsocommunicatethroughelectrical

signals.13,thesignalinginaplantisonly14similartothefiringina

complexanimalbrain,whichismorethan“amassofcellsthatcommunicateby

electricity,”Taizsaid.

“Forconsciousnesstoevolve,abrainwithathreshold15ofcomplexityand

capacityisrequired,”he16.“Sinceplantsdon’thavenervoussystems,the17

thattheyhaveconsciousnessareeffectivelyzero.”

Andwhat’ssogreataboutconsciousness,anyway?Plantscan’trunawayfrom

18,soinvestingenergyinabodysystemwhich19athreatandcanfeelpain

wouldbeavery20evolutionarystrategy,accordingtothearticle.

1.[A]coined[B]discovered[C]collected[D]issued

2.[A]attributed[B]directed[C]compared[D]confined

3.[A]unless[B]when[C]once[D]though

4.[A]copewith[B]consistedof[C]hintedat[D]extendedin

5.[A]suffers[B]benefits[C]develops[D]differs

6.[A]acceptance[B]evidence[C]cultivation[D]creation

7.[A]doubted[B]denied[C]argued[D]requested

8.[A]adapting[B]forming[C]repairing[D]testing

9.[A]analogous[B]essential[C]suitable[D]sensitive

10.[A]just[B]ever[C]still[D]even

11.[A]restriction[B]experiment[C]perspective[D]demand

12.[A]attaching[B]reducing[C]returning[D]exposing

13.[A]However[B]Moreover[C]Therefore[D]Otherwise

14.[A]temporarily[B]literally[C]superficially[D]imaginarily

15.[A]list[B]level[C]label[D]local

16.[A]recalled[B]agreed[C]questioned[D]added

17.[A]chances[B]risks[C]excuses

[D]assumptions

18.[A]danger[B]failure[C]warning[D]control

19.[A]represents[B]includes[C]reveals[D]recognizes

20.[A]humble[B]poor[C]practical[D]easy

SectionⅡReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,

CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

Peopleoftencomplainthatplasticsaretoodurable.Waterbottles,shoppingbags,

andothertrashlittertheplanet,fromMountEveresttotheMarianaTrench,because

plasticsareeverywhereanddon’tbreakdowneasily.Butsomeplasticmaterials

changeovertime.Theycrackandfrizzle.They“weep”outadditives.Theymeltinto

sludge.Allofwhichcreateshugeheadachesforinstitutions,suchasmuseums,trying

topreserveculturallyimportantobjects.Thevarietyofplasticobjectsatriskis

dizzying:earlyradios,avant-gardesculptures,celluloidanimationstillsfromDisney

films,thefirstartificialheart.

Certainartifactsareespeciallyvulnerablebecausesomepioneersinplasticart

didn’talwaysknowhowtomixingredientsproperly,saysTheavanOosten,a

polymerchemistwho,untilretiringafewyearsago,workedfordecadesatthe

CulturalHeritageAgencyoftheNetherlands.“It’slikebakingacake:Ifyoudon’t

haveexactamounts,itgoeswrong,”shesays.“Theobjectyoumakeisalreadyatime

bomb.”

Andsometimes,it’snottheartist’sfault.Inthe1960s,theItalianartistPicro

Gilardibegantocreatehundredsofbright,colorfulfoampieces.Thosepieces

includedsmallbedsofrosesandotheritemsaswellasafewdozen“naturecarpets”

—largerectanglesdecoratedwithfoampumpkins,cabbages,andwatermelons.He

wantedviewerstowalkaroundonthecarpets—whichmeanttheyhadtobedurable.

Unfortunately,thepolyurethanefoamheusedisinherentlyunstable.It’s

especiallyvulnerabletolightdamage,andbythemid-1990s,Gilardi’spumpkins,

roses,andotherfigureswerespittingandcrumbling.Museumslockedsomeofthem

awayinthedark.

SovanOostenandhercolleaguesworkedtopreserveGilardi’ssculptures.They

infusedsomewithstabilizingandconsolidatingchemicals.VanOostencallsthose

chemicals“sunscreens”becausetheirgoalwastopreventfurtherlightdamageand

rebuildwornpolymerfibers.Sheisproudthatseveralsculptureshaveevengoneon

displayagain,albeitsometimesbeneathprotectivecases.

DespitesuccessstorieslikevanOosten’s,preservationofplasticswilllikelyget

harder.Oldobjectscontinuetodeteriorate.Worse,biodegradableplasticsdesignedto

disintegrate,areincreasinglycommon.

Andmoreisatstakeherethanindividualobjects.JoanaLiaFerreira,anassistant

professorofconservationandrestorationattheNOVASchoolofScienceand

Technology,notesthatarchaeologistsfirstdefinedthegreatmaterialagesofhuman

history—StoneAge,IronAge,andsoon—afterexaminingartifactsinmuseums.We

nowliveinanageofplastic,shesays,“andwhatwedecidetocollecttoday,whatwe

decidetopreserve...willhaveastrongimpactonhowinthefuturewe’llbeseen.”

21.AccordingtoParagraph1,museumsarefacedwithdifficultiesin_____.

[A]maintainingtheirplasticitems.

[B]obtainingdurableplasticartifacts.

[C]handlingoutdatedplasticexhibits.

[D]classifyingtheirplasticcollections.

22.VanOostenbelievesthatcertainplasticobjectsare_____.

[A]immunetodecay

[B]improperlyshaped

[C]inherentlyflawed

[D]complexinstructure

23.MuseumsstoppedexhibitingsomeofGilardi’sartworksto_____.

[A]keepthemfromhurtingvisitors

[B]duplicatethemforfuturedisplay

[C]havetheiringredientsanalyzed

[D]preventthemfromfurtherdamage

24.Theauthorthinksthatpreservationofplasticsis_____.

[A]costly

[B]unworthy

[C]unpopular

[D]challenging

25.InFerreira’sopinion,preservationofplasticartifacts_____.

[A]willinspirefuturescientificresearch

[B]hasprofoundhistoricalsignificance

[C]willhelpusseparatethematerialages

[D]hasanimpactontoday'sculturallife

Text2

Asthelatestcropofstudentspentheirundergraduateapplicationformandweigh

uptheiroptions,itmaybeworthconsideringjusthowthepoint,purposeandvalueof

adegreehaschangedandwhatGenerationZneedtoconsiderastheystartthethird

stageoftheireducationaljourney.

Millennialsweretoldthatifyoudidwellinschool,gotadecentdegree,you

wouldbesetupforlife.Butthatpromisehasbeenfoundwanting.Asdegreesbecame

universal,theybecamedevalued.Educationwasnolongerasecurerouteofsocial

mobility.Today,28percentofgraduatesintheUKareinnon-graduateroles,a

percentagewhichisdoubletheaverageamongOECDcountries.

Thisisnottosaythatthereisnopointingettingadegree,butratherstressthata

degreeisnotforeveryone,thattheswitchfromclassroomtolecturehallisnotan

inevitableoneandthatotheroptionsareavailable.

Thankfully,therearesignsthatthisisalreadyhappening,withGenerationZ

seekingtolearnfromtheirmillennialpredecessors,evenifparentsandteacherstend

tobestillsetinthedegreemindset.Employershavelongseentheadvantagesof

hiringschoolleaverswhooftenprovethemselvestobemorecommittedandloyal

employeesthangraduates.Manytooareseeingtheadvantagesofscrappingadegree

requirementforcertainroles.

Forthoseforwhomadegreeisthedesiredroute,considerthatthismaywellbe

thefirstofmany.Inthisageofgeneralists,itpaystohavespecificknowledgeorskills.

Postgraduatesnowearn40percentmorethangraduates.Whenmoreandmoreofus

haveadegree,itmakessensetohavetwo.

ItisunlikelythatGenerationZwillbedonewitheducationat18or21;theywill

needtobeconstantlyup-skillingthroughouttheircareertostayemployable.Ithas

beenestimatedthatthisgeneration,duetothepressuresoftechnology,thewishfor

personalfulfilmentanddesirefordiversity,willworkfor17differentemployersover

thecourseoftheirworkinglifeandhavefivedifferentcareers.Education,andnotjust

knowledgegainedoncampus,willbeacorepartofGenerationZ’scareertrajectory.

Oldergenerationsoftentalkabouttheirdegreeinthepresentandpersonaltense:

“Iamageographer”or“Iamaclassist.”Theirsonsordaughterswouldneversaysuch

athing;it’sasiftheyalreadyknowthattheirdegreewon’tdefinetheminthesame

way.

26.TheauthorsuggeststhatGenerationZshould_____.

[A]becarefulinchoosingacollege

[B]bediligentateacheducationalstage

[C]reassessthenecessityofcollegeeducation

[D]postponetheirundergraduateapplication

27.ThepercentageofUKgraduatesinnon-graduaterolesreflect_____.

[A]Millennial’sopinionsaboutwork

[B]theshrinkingvalueofadegree

[C]publicdiscontentwitheducation

[D]thedesiredrouteofsocialmobility

28.Theauthorconsidersitagoodsignthat_____.

[A]generationZareseekingtoearnadecentdegree

[B]schoolleaversarewillingtobeskilledworkers

[C]employersaretakingarealisticattitudetodegrees

[D]parentsarechangingtheirmindsabouteducation

29.ItisadvisedinParagraph5thatthosewithonedegreeshould_____.

[A]makeanearlydecisionontheircareer

[B]attendonthejobtrainingprograms

[C]teamupwithhigh-paidpostgraduates

[D]furthertheirstudiesinaspecificfield

30.WhatcanbeconcludedaboutGenerationZfromthelasttwoparagraphs?

[A]Lifelonglearningwilldefinethem.

[B]Theywillmakequalifiededucators.

[C]Depresswillnolongerappealthem.

[D]Theywillhavealimitedchoiceofjobs.

Text3

Enlightening,challenging,stimulating,fun.Theseweresomeofthewordsthat

Naturereadersusedtodescribetheirexperienceofart-sciencecollaborationsina

seriesofarticlesonpartnershipsbetweenartistsandresearchers.Nearly40%ofthe

roughly350peoplewhorespondedtoanaccompanyingpollsaid,theyhad

collaboratedwithartists;andalmostallsaidtheywouldconsiderdoingsoinfuture.

Suchanencouragingresultsisnotsurprising.Scientistsareincreasinglyseeking

outvisualartiststohelpthemcommunicatetheirworktonewaudiences.“Artistshelp

scientistsreachabroaderaudienceandmakeemotionalconnectionsthatenhance

learning”O(jiān)nerespondentsaid.

Oneexampleofhowartistsandscientistshavetogetherrockedthescenescame

lastmonthwhentheSydneySymphonyOrchestraperformedareworkedversionof

AntonioVivaldi’sTheFourSeasons.Theyreimaginedthe300-year-oldscoreby

injectingthelatestclimatepredictiondataforeachseason-providedbyMonash

University’sClimateChangeCommunicationResearchHub.Theperformancewasa

creativecalltoactionaheadofNovember’sUnitedNationsClimateChange

ConferenceinGlasgow,UK.

Butagenuinepartnershipmustbeatwo-waystreet.Fewerartistthanscientists

respondedtotheNaturepol1,however,severalrespondentsnotedthatartistsdonot

simplyassistscientistswiththeircommunicationrequirements.Norshouldtheirwork

beconsideredonlyasanobjectofstudy.Thealliancesaremostvaluablewhen

scientistsandartistshaveasharedstakeinaproject,areabletojointlydesignitand

cancritiqueeachother’swork.Suchanapproachcanbothpromptnewresearchas

wellasresultinpowerfulart.

Morethanhalfacenturyago,theMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyopened

itsCenterforAdvancedVisualStudies(CAVS)toexploretheroleoftechnologyin

culture.Thefoundersdeliberatelyfocusedtheirprojectsaroundlight-hancethe

“visualstudies”inthename.Lightwasasomethingthatbothartistsandscientistshad

aninterestin,andthereforecouldformthebasisofcollaboration.Asscienceand

technologyprogressed,anddividedintomoresub-disciplines,thecentrewas

simultaneouslylookingtoatimewhenleadingresearcherscouldalsobeartists,

writersandpoets,andviceversa.

Nature’spollfindingssuggestthatthistrendisasstrongasever,but,tomakea

collaborationwork,bothsidesneedtoinvesttime,andembracesurpriseand

challenge.Thereachofart-sciencetie-upsneedstogobeyondthenecessarypurpose

ofresearchcommunication,andparticipants.Artistsandscientistsalikeareimmersed

indiscoveryandinvention,andchallengeandcritiquearecoretoboth,too.

31.Accordingtoparagraph1,art-sciencecollaborationshave.

[A]caughttheattentionofcritics

[B]receivedfavorableresponses

[C]promotedacademicpublishing

[D]sparkedheatedpublicdisputes

32.ThereworkedversionofTheFourSeasonsismentionedtoshowthat.

[A]artcanofferaudienceseasyaccesstoscience

[B]sciencecanhelpwiththeexpressionofemotions

[C]publicparticipationinsciencehasapromisingfuture

[D]artiseffectiveinfacilitatingscientificinnovations

33.Someartistsseemtoworryaboutintheart-sciencepartnership.

[A]theirrolemaybeunderestimated

[B]theirreputationmaybeimpaired

[C]theircreativitymaybeinhibited

[D]theirworkmaybemisguided

34.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutCAVS?

[A]Itwasheadedalternatelybyartistsandscientists.

[B]Itexemplifiedvaluableart-sciencealliances.

[C]Itsprojectsaimedatadvancingvisualstudies.

[D]Itsfounderssoughttoraisethestatusofartists.

35.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorholdsthatart-sciencecollaborations.

[A]arelikelytogobeyondpublicexpectations

[B]willintensifyinterdisciplinarycompetition

[C]shoulddomorethancommunicatingscience

[D]arebecomingmorepopularthanbefore

Text4

ThepersonalgrievanceprovisionsofNewZealand’sEmploymentRelationsAct

2000(ERA)preventanemployerfromfiringanemployeewithoutgoodcause.

Instead,dismissalsmustbejustified.Employersmustbothshowcauseandactina

procedurallyfairway.

Personalgrievanceproceduresweredesignedtoguardthejobsofordinary

workersfrom“unjustifieddismissals”.Thepremisewasthatthecommonlawof

contractlackedsufficientsafeguardsforworkersagainstarbitraryconductby

management.Longgonearethedayswhenabosscouldsimplygiveanemployee

contractualnotice.

Buttheseprovisionscreatedifficultiesforbusinesseswhenappliedtohighly

paidmanagersandexecutives.Ascountlessboardsandbusinessownerswillattest,

constrainingfirmsfromfiringpoorlyperforming,high-earningmanagersisa

handbrakeonboostingproductivityandoverallperformance.Thedifferencebetween

C-gradeandA-grademanagersmayverywellbethedifferencebetweenbusiness

successorfailure.Betweenpreservingthejobsofordinaryworkersorlosingthem.

Yetmediocrityisnolongerenoughtojustifyadismissal.

Consequently–andparadoxically–lawsintroducedtoprotectthejobsof

ordinaryworkersmaybeplacingthosejobsatrisk.

Ifnotplacingjobsatrisk,totheextentemploymentprotectionlawsconstrain

businessownersfromdismissingunder-performingmanagers,thoselawsactasa

constraintonfirmproductivityandthereforeonworkers’wages.Indeed,in“An

InternationalPerspectiveonNewZealand’sProductivityParadox”(2014),the

ProductivityCommissionsingledoutthelowqualityofmanagerialcapabilitiesasa

causeofthecountry’spoorproductivitygrowthrecord.

Norarehighlypaidmanagersthemselvesimmunefromtheharmcausedbythe

ERA’sunjustifieddismissalprocedures.Becauseemploymentprotectionlawsmakeit

costliertofireanemployee,employersaremorecautiousabouthiringnewstaff.This

makesitharderforthemarginalmanagertogainemployment.Andfirmspaystaff

lessbecausefirmscarrytheburdenoftheemploymentarrangementgoingwrong.

Societyalsosuffersfromexcessiveemploymentprotections.Stringentjob

dismissalregulationsadverselyaffectproductivitygrowthandhamperbothprosperity

andoverallwell-being.

AcrosstheTasmanSea,Australiadealswiththeunjustifieddismissalparadoxby

excludingemployeesearningaboveaspecified“high-incomethreshold”fromthe

protectionofitsunfairdismissallaws.InNewZealand,a2016privatemembers’Bill

triedtopermitfirmsandhigh-incomeemployeestocontractoutoftheunjustified

dismissalregime.However,themechanismsproposedwereunwieldyandtheBill

wasvoteddownfollowingthechangeingovernmentlaterthatyear.

36.ThepersonalgrievanceprovisionsoftheERAareintendedto____.

[A]punishdubiouscorporatepractices

[B]improvetraditionalhiringprocedures

[C]exemptemployersfromcertainduties

[D]protecttherightsofordinaryworkers

37.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraph3thattheprovisionsmay____.

[A]hinderbusinessdevelopment

[B]underminemanagers’authority

[C]affectthepublicimageofthefirms

[D]worsenlabor-managementrelations

38.WhichofthefollowingmeasureswouldbetheProductivityCommissionsupport?

[A]Imposingreasonablewagerestraints.

[B]Enforcingemploymentprotectionlaws.

[C]Limitingthepowersofbusinessowners.

[D]Dismissingpoorlyperformingmanagers.

39.WhatmightbeaneffectofERA’sunjustifieddismissalprocedures?

[A]Highlypaidmanagerslosetheirjobs.

[B]Employeessufferfromsalarycuts.

[C]Societyseesariseinoverallwell-being.

[D]Employersneedtohirenewstaff.

40.Itcanbeinferredthatthe“high-incomethreshold”inAustralia____.

[A]hassecuredmanagers’earnings

[B]hasproducedundesiredresults

[C]isbeneficialtobusinessowners

[D]isdifficulttoputintopractice

PartB

Directions：

Inthefollowingtext，somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45，

choosethemostsuitableonefromthefistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumbered

blanks.Therearetwoextrachoices，whichdonotfitinanyof

thegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.（10points）

(41)TeriByrd

Iwasazooandwildlifeparkemployeeforyears.Boththewildlifeparkandzoo

claimedtobeoperatingforthebenefitoftheanimalsandforconservationpurposes.

Thisclaimwasfalse.Neitheroneofthemactuallyparticipatedinanycontributions

whosebottomlineismuchmoreimportantthantheconditionoftheanimals.

Animalsdespisebeingcaptivesinzoos.Nomatterhowyou“enhance”

enclosures,theydonotallowforfreedom,anaturaldietoradequatetimefor

transparencywiththeseinstitutions,andit’spasttimetoeliminatezoosfromour

culture.

(42)KarenR.Sime

Asazoologyprofessor,IagreewithEmmaMarristhatzoodisplayscanbesad

andcruel.Butsheunderestimatestheeducationalvalueofzoos.

Thezoologyprogramatmyuniversityattractsstudentsforwhomzoovisitswere

thecrucialformativeexperiencethatledthemtomajorinbiologicalsciences.These

aremostlystudentswhohadnoopportunityaschildrentotraveltowildernessareas,

wildliferefugesornationalparks.AlthoughgoodTVshowscanhelpstirchildren’s

interestinconservation,theycannotreplacetheexcitementofazoovisitasanintense,

immersiveandinteractiveexperience.Surelytheremustbesomemiddlegroundthat

balanceszoos’treatmentofanimalswiththeireducationalpotential.

(43)GregNewberry

EmmaMarris’sarticleisaninsultandadisservicetothethousandsofpassionate

whoworktirelesslytoimprovethelivesofanimalsandprotectourplanet.Sheuses

outdatedresearchanddecades-oldexamplestounderminethenoblemissionof

organizationcommittedtoconnectingchildrentoaworldbeyondtheirown.

Zoosareattheforefrontofconservationandconstantlyevolvingtoimprovehow

theycareforanimalsandprotecteachspeciesinitsnaturalhabitat.Arethere

tragedies?Ofcourse.ButtheyaretheexceptionnotthenormthatMs.Marrisimplies.

Adistressedanimalinazoowillgetasgoodorbettertreatmentthanmostofusatour

localhospital.

(44)DeanGallea

Asafellowenvironmentalistanimal-protectionadvocateandlongtime

vegetarian.IcouldproperlybeinthesamecampasEmmaMarrisontheissueofzoos.

ButIbelievethatwell-runzoosandtheheroicanimalsthatsuffertheircaptivityso

serveahigherpurpose.Wereitnotforopportunitiestoobservethesebeautifulwild

creaturesclosetohomemanymorepeoplewouldbedrivenbytheirfascinationto

traveltowildareastoseekoutdisturbandevenhuntthemdown.

Zoosareinthatsensesimilartonaturalhistoryandarcheologymuseumsserving

tosatisfyourneedforcontactwiththeselivingcreatureswhileleavingthevast

majorityundisturbedintheirnaturalenvironments.

(45)JohnFraser

EmmaMarrisselectivelydescribesandmisrepresentsthefindingsofour

research.Ourstudiesfocusedontheimpactofzooexperiencesonhowpeoplethink

aboutthemselvesandnatureandthedatapointsextractedfromourstudies.

Zoosaretoolsforthinking.Ourresearchprovidesstrongsupportforthevalueof

zoosinconnectingpeoplewithanimalsandwithnature.Zoosprovideacriticalvoice

forconservationandenvironmentalprotection.Theyaffordanopportunityforpeople

fromallbackgroundstoencounterarangeofanimalsfromdronebeestospringbokor

salmontobetterunderstandthenaturalworldwelivein.

[A]Zooswhichsparenoefforttotakecareofanimalsshouldnotbesubjectedto

unfaircriticism.

[B]Topressurezoostospendlessontheiranimalswouldleadtoinhumaneoutcomes

forthepreciouscreaturesintheircare.

[C]Whileanimalsincaptivitydeservesympathy,zoosplayasignificantrolein

startingyoungpeopledownthepathofrelatedsciences.

[D]Zoossavepeopletripstowildernessareasandthuscontributetowildlife

conservation.

[E]Forwildanimalsthatcannotbereturnedtotheirnaturalhabitats,zoosofferthe

bestalternative.

[F]Zoosshouldhavebeencloseddownastheyprioritizemoneymakingoveranimals’

wellbeing.

[G]Marrisdistortsourfindingswhichactuallyprovethatzoosserveasan

indispensablelinkbetweenmanandnature.

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto

Chinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10

points)

TheManWhoBrokeNapoleon’sCodes-MarkUrban

Between1807and1814theIberianPeninsula(comprisingSpainandPortugal)

wasthesceneofatitanicandmercilessstruggle.Ittookplaceonmanydifferent

planes:betweenNapoleon’sFrencharmyandtheangryinhabitants;betweenthe

British,everkeentoexacerbatetheemperor’sdifficulties,andthemarshalssentfrom

Paristotrytokeepthemincheck;betweennewforcesofscienceandmeritocracyand

oldonesofconservatismandbirth.(46)Itwasalso,andthisisunknownevento

manypeoplewellreadabouttheperiod,abattlebetweenthosewhomadecodesand