類型7|文化教育考查要點方法技巧1.文章的主題。2．所述文化教育的發(fā)展、特點、功能。3．不同文化教育間的異同、優(yōu)點及缺點。4．價值觀、道德觀、風俗習慣的形成。1.抓住文章的內在邏輯關系，理清脈絡。2．定位關鍵信息詞、主題句，明確主旨。3．重點關注所述對象的特征，并進行歸納概括。(2016·天津高考·C)WhenJohnwasgrowingup,otherkidsfelthim.Hisorhim.Hisparentsalwayshadhimweedingthegardennewspapers.Butplaymates.Hehealthier.Mosthappier.Farnewspapers.ButwhenJohnreachedadulthood,hewasbetteroffthanhischildhoodplaymates.Hehadmorejobsatisfaction,abettermarriageandwashealthier.Mostofall,hewashappier.Farhappier.Thesearethefindingsofa40-yearstudythatfollowedthelivesof456teenageboysfromBoston.Thestudyshowedthatthosewhohadworkedasboysenjoyedhappierandmoreproductivelivesthanthosewhohadnot.“Boyswhoworkedinthehomeormunitygainedpetence(能力)andcametofeeltheywereworthwhilemembersofsociety，”saidGeorgeVaillant,thepsychologist(心理學家)whomadethediscovery.“Andbecausetheyfeltgoodaboutthemselves,othersfeltgoodaboutthem.”Vaillant'sstudyfollowedthesemalesingreatdetail.Interviewswererepeatedatages25,31and47.UnderVaillant,theresearchersparedthemen'smental-healthscoreswiththeirboyhood-activityscores.Pointswereawardedforpart-timejobs,housework,effortinschool，andabilitytodealwithproblems.Thelinkbetweenwhatthemenhaddoneasboysandhowtheyturnedoutasadultswassurprisinglysharp．Thosewhohaddonethemostboyhoodactivitiesweretwiceaslikelytohavewarmrelationswithawidevarietyofpeople，fivetimesaslikelytobewellpaidand16timeslesslikelytohavebeenunemployed.TheresearchersalsofoundthatIQandfamilysocialandeconomicclassmadenorealdifferenceinhowtheboysturnedout.Working—atanyage—isimportant.Childhoodactivitieshelpachilddevelopresponsibility,independence,confidenceandpetence—theunderpinnings(基礎)ofemotionalhealth.Theyalsohelphimunderstandthatpeoplemustcooperateandworktowardmongoals.Themostpetentadultsarethosewhoknowhowtodothis.Yetworkisn'teverything.AsTolstoyoncesaid，“Onecanlivemagnificentlyinthisworldifoneknowshowtoworkandhowtolove,toworkforthepersononelovesandtoloveone'swork.”46．WhatdoweknowaboutJohn?A．Heenjoyedhiscareerandmarriage.B．Hehadfewchildhoodplaymates.C．Hereceivedlittlelovefromhisfamily.D．Hewasenviedbyothersinhischildhood.47．Vaillant'swordsinParagraph2serveas．A．adescriptionofpersonalvaluesandsocialvaluesB．ananalysisofhowworkwasrelatedtopetenceC．anexampleforparents'expectationsoftheirchildrenD．anexplanationwhysomeboysgrewintohappymen48．Vaillant'steamobtainedtheirfindingsby．A．recordingtheboys'effortinschoolB．evaluatingthemen'smentalhealthC．paringdifferentsetsofscoresD．measuringthemen'sproblemsolvingability49．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“sharp”probablymeaninParagraph4?A．Quicktoreact.B．Havingathinedge.C．Clearanddefinite.D．Suddenandrapid.50．Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A．petentadultsknowmoreaboutlovethanwork.B．Emotionalhealthisessentialtoawonderfuladultlife.C．Lovebringsmorejoytopeoplethanworkdoes.D．Independenceisthekeytoone'ssuccess.語篇解讀：本文是一篇夾敘夾議類的文章。約翰小時候父母會讓他干一些力所能及的活兒，長大后他成了一個更快樂的人。由此可以看出：童年的勞動是非常重要的。它可以培養(yǎng)孩子的責任感、獨立性、自信心以及解決問題的能力，這是精神健康的基礎，與其精彩的成年生活息息相關。長難句解讀：“Boyswhoworkedinthehomeormunitygainedpetenceandcametofeeltheywereworthwhilemembersofsociety，”saidGeorgeVaillant，thepsychologistwhomadethediscovery.分析：引號內的句子為復合句。Boys之后為who引導的定語從句修飾Boys，而theywereworthwhilemembersofsociety為賓語從句，作feel的賓語。引號外whomadethediscovery為定語從句修飾thepsychologist。翻譯：做出這個發(fā)現(xiàn)的心理學家GeorgeVaillant說：“在家中或社區(qū)勞動的男孩能夠獲得能力并且感受到他們是有價值的社會成員?！?6．A[考查細節(jié)理解。根據文章第一段信息“Hehadmorejobsatisfaction，abettermarriageandwashealthier.”可知，約翰對自己的工作和婚姻很滿意，故選A項。]47．D[考查推理判斷。第二段中，Vaillant通過40年的研究得出結論：那些小時候在家里或者社區(qū)里勞動的男孩獲得了能力，感到自己對社會有價值。正因為他們自我感覺好，所以別人也覺得他們好。由此可知，這些話解釋了一些男孩成年后更快樂的原因，故選D項。]48．C[考查細節(jié)理解。根據文章第三段信息“UnderVaillant，theresearchersparedthemen'smental-healthscoreswiththeirboyhood-activityscores.”可知，Vaillant的團隊是通過比較一些分數來得出結論的，故選C項。]49．C[考查詞義猜測。根據文章第四段信息twiceaslikelyto...，fivetimesaslikelyto...and16timeslesslikelyto...可知，人們童年的行為和成年后的狀況之間的聯(lián)系明顯得讓人吃驚。sharp此處意為clearanddefinite(清楚和確定的)，故選C項。]50．B[考查推理判斷。根據文章最后一段可知，童年的勞動能夠幫助一個孩子培養(yǎng)責任感、獨立性、自信心和能力，這些都是一個人精神健康的基礎，emotionalhealth是本段的主題，故選B項。]A(2017·浙江嘉興模擬)JohnSandwasoneofthemostinfluentialteachers，andpeople，Ihaveevermet.Havinghimfortwoyearsduringhighschool，forbothhistoryandstudyhall，hetaughtmemorethananyotherteacherhasbeenableto.Hisunusualattitudereflectshismethodsofteaching.Hewasconstantlytryingtopushusoutofourfortzoneswithvideoprojectswedidaboutonceamonth.Hewantedustofaceandaccepthowotherpeoplesawustoprepareusfortherealworld.HewasalwaysmakingcolorfulPowerPointstoteachusthelatesttopicinsteadofstandinginfrontofuslecturingforaperiod，puttingustosleeplikemanyteachersdo.Hedidnotgiveushomeworkonedayandhaveitduethenext，butinsteadgaveusascheduleofthehomeworkforthesectionandlefttheresponsibilityuptoustoremembertodoit.Havingthatpreparesusforlifeafterhighschool，lifelessstructured(有條不紊的)，wheretheresponsibilityisallonus.Mr.Sandisaresponsiblefamilyman.Hetookwhatevertimewehadleftinclasstoshowushisnewestvacationvideosorhischildren'ssportsvideos.Hebalanceshisfamilyandhiscareersonicely.Mr.Sandalwaysencouragedustoexploretheculturesoftheworld.HewouldtellusstoriesofhistravelsacrossEuropeandhisadventuresaroundtheUS，whilemanyteachersjustforcetheideaofcollege.ManypeoplemaynotevergettohavetheexperienceofhavingMr.SandasateacheroreverbeaffectedbyhimlikeIwasbutforthem，Ifeelsorry.Puttingasidethathewasmyteacher，hewasonepersonwhoinfluencedmegreatlyandtaughtmethingsthatwentbeyondtheschoolcourses.【語篇解讀】本文介紹了對作者一生影響深刻的老師——JohnSand。1．Accordingtothewriter，whywasJohnSanddifferentfromotherteachers?A.Henevergavehomeworktohisstudents.B．Heclearlyknewwhathisstudentswouldbelikeinthefuture.C．Healwaysmadehisclasseslivelyandinteresting.D．Heoftenencouragedhisstudentstofacetherealworldbravely.C[考查推理判斷。根據第二段中的“Hewasalwaysmakingcolorful...puttingustosleeplikemanyteachersdo”可推知，JohnSand老師與其他老師不一樣的地方在于他的課生動有趣，不會讓學生昏昏欲睡，故選C項。]2．WhichofthefollowingshowsthatthewriterwasgreatlyaffectedbyMr.Sand?A.Herealizeswhatmakesanexcellentteacher.B．Hehasthecouragetotakegreatadventures.C．Hefeelsmoreconfidentwithinfortzones.D．Heknowshowtodealwithlifeafterhighschool.D[考查細節(jié)理解。根據第二段中的“Havingthatpreparesusforlifeafterhighschool”可知，JohnSand老師不是一味地讓學生死讀書，而是讓學生明白自我責任感，這一點對作者以后的人生影響頗大，故選D項。]3．Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．AnoutstandingteacherB．AvaluableexperienceofschoolingC．Akindfamilyman，andafatherD．AnunusualmethodofteachingA[考查主旨大意。根據全文內容特別是第一段中的“oneofthemostinfluentialteachers”和最后一段中的“hewasonepersonwhoinfluencedmegreatly”可知，本文主要介紹了一個優(yōu)秀的老師，所以選A項。]B【導學號：】(2017·浙江金華十校模擬)OneweekendMissEllishandedoutanotherofherfamousexperimentassignments(作業(yè))．Manyofthesehadtodowithscience，chemistry，butothers—themostfamousexperiments—hadtodowithpeopleandtheirbehavior.Onthatweekendthesubjectwasreallydifficult:freedom.Howcanoneconductanexperimentonfreedom?OntheMondaythatfollowed，thestudentsreturnedwiththeirideas.Amandatookoutfivedifferentcoloredboxesandgavethemtotheteachertochooseone.MissEllisgratefullytookthepinkbox，andsmiled.ThenAmandatookoutfiveyellowboxes，andaskedCharlietochooseone.Charlie，somewhatannoyed，carelesslychoseone.MissEllis，amused，askedAmandawhattheexperimentwascalled.“Icallit‘Choices’，Amandaexplained.”“Forfreedomtoexist，youhavetochoosefromdifferentoptions.That'swhyCharliewasabitannoyed，becausewhentheboxesareallthesamecolor，youarenotreallyallowedtochoose.ButMissEllishasbeenpleasedbecauseshegottochoosetheboxshelikedthemost.”Charliehadpreparedanotherkindofexperiment.Hechosetwoclassmembers.Lucaswasabrightboy，andPaulwasoneoftheworststudents.CharliemadethemgouptojoinMissEllisattheblackboard.Thenhedividedtheclassintothreegroups.Tothefirstgrouphesaid：“I'mgoingtoaskyouadifficultquestion.Youcanchooseoneofthethreepeopleattheblackboardtohelpyouanswerit.Whoevergetstheanswerrightwillwinabigbagofsweets.”Everyoneinthefirstgroupchosetheteacher.ThenCharliesaidtothesecondgroup：“Youwillbeaskedthesamequestion，butbeforewestartyoushouldknowthatIhavegivenPaulapieceofpaperwiththequestionanditsanswerwrittenonit.”Inthemurmursofplaintsfromthefirstgroup，thesecondgroupallchosePaul.ThenCharliespoketothelastgroup：“It'syourturn.WhatItoldthesecondgroupwasalie.IgavethepapertoLucas.”Inbooingandafewlaughs，Paulshowedthathishandswereempty，andLucasshowedeveryonethathedidindeedhaveapieceofpaperwiththequestionandansweronit.AndLucaswastheonlyonethatmanagedtoanswerthedifficultquestioncorrectly.Whilethewinnersweresharingthesweetsouttoeveryone,Charlieexplained，“Thisexperimentiscalled‘NoFreedomWithoutTruth’．Itshowsthatyoucanonlychoosefreelyifyouknowthewholetruthofthesituation.Groupsoneandtwowerefreetochoosewhotheywanted，buthadtheyknownthetruth,theywouldhavechosendifferently.”Manymoreinterestingexperimentswereperformedthatday，andmaybesometimewe'llgettotalkaboutthem，butwhatisclearisthatMissEllis'studentsendedupknowingalotmoreaboutfreedomthanmanyolderpeople.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇記敘文，主要講述了MissEllis在班級中布置的關于“自由”的作業(yè)實驗以及學生的課堂展示。4．Accordingtothepassage，MissEllis'experimentassignmentsare．A．mainlyaboutscienceB．inspiringandbeneficialC．unpopularamongstudentsD．toodifficultforstudentstofinishB[考查推理判斷。根據最后一段的“Manymoreinterestingexperiments...butwhatisclearisthatMissEllis'studentsendedupknowingalotmoreaboutfreedom”可知，Ellis的實驗作業(yè)非常有趣，讓學生對自由有了更多的了解，這對學生來說是有益的，故選B項。]5．Charliewasannoyedwhenaskedtochooseaboxbecausehe．A．wantedmoreboxesB．hatedthecoloroftheboxesC．didn'tactuallygetanychoicesD．wasn'tthefirsttochoosetheboxesC[考查細節(jié)理解。根據第二段中的“ThenAmandatookoutfiveyellowboxes，andaskedCharlietochooseone.Charlie,somewhatannoyed，carelesslychoseone”和第三段中的“Forfreedomtoexist...theboxshelikedthemost”可知，Amanda拿出5個同樣顏色的盒子讓Charlie選，Charlie只能選黃色，實際上是別無選擇，所以有點惱火，故選C項。]6．Inthetwoexperimentsmentionedinthepassage，whoreallyhadthefreedomtochoose?A．MissEllis. B．Thefirstgroup.C．Thesecondgroup. D．Thethirdgroup.A[考查細節(jié)理解。根據第二段中的“Amandatookoutfivedifferent...MissEllisgratefullytookthepinkbox”并結合第五、六、七段的內容可知，Ellis有選擇的自由，故選A項。]CIt'safamiliarfeeling.YourfriendhasmadetheteamforSaturday'sbiggame，andyoutakecertainpleasureintellinghimyoucan'tbetheretowatchhimplay.Yousmile，butthatvoiceinyouasks，whyhimandnotyou?Envyisafaultthatweliketokeepsecret.Itraisesitsuglyheadwhenwefocusonwhatwewantbutdon'tpossessnow，orwemayevenwishforandtakepleasureinsomeonelosingit.Feelingsofunfairnessarepartofbeinghuman，butwhenyoufocusonthem，youcannevergetoutofyourdarkemotions.Andthatmakesyoufeelbad.Soisthereasolution?Isthereanythingyoucandotostopthemostungenerousemotions?Well，whynotturnenvyonitshead，andmakeittheencouragementyouneedforself-improvement?Thebestweaponagainstenvyisnottopetewhereyoucan'tshine，buttodoyourabsolutebestwhereyoucan.Startbymakingpeacewithyourself，andacceptthegiftswhichmakeyouunique.Makeanagreementwithyourselftobethebestyoucanbe.Thenfindoutexactlythecircumstancesandqualitiesinothersthatstartyourenvy.Isitsomeone'ssingingvoice，theirworkpromotion，ortheirnewcar?Envyshowsusthethingswe'dliketohave，somakeaplantoearnwhat'simportanttoyou.Signupforanightclass.Startatrainingprogram.Giveupatreatortwo，