2/2SectionⅤWriting寫作項目——Writeanargumentativeessayonfarming本單元的寫作項目為寫一篇關(guān)于農(nóng)業(yè)的辯論性文章，屬于正反觀點式議論文。正反觀點式議論文是對某個議論對象從正反兩個方面進行剖析、論證，從而否定錯誤觀點，樹立正確觀點的文章。作者通過擺事實、講道理、辨是非來確定其觀點的正誤，支持或否定某種主張，從而達到讓讀者信服或接受其觀點或看法的目的。|由教材學(xué)寫作|一、學(xué)寫作架構(gòu)議論文的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)如下：二、學(xué)要點構(gòu)思議論文寫作中比較常見的一種寫作結(jié)構(gòu)是“提出問題—分析問題—解決問題”。如本文從不同角度介紹和分析了兩種耕作方式的優(yōu)點和缺點，按照“Benefits—Problems—Solutions”的邏輯層次，客觀地探討了農(nóng)作物生產(chǎn)的客觀現(xiàn)狀和解決問題的路徑。在分析Chemicalfarming時，作者先指出了Benefits:fightcropdiseaseandincreaseproduction，然后提出了Problems:sometimesharmboththelandandpeople'shealth，最后給出了Solutions：switchtoorganicfarming。三、學(xué)寫作手法為使論證更具權(quán)威性，增加說服力，議論文的寫作中常運用下列手法：1．例證法：用典型事例作為論據(jù)來證明論點。如課文第二段采用大量例子說明長期使用化學(xué)農(nóng)藥會危害土地和人類健康。2．對比法：增強論證的鮮明性，使讀者清楚作者贊成什么，反對什么。如課文對比介紹了化學(xué)耕作與有機耕作各自的優(yōu)缺點，使讀者對此有所了解，進而形成自己的判斷。四、學(xué)邏輯銜接議論文寫作常常在段落間和句子間使用銜接詞，使文章脈絡(luò)更加清晰，邏輯關(guān)系更加明了。如本文運用了大量的銜接標識詞，例如：表示轉(zhuǎn)折的however,but；表示舉例的forexample,forinstance；表示并列和遞進的and,also；表示補充信息的inaddition；用以引出不同信息的asfor,asanalternative；用以引出原因和結(jié)論的because,therefore，等等。用這些標識詞連接句子和段落，構(gòu)成語篇，體現(xiàn)了文本較強的邏輯性和所說明內(nèi)容的全面性。eq\a\vs4\al(仿寫訓(xùn)練)(根據(jù)語境選用合適的銜接詞填空：therefore,however,forexample)①HesetdownaseriesofrulesthatChinesepeoplehavefollowedforcenturies.______________________，asonhastorespecthisfather.②Wedolikered,forredstandsforhappinessandgoodfortuneinourculture.__________，itisnotsurprisingthatyoucanseepeoplewearredclothesandhangredlanternsduringtheSpringFestival.③Hewasfeelingbad.Hewenttowork,______________，andtriedtoconcentrate.|寫作項目指導(dǎo)|Writeanargumentativeessayonfarming——寫一篇關(guān)于農(nóng)業(yè)的議論文第一步：構(gòu)思謀篇體裁議論文時態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時為主人稱第三人稱寫作要點一般采用“三段式”論證法：引言：簡單解釋要討論的問題并點明自己的觀點；主體：用足夠的論據(jù)來論證自己的觀點；結(jié)論：用一兩句話結(jié)束文章，注意與引言段呼應(yīng)注意事項1.議論文由論點、論據(jù)和論證三部分構(gòu)成，要求觀點明確，論據(jù)充分，邏輯清晰。2.寫作時要圍繞中心論點展開議論，即論據(jù)和論證要圍繞論點展開。根據(jù)題目要求，有時需要從正反兩面來論述，以增強論證的力度。最后，得出結(jié)論，照應(yīng)開頭，形成一個有機的整體。第二步：要點表達第一部分：提出論點1．Inmyopinion,______________________________________________________becauseithasnumerousbenefits.(開門見山)在我看來，有機耕作比化學(xué)耕作更可取，因為它有很多好處。2．____________________，nowadaysoneoftheseriousproblemsChinaisfacedwithis________________________.(調(diào)查結(jié)果引入)根據(jù)一項調(diào)查，目前中國面臨的一個嚴重問題是糧食安全。第二部分：圍繞論點展開論證1．表示贊成：①Organicfoodisgenerally________________foodgrownwithartificialfertilisers.有機食品通常比使用人造肥料種植的食品更有營養(yǎng)。②____________________________________________________________，thefarmingefficiencyandproductivityareshootingup.隨著各種先進技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，農(nóng)業(yè)效率和生產(chǎn)力都在飆升。2．表示反對：①Asforchemicalfarming,itproducesfoodwith___________________________________.對于化學(xué)耕作來說，它生產(chǎn)的食物味道和營養(yǎng)都很差，而營養(yǎng)對人們來說是必不可少的。②Chemicalfarming____________________________________andthusdamagestheland.化學(xué)耕作不僅會殺死有害昆蟲，還會殺死有益的昆蟲，從而破壞土地。第三部分：照應(yīng)論點，得出結(jié)論1．I______________________organicfarmingbringsusmoreadvantagesandismoreenvironmentallyfriendly.(總結(jié)歸納法)我認為有機耕作給我們帶來了更多的優(yōu)勢，且更環(huán)保。2．Thegovernmentshouldstrengthenagriculturalsupervision____________________.(提出建議法)政府應(yīng)加強農(nóng)業(yè)監(jiān)管，確保農(nóng)業(yè)安全。[針對練筆]假定你是李華，你校英語報社新開辟了一個辯論專欄。本期辯論主題是：“Livinginabigcityorlivinginthecountry？”請你寫一篇80詞左右的短文投稿。根據(jù)括號內(nèi)的漢語提示補全短文。Livinginabigcityorlivinginthecountry?Inmyopinion,livinginthecountryisbetter.First,thepaceoflifeisslowerand①______________________________________(人們感到壓力更小).Livinginacalmandpeacefulenvironment,②________________________________________________________(我們可以更好地享受每個季節(jié)的自然美景).Second,③______________________________(農(nóng)村的空氣更清新)andwaterislesspolluted.Soitisveryhealthytolivethere.Finally,wewillhavemorefriends④__________________________________(因為住在農(nóng)村的人往往更了解彼此).Sowewon'tfeellonely.⑤________，__________________(總之，我更喜歡住在農(nóng)村)．|寫作素材儲備|一、正反觀點式議論文常用句式1．Stateyouropinion①Currently,thereisawidespreadconcernovertheissuethat...②Asisoftenthecase,...AsfarasIamconcerned,however,...③Itcanbesaidwithcertaintythat...Soinmyopinion,...④Nowadays,ithastobenoticedthat...SoI'mconvincedthat...2．Supportingpointsanddetails①Firstofall,thereisnodenying/doubtthat...②Ontheonehand,...Ontheotherhand,...③Moreover,...Foronething,...Foranother,...④Lastly,...Acaseinpointis...⑤Similarly,weshouldpaymoreattentionto...⑥Ashasbeenmentionedabove,...3．Giveasummary①Personally,Iwillconcludebysaying...②Therefore,Ihavethereasontobelievethat...③Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemaysafelydrawtheconclusionthat...二、正反觀點式議論文常用連接詞1．Pointofview:asfarasIknow,asfarasIamconcerned,personallyspeaking2．Summary:tosumup,allinall,generallyspeaking,asismentionedabove3．Listing:ontheonehand，ontheotherhand,additionally,moreover,what'smore,besides,furthermore4．Cause&effect:since,so,because,therefore,asaresult,dueto,thanksto,hence5．Givingexamples:suchas,forexample,forinstance三、正反觀點式議論文寫作模板Inmyopinion,__________ispreferableto________because________________________.Tobeginwith,______________________.(Detail)______________________________.What'smore,________________________________.(Detail)___________________________________________________________________________.Finally，___________________________________________________________________.(Detail)____________________________________________________________________.Inclosing,Iamfullyconvincedthat______________________________________.SectionⅤ由教材學(xué)寫作四、①Forexample②Therefore③however寫作項目指導(dǎo)第一部分1．organicfarmingispreferabletochemicalfarming2．Accordingtoasurvey;foodsecurity第二部分1．①morenutritiousthan②Withtheapplicationofvariousadvancedtechnologies2．①lessflavorandnutritionwhichisessentialtopeople②killsnotonlybadbutalsogoodinsects