PAGE1Unit13ComputerSystemsI.Lead-inInformationrelatedtothetext:Today,we’llstudyUnit13—ComputerSystems.Asweknow,acomputerisadevicethatcanbeinstructedtocarryoutanarbitrarysetofarithmeticorlogicaloperationsautomatically.Theabilityofcomputerstofollowasequenceofoperations,calledaprogram,makecomputersveryflexibleanduseful.Suchcomputersareusedascontrolsystemsforaverywidevarietyofindustrialandconsumerdevices.Thisincludessimplespecialpurposedeviceslikemicrowaveovensandremotecontrols,factorydevicessuchasindustrialrobotsandcomputerassisteddesign,butalsoingeneralpurposedeviceslikepersonalcomputersandmobiledevicessuchassmartphones.Inthisunit,wemainlyfocusonthepersonalcomputersystems.Doyouknowwhatsub-componentsapersonalcomputersystemconsistsof?Thisunitwillhelptoshedlightonthisquestion.Now,let’sstudythekeywordsandphrasestogether.II.WordStudy1.complicated['k?mplikeitid]adj.難懂的，復(fù)雜的1)relatedphrases:complicatedplot復(fù)雜的情節(jié)complicatedquestion疑難問題，復(fù)雜的問題complicatedstructure復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu)2)ThisisthemostcomplicatedcaseIhaveeverhandled.這是我所處理過的最為復(fù)雜的案子。3)Thenovelistoocomplicatedforyourage.這小說就你的年齡來說太復(fù)雜了。4)Thetaxlawsaresocomplicatedthatonlyanexpertcanprovideenlightenment.稅務(wù)法非常復(fù)雜，只有專家才能解釋清楚。2.permanent['p?:m?n?nt]adj.永久的，永恒的n.[口]燙發(fā)1)relatedphrases:permanentcommittee常務(wù)委員會(huì)permanentjob(position)固定工作permanentcontrol永久控制2)Thesefactorsusuallyhavealongerandmorepermanentimpactonshareprices.這項(xiàng)因素通常會(huì)對股價(jià)產(chǎn)生更加長遠(yuǎn)和持久的影響。3)Theinjurylefthimwithapermanentlimp.他受傷后就一直瘸了。4)Shewenttoabeautysalonforapermanent.她到美容院去燙了發(fā)。3.display[,dis'plei]vt.顯示；表現(xiàn)；陳列n.顯示；炫耀1)relatedphrases：displaydevice顯示設(shè)備displaycabinet陳列櫥displaytube顯示管ondisplay展覽；公開展出2)Fullelectrontypedigitalweightdisplay.全電子式數(shù)字重量顯示。3)Hehadanopportunitytofullydisplayhistalents.他有了大顯身手的機(jī)會(huì)。4)Ihaverarelyseenherdisplayanysignofemotion.我難得見到她將喜怒形于色4.resolution[,rez?'lu:??n,-,lju:-]n.分辨率；決議；解決1)relatedphrases：adopt(carry,pass)aresolution通過決議offer(present,propose)aresolution提出決議cometo(form,make,reach,take)aresolution下決心resolutionagainst(for)反對（贊成）…的決議2)Thecommitteehaverejectedaresolutiontobuildanewlibrary.委員會(huì)否決了建造新圖書館的決議。3)MakingresolutiononNewYear'sDayisacustomthatstillprevail.在新年這一天下決心是一個(gè)依然流行的習(xí)俗。4)Hemadearesolutiontostudyhard.他下決心好好學(xué)習(xí)。5.specify['spesifai]vt.指定；詳細(xì)說明；規(guī)定1)relatedphrases：specifydefinitely明確地指定specifystrictly嚴(yán)格地指定specifysb.byname指名道姓指出某人2）Pleasespecifythewholeprocessoftheproject.請闡述下這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的整個(gè)過程。Theregulationsspecifythatyoumayuseadictionaryintheexamination.規(guī)則指明考試時(shí)可使用詞典。4)Pleasespecifywhatyouwilldo.請你確切地說一下，你將做什么。referredtoas被稱為1)Englishisreferredtoasauniversallanguage.英文被稱為世界語言。2)Coalisusuallyreferredtoasafossilfuel.煤通常被稱為礦物燃料。3)Theunwantedradiationisreferredtoasbackgroundradiation.這種有害輔射稱為背景輔射。III．LanguagePoints1.Acomputersystemismadeupofanumberofdifferentsub-componentsystems,whichtogetherallowthesystemtoperformcalculationsandcomplicatedtasks.譯文：計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)由許多不同的子元件組成，這些元件組合起來可進(jìn)行計(jì)算或完成復(fù)雜的任務(wù)。說明：句中which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，修飾sub-componentsystems。bemadeupof意思是“由……組成，由……構(gòu)成”。Humantissueismadeupofcells.人體的組織是由細(xì)胞構(gòu)成的。Allsubstancesaremadeupofatoms.一切物質(zhì)都是由原子構(gòu)成的。Acarismadeupofmanydifferentparts.汽車是由許多不同的零件組成的。2.Computersystemsdovaryinsize,cost,andpower,dependinguponthetaskthattheyarerequiredtoperform.譯文：計(jì)算機(jī)設(shè)備的大小、成本及功能差異很大，主要取決于它要完成什么工作。說明：句中dependinguponthetaskthattheyarerequiredtoperform是現(xiàn)在分詞短語做伴隨狀語，that引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾task。dependupon意思是“取決于，依靠，依賴”。Natureiswhatwehumansdependuponforsurvival.大自然是人類賴以生存的有限空間。Dependuponit,weshallsolvetheproblematlast.請相信，我們最終會(huì)解決這個(gè)問題。3.Thebaseunitholdsthecomputer'smotherboard,onwhichthecomputer'smemorystoragearea(commonlyreferredtoasRAM(randomaccessmemory))andCPU(centralprocessingunit)arelocated.譯文：主機(jī)裝有計(jì)算機(jī)的主板，主板上裝有計(jì)算機(jī)存儲(chǔ)器(常指隨機(jī)存儲(chǔ)器)和中央處理器。說明：句中關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，指代先行詞motherboard。在定語從句中，一般有兩種情況會(huì)在關(guān)系代詞前出現(xiàn)介詞：1)與先行詞有關(guān)的介詞可以放到關(guān)系代詞前，如：Iwon'tforgetthedaysinwhichweworkedtogether.(因?yàn)閕nthedays，所以inwhich)2)與定語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞相關(guān)的介詞會(huì)放到關(guān)系代詞前，如：Theboyaboutwhomtheyoftentalkisverykind.(因?yàn)閠alkabout，所以aboutwhom)4.Thelargerthemonitor,themoreexpensiveitis,andthelargertheimagedisplayedonthescreenis.譯文：顯示器越大，價(jià)格越貴，屏幕顯示的影像也就越大。說明：句中displayedonthescreen是過去分詞短語做定語，修飾image，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。英語中“the+比較級……,the+比較級……”結(jié)構(gòu)用于表示隨著前事物的變化，后事物呈相應(yīng)的變化，譯為“越……，越……”。Themorecarefulyouare,thefewermistakesyouwillmake.你愈小心，你犯錯(cuò)就會(huì)愈少。Inagraduatedtaxschemethemoreoneearns,themoreonepays.按照累進(jìn)稅制，收入多者多納稅。5.Amouseisaninvertedtrackballdevicethathasanumberofselectionbuttonsassociatedwithit.譯文：鼠標(biāo)是一個(gè)下面嵌有軌跡球的設(shè)備，上有一組選擇按鈕。說明：句中that引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞device；associatedwith意思是“與……有關(guān)系，與……相聯(lián)系”。Cigarettesmokinghasbeenassociatedwithlungcancer.肺癌被認(rèn)為與吸煙有關(guān)。Ididn'twanttobeassociatedwithitatall.我根本不想與這事有牽連。6.Amodemcanbeaninternaldevicethatislocatedinsidethebaseunit,oranexternaldevicethatattachestothebaseunitviaacable．譯文：調(diào)制解調(diào)器有兩種，一種是安裝在主機(jī)內(nèi)部的內(nèi)置設(shè)備，另外一種是通過線纜同主機(jī)相連的外置設(shè)備。說明：句中that引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，分別修飾先行詞internaldevice和externaldevice。attachto意思是“附在……上，系在……上”。Allblamefortheaccidentmustattachtomyself.事故的一切責(zé)任應(yīng)由本人承擔(dān)。Thepedalofacycleisattachedtoacrank.自行車的踏板與曲柄相連。IV.TranslatingSkillsAnd引導(dǎo)的句型的譯法And作連詞，用來連接詞、短語和句子，其基本意義相當(dāng)于漢語的“和”、“與”、“并且”。但在實(shí)際翻譯的過程中，特別是在連接兩個(gè)句子時(shí)，它的譯法很多，表達(dá)的意義可能相差甚遠(yuǎn)。如果不考慮and前后成分之間的邏輯關(guān)系，只用幾種基本譯法生硬套用，難免造成理解上的失誤，甚至把整個(gè)句子意思搞錯(cuò)。l.And表示原因，例如：Laseriswidelyusedfordevelopingmanynewkindsofweapons,anditpenetratesalmosteverything.激光廣泛用于制造各種新式武器，因?yàn)闉樗拇┩噶軓?qiáng)。2.And表示因果，譬如：1）Butsinceadigitalsignalismadeupofastringofsimplepulses,noisestandsoutandeasilyremoved.但由于數(shù)字信號由一組簡單脈沖組成，雜音明顯，容易發(fā)現(xiàn)，因而容易排除。2）Inl945anewtypeofaeroplaneenginewasinvented,itwasmuchlighterandpowerfulthanearlierengines,and1945年發(fā)明了一種新型的飛機(jī)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。它比早期發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)要輕的多，功率也要大得多，因此采用這種發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的軍用飛機(jī)比以往任何時(shí)候都飛得更快、更高。3.And表示目的，例如：Itwaslatershownthattheresultsofthisworkwerebynomeanstheultimate,andfurtherworkhasbeenputinhandandtoprovideclosercontrolandmoreconsistentoperationinthisarea.后來發(fā)現(xiàn)，這項(xiàng)研究工作的結(jié)果絕非已作定論，而進(jìn)一步的研究工作已開始，以便在這方面提供較嚴(yán)密的控制和較穩(wěn)定的操作。4.And表示承接，譬如：Inmanyways,computerismoresuperiorthanhumanbrain,andhumancanruleit.在許多方面計(jì)算機(jī)超過人腦，而人卻可以控制它。5.And表示對照，例如：例:Motionisabsolute,andstagnationisrelative.運(yùn)動(dòng)是絕對的，而靜止是相對的。6.And表示遞進(jìn)，譬如：例:Theelectronicbraincalculatesathousandtimesquicker,andmoreaccuratelythanispossibleforthehumanbeing.電腦的運(yùn)算速度比人所能達(dá)到的要快1000倍，甚至更加準(zhǔn)確。7.And表示轉(zhuǎn)折，例如：例:Therewillalwaysbesomethingsthatarewrong,andthatisnothingtobeafraidof.錯(cuò)誤的東西在所難免，但并不可怕。8.And表示條件，譬如：Evenifaprogrammerhadendlesspatience,knowledgeandforesight,storingeveryrelevantdetailinacomputer,themachine’sinformationwouldbeuseless,andtheprogrammerknewlittlehowtoinstructitinwhathumanbeingsrefertoascommonsensereasoning.即使一個(gè)編程員很有耐心、知識和遠(yuǎn)見，把每一個(gè)有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)都存入計(jì)算機(jī)，如果他不懂得按人類常識推理去對計(jì)算機(jī)下達(dá)指令，機(jī)器里的信息也還是沒有用途的。9.And表示結(jié)果，例如：Operatorsfoundthatthewaterlevelwastoolowsotheyturnedontwoadditionalmaincoolantpumps,andtoomuchcoldwaterflowingintothesystemcausedthesteamtocondense,furtherdestabilizingthereactor.操作人員發(fā)現(xiàn)冷卻水的水位過低，就啟動(dòng)了另外兩臺主冷卻泵，結(jié)果過量的冷卻水進(jìn)入系統(tǒng)使蒸氣冷凝，反應(yīng)堆因而更不穩(wěn)定。10.And表示“具有、帶有”，譬如：Inaddition,aplug-infaultdiagnosticunitandsignalmonitoringsystemisnormallysuppliedwiththedrivetoenableanydrivealarmorcontrolsignaltobecheckedandmonitored.此外，一個(gè)帶有信號監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)的插入式故障診斷器通常裝有驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置，以便能校驗(yàn)和監(jiān)控任何驅(qū)動(dòng)報(bào)警信號或控制信號。V.KeytoExercisesoftheTextI.1.Atypicalpersonalcomputersystemconsistsofbaseunit,keyboard,monitor,mouse,printerandmodem.2.TheCPUisthedevicethatactuallyrunsalltheprogramsandprocessesthedata.It’slikethemotorofthecar，itdoesalltheworkandmakesthingshappen.3.ScreenresolutionreferstothenumberofdotsintheXandYco-ordinates(640×480，or800×600).4.Themodem.II.1.主機(jī)2.RAM3.中央處理器4